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Although cross-national work–family research has made great strides in recent decades, knowledge accumulation on the impact of culture on the work–family interface has been hampered by a limited geographical and cultural scope that has excluded countries where cultural expectations regarding work, family, and support may differ. We advance this literature by investigating work–family relationships in a broad range of cultures, including understudied regions of the world (i.e., Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia). We focus on humane orientation (HO), an overlooked cultural dimension that is however central to the study of social support and higher in those regions. We explore its moderating effect on relationships between work and family social support, work–family conflict, and work–family positive spillover. Building on the congruence and compensation perspectives of fit theory, we test alternative hypotheses on a sample of 10,307 participants from 30 countries/territories. We find HO has mostly a compensatory role in the relationships between workplace support and work-to-family conflict. Specifically, supervisor and coworker supports were most strongly and negatively related to conflict in cultures in which support is most needed (i.e., lower HO cultures). Regarding positive spillover, HO has mostly an amplifying role. Coworker (but not supervisor) support was most strongly and positively related to work-to-family positive spillover in higher HO cultures, where providing social support at work is consistent with the societal practice of providing support to one another. Likewise, instrumental (but not emotional) family support was most strongly and positively related to family-to-work positive spillover in higher HO cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Nanoscale electron field emitters are known to produce more stable electron emissions than conventional emitters. This has been attributed to size effects; nanoscale emitters can operate with a small emission current and a low extraction voltage, which reduces the bombardment of residual gas ions on the emitter tip. However, our experiments discovered that nanoscale LaB

In this work, we synthesized micro-mesoporous graphene1−x(MoS2)x with different compositional ratios via co-reduction of graphite oxide and exfoliated MoS2 platelets. We systematically studied the performance of the micro-mesoporous graphene1−x(MoS2)x as anodes in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries. The results show that the specific surface areas of the composites decrease with introducing MoS2. The irreversible capacitance, which is related to the formation of solid electrolyte interphases, also decreases. Besides specific surface area, we found that micropores can benefit the lithiation and sodiation. We demonstrated that a specific charge capacity of 1319.02 mA h g−1 can be achieved at the 50th cycle for the graphene½(MoS2)½ anode in lithium-ion batteries. Possible relationships between such a high specific capacity and the micro-mesoporous structure of the graphene1−x(MoS2)x anode are discussed. This work may shed light on a general strategy for the structural design of electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.

Silicon (Si) is one of the most promising materials for the next-generation anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It not only has the highest theoretical capacity but also is rich in natural resources and related mature technologies. However, its large volume fluctuation and poor electrical conduction must be overcome by compositing it with guest materials. Different from complicated methods that run counter to industrialized applications, herein, a facile and efficient strategy has been applied to prepare an editable Si composite precursor within 30 seconds with rapid biomineralization. After simple post-processing, a high-performance carbon-coated Si composite electrode was obtained, which exhibited good electrical contact, structural stability, and favorable diffusion paths and space for electrolytes. Specifically, this biomineralization strategy improves the capability of lithium storage in the Si electrode with a high-reversible specific capacity. The electrode shows an excellent rate capability at large current density (4 A g−1) and excellent capacity retention in long-term cycling (600 cycles). This approach also provides a new choice to synthesize rapidly diverse electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

A single CeB6 nanoneedle structure has been fabricated using a focused ion beam (FIB) and its field emission characteristics have been evaluated. A converged electron beam has been obtained, attributed to its sharpened tip with a radius of curvature of about 10 nm. Combined with its low work function, the required electric field is as low as 1.6 V nm−1 to generate a field emission current of 50 nA. The most outstanding feature of the CeB6 nanoneedle emitter is its excellent current stability that enabled continuous emission for 16 hours with a fluctuation of 1.6% and without deterioration even in a vacuum of 10−7 Pa. The stable field-emission is attributed to the nanometric tip radius that led to reduction in gas adsorption and desorption. In addition, the downward dipolar structure on the emission surface is also beneficial for making the surface inert. These performance factors make CeB6 a practical field-emission point electron source for microscopy applications.

The functional groups and physical properties of graphene oxide (GO) are found to be sensitive to and can be controlled by the water content in the reactions when GO samples are prepared at different concentrations of sulfuric acid using a modified Hummers method. GO prepared with 93% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) showed fewer structural defects, less π–π conjugation, and larger interlayer spacing than GO prepared with 99% H2SO4. The intensity ratio of the D-band to the G-band of the Raman spectrum is 0.89 ± 0.01 and 1.02 ± 0.01, corresponding to average interlayer spacing of 0.91 nm and 0.86 nm, respectively. The yield and carbon to oxygen ratio of the GO sheets prepared from different concentrations of H2SO4 are nearly identical. More importantly, compared with GO synthesized with 99% H2SO4, GO prepared with 93% H2SO4 contains more carbon–oxygen single bonds, such as epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups, but fewer carbonyl groups.

A material with a low work function exhibiting field-emission of electrons has long been sought as an ideal point electron source to generate a coherent electron beam with high brightness, long service life, low energy spread, and especially stable emission current. The quality and performance of the electron source are now becoming limiting factors for further improving the spatial resolution and analytical capabilities of the electron microscope. While tungsten (W) is still the only material of choice as a practically usable field emission filament since it was identified more than six decades ago, its electron optical performance remains unsatisfactory, especially the poor emission stability (>5% per hour), rapid current decay (20% in 10 hours), and relatively large energy spread (0.4 eV), even in an extremely high vacuum (10−9 Pa). Herein, we report a LaB6 nanoneedle structure having a sharpened tip apex with a radius of curvature of about 10 nm that is fabricated and finished using a focused ion beam (FIB) and show that it can produce a field emission electron beam meeting the application criteria with a high reduced brightness (1010 A m−2 sr−1 V−1), small energy spread (0.2 eV), and especially high emission stability (

Electric field-induced point electron source is highly demanded for microscopy, spectroscopy, lithography, X-ray tubes, microwave devices, and data displays. However, the instability in emission current and requirement of ultrahigh vacuum have often limited its extensive applications. Herewith we report a single-crystalline HfC nanowire with oxycarbide emission surface for stable electron emission at 50 nA with fluctuations less than 1% in a vacuum of 4 × 10−7 Pa. The emitter has a low work function of 2.5 eV measured by the field emission Fowler-Nordheim curve and it is in good agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The energy spread is in a range of 0.21–0.26 eV with a corresponding reduced brightness 1.95 × 1011−3.81 × 1011 A·m−2·sr−1·V−1. The HfC nanowire with oxycarbide emission surface is a qualified candidate for the next-generation electron source with high brightness, large current, and low energy spread.

The electronic transport and field emission properties of a single-crystalline GdB44Si2 nanowire are studied. The atomic structure and elemental composition of the GdB44Si2 nanowire are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using atomic imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy-loss spectroscopic (EELS) mapping. The electrical conductivity of the single GdB44Si2 nanowire is in the range of 46.8–60.1 S m−1. The in situ TEM field emission measurement reveals that it has a low work function of 2.4 eV. To realize a converged electron emission, a field evaporation pretreatment was used to clean the emission surface and to make a sharpened tip. The field emission probe measurement results show that the electron emission from the sharp GdB44Si2 nanowire is converged to a single field emission spot and it has a work function of 2.6 eV which is in agreement with the in situ TEM measurement. The stability of field emission current is also very good with a fluctuation of 1.4% in 20 min. With a low work function and stable emission current, the GdB44Si2 nanowire shows great promise for field emission applications.

The high-performance silicon (Si) composite electrodes are being widely developed due to their considerable theoretical capacity. Coating with carbon-based materials is an efficient way to solve the common issues of Si-based materials. Currently, most of the reported strategies are complicated, pollutive, or uneconomic, which hamper their practical applications. Herein, a honeycomb-like Si-based composite was prepared to address these issues via a facile and green reduction approach at room temperature. The pre-anchored Si nanoparticles could be packed and interconnected through a three-dimensional graphene network to further enhance the electrochemical properties of the active materials. As an electrode, this composite shows good rate capabilities upon lithium storage and cycling stability. The continued cycling measurement delivers a -0.049% capacity decay rate per cycle within 600 cycles. A direct comparison further exhibits the obviously improved performance between the as-designed Si-based composite and naked Si, suggesting a potential application of this convenient strategy for other high-performance electrode materials.

A facile two-step strategy to prepare flexible graphene electrodes has been developed for supercapacitors using thermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) composite films. The tunable porous structure of the GO/TRGO film provided channels to release the high pressure generated by CO

Constant connectivity harms employees’ work-life balance and mental health. Better labor policy and remote work legislation can help meet the needs of people and organizations., Stanford Social Innovation Review, (), 40-45

A single CeB

Polysulfides shuttling and lithium dendrite growth are two challenges confronting lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, edge engineering of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is proposed to simultaneously address these two issues. First, utilizing MoS2 as a model material, theoretical calculations demonstrate the strong binding affinity of polysulfides to molybdenum edges and the robust electrovalent bonds between Li+ and sulfur edges, thus predicting the multifunctional regulation capability of edge‐rich MoS2. Holey atomically thin MoS2‐constructed nanobrushes (HATM‐NBs) are then prepared by a polar functionality‐assisted anchoring strategy. The functionality anchoring effectively inhibits longitudinal growth of 2D MoS2 and more impressively facilitates formation of plentiful in‐plane nanopores due to the fast nucleation and growth. Spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques verify the superior adsorption/catalytic conversion of polysulfides by Mo edges and therefore accelerated redox reactions. The sulfur edge‐rich nanobrush structure promotes good contact with the lithium metal anode, homogenized Li+ flux, and thus uniform lithium plating/stripping. A fabricated laminate cell with ultrathin HATM‐NBs‐coated separator demonstrates superior electrochemical performances even under harsh test conditions (high sulfur loading of 7.43 mg cm−2 and low E/S ratio of 5 mL g−1). The rational design of multifunctional edge‐rich 2D TMDs provides fresh insights for developing stable LSBs.

Searching for viable field-emission structures with a stable emission current, high emission brightness, and low energy spread has always been highly demanded for the development of high-performance electron-optical instrumentation. In this work, a single-crystalline HfC nanowire emitter with an oxycarbide surface is investigated. This new emitter shows an excellent current stability with a fluctuation less than 1%/h, as well as a narrow energy spread and high emission brightness. It exhibits great potentials to be a practical electron source for experimental trials in electron microscopes.

A material with a low work function exhibiting field-emission of electrons has long been sought as an ideal point electron source to generate a coherent electron beam with high brightness, long service life, low energy spread, and especially stable emission current. The quality and performance of the electron source are now becoming limiting factors for further improving the spatial resolution and analytical capabilities of the electron microscope. While tungsten (W) is still the only material of choice as a practically usable field emission filament since it was identified more than six decades ago, its electron optical performance remains unsatisfactory, especially the poor emission stability (5% per hour), rapid current decay (20% in 10 hours), and relatively large energy spread (0.4 eV), even in an extremely high vacuum (10

A single hafnium carbide (HfC) nanowire field-induced electron emitter with a sharp tip apex is fabricated by Pt deposition and focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The structure of the electron emitter is characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The HfC nanowire is single-crystalline with a thin oxide layer on its tip surface. The field emission properties are determined by using both in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a field-emission probe in a high-vacuum chamber. A high current of 173 nA was obtained at a low extraction voltage of 631 V with an emission gap of 5 mm. The emission current is stable at 60 nA for 100 min with a fluctuation of 0.7%. The deduced work function was 3.1 eV. It is suggested that the implanted Ga ions and the oxide layer induce more downward dipoles that are beneficial for lowering the work function and creating a stable surface. When the low keV FIB processing is applied, it takes within 30 minutes to finish a HfC nanowire emitter, establishing an efficient procedure for the preparation of nanowire emitters. These results provide a controllable and fast production method for the fabrication of single nanowire field-emission point electron sources.