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Kakvoća mora za kupanje jedan je od ključnih elemenata turističke ponude priobalnih destinacija. Tijekom gotovo tri desetljeća provedbe nacionalnog programa monitoringa hrvatske obale Jadrana mijenjala se zakonska legislativa, način statističke obrade podataka i kriteriji ocjenjivanja. Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate mikrobiološke kakvoće, koji su jednoznačno statistički obrađeni, na način propisan aktualnom Uredbom (NN 73/2008). Time je omogućena slika kakvoće mora za kupanje na području Opatije na dužoj vremenskoj skali. Rad daje prikaz kakvoće mora na plažama Opatijskog područja (18 lokacija) u šesnaestogodišnjem periodu od 2001. do 2016. Najveće mikrobiološko opterećenje evidentirano je na lokacijama Hotela Kristal i kupališta Slatina, a najmanje na kupalištu Puntica. Također, opisan je slučaj pojave onečišćenja mora na području kupališta Slatina u 2013. g., višeinstitucionalni angažman rješavanja ovog problema, provedba dodatnog monitoringa izvan sezone 2013./2014. (ukupno 325 uzoraka), mjere sanacije kao i rezultati provedenih mjera. Rezultati rutinskog monitoringa pokazali su da je ukupna kakvoća mora na području Opatije u promatranom razdoblju bila najlošija u godinama 2001. i 2002., te 2013., kada je zabilježena pojava onečišćenja kupališta Slatina. Nakon puštanja u rad Uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda u Ičićima (2012.), sanacije oštećenja na tlačnom vodu (2013.), more je na svim opatijskim lokacijama izvrsne kakvoće.

U današnje vrijeme bazeni se koriste u različite namjene: rekreaciju i relaksaciju, sportske aktivnosti ili terapijske svrhe. Međutim, uz brojne blagodati koje pružaju, u bazenima se mogu pojaviti i različite vrste rizika. Boravak u bazenima tako je povezan s tjelesnim ozljedama, širenjem bolesti ili negativnim utjecajem različitih kontaminanata koji se mogu naći u vodi. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati i usporediti podatke o pokazateljima kvalitete bazenske vode kod bazena punjenih slatkom i morskom vodom. Temeljem rezultata mikrobioloških i fizikalno-kemijsko pokazatelja analizirano je na koji način osobine slatke i morske vode utječu na navedene pokazatelje. U razdoblju od 2016. do 2020. godine ukupno je ispitano 4943 uzoraka bazenske vode (3281 slatke i 1662 morske), uzetih iz bazena smještenih na području Primorsko-goranske županije. Statistička analiza ukazala je na značajne razlike u vrijednostima pokazatelja između bazena punjenih slatkom i morskom vodom. Morska voda imala je u usporedbi sa slatkom vodom niže vrijednosti temperature, koncentraciju rezidualnog klora te broj Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a veće vrijednosti elektrovodljivosti i trihalometana. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da morska voda predstavlja nepovoljniji medij za razvoj P. aeruginosa, međutim kao nusprodukat dezinfekcije u njoj nastaju veće koncentracije trihalometana, koji imaju nepovoljni učinak na zdravlje ljudi.

Med je kompleksan prirodni pčelinji proizvod dobro znan po nutritivnoj i zdravstvenoj dobrobiti te se smatra zdravom i funkcionalnom hranom. Sastav meda ovisi o njegovom botaničkom i zemljopisnom podrijetlu, uključujući različite ekološke aspekte područja koje koriste pčelinje zajednice. Prema europskom zakonodavstvu, na svim proizvodima od meda mora biti navedeno botaničko i zemljopisno podrijetlo proizvoda. Stoga su uloženi značajni napori da se med karakterizira i razlikuje prema zemljopisnom podrijetlu korištenjem konvencionalnih fizikalno-kemijskih parametara, parametara boje i drugih markera, kao što su esencijalni i neesencijalni elementi, ukupni sadržaj fenola i odabranih fenolnih spojeva, organske kiseline, hlapljivi spojevi, itd. Dosadašnja istraživanja u Hrvatskoj i drugim zemljama pokazala su razlike u koncentracijama elemenata iste vrste meda obzirom na geografsko podrijetlo. U ovom istraživanju med od kadulje karakteriziran je i diferenciran prema geografskom podrijetlu na temelju odabranih elemenata. Kaduljin med (Salvia officinalis) prikupljen je tijekom pčelarske sezone 2021. godine na četiri otočne lokacije: Krk (Stara Baška), Lošinj (Nerezine), Pag (Šimuni) i Kornat (Vrulje). Koncentracije Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Se i Zn izmjerene su pomoću induktivno spregnute plazma-masene spektroskopije (ICP-MS). Koncentracije najzastupljenijih elemenata padale su redosljedom: K > Ca > Na > Mg. Krčki med od kadulje pokazao je najveću koncentraciju Al (0, 93 mg/kg), Cr (14, 0 µg/kg), Mn (0, 26 mg/kg) i Na (20, 8 mg/kg). U lošinjskom medu izmjerene su najviše Ni (191, 3 µg/kg), Fe (1, 30 mg/kg), K (1239, 1 mg/kg), Mg (16, 6 mg/kg), Se (5, 70 µg/kg) i Zn (0, 84 mg/kg). Najveću koncentraciju Ca (61, 6 mg/kg) i Cu (0, 45 mg/kg) imao je paški med. U medu od kadulje s Kornata nije pronađen Cr te je ovaj med okarakteriziran sa najnižim koncentracijama svih mjerenih elemenata. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u koncentracijama Al, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni i Se između četiri otočne lokacije. Međutim, značajne razlike u koncentracijama utvrđene su za Ca, Cu, K, Na i Zn (p

Obzirom da je Republika Hrvatska turistički orijentirana zemlja, kakvoća mora za kupanje od velike je javnozdravstvene važnosti. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kakvoću mora na plažama riječkog područja u prošlom desetljeću te je usporediti s kakvoćom u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji (PGŽ), hrvatskoj obali Jadrana (HR) te Europskoj Uniji (EU). U usporedbi s prosječnom kakvoćom mora na plažama riječkog područja, PGŽ i HR tijekom desetogodišnjeg razdoblja, područje Rijeke bilježi najniži udio plaža s izvrsnom kakvoćom mora (76,4%) te najveći udio nezadovoljavajuće ocjenjenih (8,0%). Udio izvrsno ocjenjenih lokacija u PGŽ i HR je sličan (oko 95%). U PGŽ i HR je udio izvrsnih plaža za 12% veći u odnosu na EU, tijekom desetogodišnjeg razdoblja. Unatoč značajnom poboljšanju kakvoće mora na razini EU i HR, na pojedinim se lokacijama još uvijek bilježi fekalno onečišćenje. To je posebno izraženo na nekoliko lokacija u zapadnom dijelu grada Rijeke, koje predstavlja mikrobiološki najopterećenije područje u PGŽ. U cilju boljeg razumijevanja uzroka pojave onečišćenja na pojedinim lokacijama na riječkom području, analiziran je odnos mikrobioloških pokazatelja s okolišnim čimbenicima (temperatura vode i zraka, salinitet, količina oborina, jakost Sunčevog zračenja). Na takvim lokacijama potrebno je učiniti dodatne napore u cilju saniranja izvora onečišćenja., Da die Republik Kroatien touristisch orientiert ist, ist die Qualität des Meerwassers für öffentliche Gesundheit von größter Bedeutung. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Qualität des Meerwassers an Badestellen im Bezirk Rijeka im letzten Jahrzehnt darzustellen und sie mit der Wasserqualität in der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski Kotar, an der kroatischen Adria und in der EU vergleichen. Wenn man die durchschnittliche Qualität des Meerwassers an Badestellen des Bezirkes Rijeka, der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski Kotar und der kroatischen Adria im Zeitraum von zehn Jahren vergleicht, hat der Bezirk Rijeka den kleinsten Anteil an Badestellen mit sehr guten Qualität des Meerwassers (76,4%), und die meisten Badestellen wurden als unbefriedigend (8%) rangiert. Der Anteil der als sehr gut rangierten Badestellen in der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski Kotar und an der kroatischen Adria ist ähnlich, etwa 95%. In der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski Kotar und an der kroatischen Adria ist der Anteil an sehr guten Badestellen im zehnjährigen Zeitraum um 12% höher als in der EU. Trotz einer wesentlichen Erhöhung der Qualität des Meerwassers in der EU und an der kroatischen Adria wird an einzelnen Badestellen noch immer fäkale Verunreinigung beobachtet. Das ist besonders ausgeprägt an einigen Badestellen im westlichen Teil der Stadt Rijeka, der mikrobiologisch am meisten belastetes Gebiet in der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski Kotar ist. Mit dem Ziel, die Ursachen der Verunreinigung an einzelnen Badestellen im Bezirk Rijeka besser zu verstehen, wurde das Verhältnis zwischen den mikrobiologischen Parametern und Umgebungsparametern (Wasser- und Lufttemperatur, Salzgehalt, Niederschlagsmenge, Stärke der UV-Strahlung der Sonne) analysiert. An den verunreinigten Badestellen ist zusätzlicher Aufwand erforderlich, damit die Verunreinigungsquellen saniert werden, Since the Republic of Croatia is a tourism-oriented country, bathing quality of the sea has a great public-health importance. The objective of this paper is to present the quality of the sea on the beaches in the Rijeka area in the past decade and compare it with the quality of the sea in the Primorje - Gorski Kotar County (PGKC), on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea (HR) and in the European Union (EU). A comparison of the quality of the sea on the beaches in the Rijeka area, PGKC and HR during a ten-year period shows that the Rijeka area records the lowest share of beaches with excellent quality of the sea (76.4%) and the highest share of those assessed as poor (8.0%). The share of locations assessed as excellent in the PGKC and HR is similar (around 95%). The share of beaches assessed as excellent in the PGKC and HR is higher by 12% in comparison to the EU during a ten-year period. Despite a significant improvement in the quality of the sea both at the level of EU and HR, faecal pollution is still recorded in some locations. This is particularly marked in some locations in Rijeka’s western part, which is the area with the highest microbiological load in the PGKC. In order to improve the understanding of pollution causes in some locations in the Rijeka area, we have analysed the relation between microbiological indicators and environmental indicators (water and air temperature, salinity, precipitation quantity, solar irradiance). In such locations, additional efforts should be made to remediate pollution sources.

Sustavno praćenje kakvoće mora na plažama hrvatskog dijela Jadrana provodi se od 1989. godine. Voda za kupanje svrstava se u jednu od četiri kategorije kakvoće (izvrsna, dobra, zadovoljavajuća i nezadovoljavajuća), temeljem dva mikrobiološka pokazatelja (Escherichia coli i crijevni enterokoki). U Hrvatskoj se primjenjuju kriteriji iz Uredbe o kakvoći mora za kupanje (NN 73/08), na snazi od 2009. godine. Uredba je usklađena s EU Direktivom (2006/7/EC), koja je trenutno u postupku revizije. U radu je prikazana prosječna kakvoća mora za kupanje na urbanoj plaži Kantrida (istok – KI i zapad – KZ) u posljednjem desetljeću, te po godinama (2011. – 2020.) i mjesecima (svibanj – rujan). Također, analiziran je odnos ispitivanih mikrobioloških pokazatelja i vrijednosti saliniteta. Plaža Kantrida smještena je u zapadnom dijelu grada Rijeke a posjećuje je veliki broj kupača. U navedenom razdoblju istraživanja ukupno je ispitano 216 uzoraka. Prema prosječnim vrijednostima desetogodišnjeg razdoblja udio izvrsno ocjenjenih uzoraka je skoro za 10 % veći na lokaciji KZ (71%) u odnosu na KI (62%). U sezoni kupanja 2019. (bez izrazitijih oborina) na obje lokacije zabilježen je najniži udio izvrsno ocjenjenih uzoraka (KI 40% ; KZ 50%). Niži salinitet pokazuje dobru povezanost s pojavom onečišćenja. Na lokaciji KI izmjerene su niže vrijednosti saliniteta (medijan 29) u odnosu na KZ (33). Najbolja kakvoća mora zabilježena na lokaciji KI u kolovozu, a na lokaciji KZ u rujnu, kada su mjerene i najviše vrijednosti saliniteta Na plaži Kantrida, posebno ne njenom istočnom dijelu, zabilježene su značajne varijacije indikatora fekalnog onečišćenja. Pojava onečišćenja povezuje se s aktivnošću i različitim intenzitetom utjecaja priobalnih izvora, koji su na ovom dijelu obale prisutni u većem broju. Plaža Kantrida predstavlja mikrobiološki najopterećeniju kupališnu zonu u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji s povećanim rizikom za zdravlje kupača, te je potrebno uložiti dodatne napore u cilju utvrđivanja i saniranja izvora onečišćenja.

The objective of this paper is to summarize and compare the results of a nine-year period (2011- 2019) of monitoring of the quality of inland and coastal bathing sites in the Republic of Croatia (CRO), EU Member States and non-EU countries in region: Bosnia and Herzegovina (for entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, FBiH), Serbia and Montenegro. Additionally, an individual overview of water quality is given, for the last year of the observed period (2019). Data on bathing water quality in EU member states are obtained from the official annual reports of European Environment Agency (EEA) on the quality of inland and coastal bathing waters in the EU. Data for non-EU countries are obtained from their national or entity official reports on bathing water quality. Monitoring of the quality of inland bathing waters of CRO initiated in 2011. It is relatively new, if compared to the monitoring of the bathing seawater that has been, without cease, carried out from 1989. The number of inland locations where the quality of bathing water in CRO is monitored, has increased for more than 8 times since 2011, from 4 to 35 locations (in 2019). During the observed period (2011-2019), the highest number of inland bathing sites (N) in EU was in Germany (N2011=1938 ; N2019 =1924), while, the lowest number of bathing sites was in Greece (N2011=6 ; N2019=3). When considering the total number of bathing sites comprising all EU member states, during the period 2011-2019 their number has increased by 7%, from 6, 493 to 6, 949 sites, with the share of excellent quality grades increasing from 70, 4% to 82, 1%, respectively. The share of excellent grades in Croatia varied considerably depending on the season (from 0% in 2012 to 75% in 2011). In the nine-year study period, the highest share of inland bathing sites of poor water quality was recorded for Spain (12.3%), followed by Ireland (4.9%), the Netherlands (4.7%), Belgium (4.6%) and France (3.3%). Croatia, Slovenia, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, Greece and Bulgaria belong to the group of countries without inland bathing areas of poor water quality. The highest share of inland bathing sites of excellent water quality in the last year of the studied period (2019) was recorded in Austria (98.5%). It was followed by Finland (94.2%), Denmark (94%), Germany (93.7%) and Italy (90%). The 60% share of sites of excellent quality, with the exception of Estonia (51.9) and Poland (29.4%). Taking into account the EU Member States bordering Croatia, the highest share of bathing sites of excellent water quality in the nine-year period was recorded by Slovenia (98.9%). Montenegro, the only non-EU country bordering Croatia likewise monitoring the quality of coastal bathing waters has 100 bathing sites and excellent quality share of 89.0% (in 2019). FBiH has three bathing sites with three samples taken during that bathing season and all were excellent. The data show that the quality of inland bathing water in Croatia and its’ non-EU neighboring countries is generally worse than the EU average while the share of coastal bathing sites with excellent quality in Croatia is significantly higher than the average of all EU member states.

Zbog sve većeg razvoja nautičkog turizma, kakvoća voda za piće na brodovima ima sve značajniju ulogu. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati rezultate kakvoće vode za piće na različitim vrstama brodova u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, u petnaestogodišnjem razdoblju od 2002. do 2016. godine. Ukupno je analizirano 478 uzoraka, na osnovne mikrobiološke i fizikalno-kemijske pokazatelje, pri čemu su korištene standardne ISO metode. Korelacijska analiza rezultata pokazala je uglavnom dobru povezanost različitih mikrobioloških parametara, te nešto slabiju između fizikalno-kemijskim i mikrobioloških parametara. Statistički značajna razlika u kakvoći vode za piće na brodovima uočena je po godinama, mjesecima, sezonama, a također i po vrsti subjekta koji dostavlja vodu na analizu. Svi mikrobiološki pokazatelji, izuzev ukupnih koliformnih bakterija, u promatranom razdoblju imaju silazan trend. Broj izraslih kolonija (UBB) i P. aeruginosa imaju najveći porast u listopadu, kao i indikatori fekalnog onečišćenja (E. coli i enterokoki), koji se u povišenim koncentracijama pojavljuju i tijekom ljeta. Uzorci dostavljeni od strane brodogradilišta generalno su bolje kakvoće u odnosu na uzorke dostavljene od strane brodarskih agencija. U cilju efikasnije kontrole kakvoće vode za piće i unaprjeđenja zaštite potrošača, potrebno je rutinski ispitivati koncentraciju rezidualnog klora i prisutnost Legionella.

This study assessed genotoxic profile of strawberry tree honey extract (STHE) (i.e. extracted phenolic fraction of STH) and its potential protective effects against cytogenetic damage induced by the anticancer drug irinotecan (IRI) in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. Isolated lymphocytes were exposed for 2 h to three different concentrations of STHE (corresponding to average daily portion of 50 g of honey, as well as five- and ten- fold higher concentration) alone and in combination with IRI. Concentration of IRI corresponded to its therapeutic dose of 350 mg/m2. The outcomes of the treatments were evaluated using the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. Although STHE increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations compared to negative control at all tested concentrations, when administered with IRI, it showed significant protective effects. Single STHE did not produce significant changes in number of MN and nuclear buds (NB) compared to negative control. When given in combination with tested anticancer drug, STHE effectively diminished incidence of both MN and NB compared to single IRI. The most prominent effect of STHE observed both after single and combined treatments was its cell- cycle delaying activity, which resulted with significantly lowered values of the replication index. Observed cytostatic effect could be associated with chemical composition of the tested extract, whose constituents exhibited both prooxidative and antioxidative properties. Convincing results obtained in vitro speak in favour of future investigations of STH, and further development of STH-based nutraceuticals, potentially useful even in cancer patients.

The 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL was held on the 21th and 22th March 2019 in Osijek, on Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek on the occasion of World Water Day and with the aim of gathering and exchanging experiences of scientists and experts in the field of water management, environmental protection and preservation of water resources. The Conference included plenary lectures, oral lectures, poster presentations, and the presentations of sponsoring companies. 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL was organized by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek and Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Croatian Chamber of Economy, Croatian Water - VGO, Croatian Chamber of Health Professionals, Croatian Water Pollution Control Society, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Department of Biology of the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Chemistry of the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, University of Bihać, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology University of Mostar, Faculty of Health Studies University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb, Faculty of Technology University of Tuzla, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy University of Skopje, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ljubljana, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Public Institution for nature protection in Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek-Baranja County, Health Center Osijek, Vodovod-Osijek d.o.o. and Alumni Association of former students and friends of the Faculty of Food Technology Osijek - TehnOS. The international co- organizers of the Conference were International Federation of Environmental Health (IFEH), European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG) and Danube Parks. The theme of World Water Day 2019 and 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL was "Water for all – Leaving no one behind!". At the 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL participated 359 authors from 10 countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Republic of Kosovo, Turkey, Norway, Mexico and Brazil) with presentation of in total 112 paper, from which of them 41 were presented orally, and were presented 71 as poster presentation. Abstract of the mentioned papers were published in the Book of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL. The Scientific Committee of 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL received 35 full papers for publication and 17 of them became the part of the this Proceedings, while 18 papers were accepted and publicated in following international scientific journals: Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS, Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology, Technologica Acta, The Holistic Approach to Environment and Environmental Engineering - Inženjerstvo Okoliša. Special contributions to the quality of this Proceedings of the 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL were given by 49 reviewers, mostly university professors and professionals, from 10 countries and over twenty international universities, faculties and institutions. On behalf of the Organizing and Scientific Committee of the 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL we cordially thank all the authors, participants, reviewers and sponsors for their contribution to the quality of the 8th International Conference WATER FOR ALL.

Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey (STH), a typical product of Mediterranean region, is a reach source of bioactive compounds that possess strong antioxidant activity. This study examined the phenolic profile, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of STH from the town of Vrgorac (southern Croatia) and evaluated the protective role of STH and its main bioactive compound homogentisic acid (HGA) against cytogenetic damage induced by the anticancer drug irinotecan in human lymphocytes. Isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed for 2 h to three different concentrations of STH and HGA (corresponding to average daily portion of 70 g of honey, as well as five- and ten- fold higher concentration). The outcomes of the treatments were evaluated using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. TPC was 1525 mg gallic acid equivalents per kg of honey. Antioxidant capacity, estimated by 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 2.96 mmol Trolox equivalents per kg of honey. Twenty-two phenolics were quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (UHPLC) coupled to a hybrid mass spectrometer (LTQ Orbitrap MS). Both tested substances effectively ameliorated cytogenetic damage in irinotecan-treated lymphocytes and affected lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. STH offered slightly better cyto-/genoprotective effects than HGA, possibly due to its complex phytochemical profile. Convincing results obtained in vitro speak in favour of future investigations of STH, and further development of STH-based nutraceuticals, potentially useful even in cancer patients. Acknowledgements: This study was financially supported by the Foundation of the Croatian Academy for Science and Arts.

Prikazani su rezultati pilot istraživanja učinaka konzumacije meda obične planike s poluotoka Pelješca na biokemijske, hematološke i citogenetičke parametre u ljudi.

Europu se smatra vodećom svjetskom turističkom destinacijom, a turizam predstavlja ključnu granu razvoja europske ekonomije, koja izravno ili neizravno generira preko 10 % BDP-a i zapošljava oko 12 milijuna ljudi. Konkurentnost europskog turizma ovisi o kvaliteti turističkih destinacija, što izravno uključuje i kakvoću vode za kupanje. Europljanima je na raspolaganju veliki broj plaža i kupališta, čija je kvaliteta u 2018. godini ispitivana na više od 22 000 lokacija, od čega oko dvije trećine čine vode za kupanje na morskim plažama, a jedna trećina kopnene vode (rijeke, jezera i ribnjaci). EU Direktiva (2006/7/EC) propisuje ispitivanje dva mikrobiološka pokazatelja (E. coli i crijevni enterokoki), a vodu se razvrstava u 4 kategorije kakvoće (izvrsna, dobra, zadovoljavajuća i nezadovoljavajuća). More se ocjenjuje prema godišnjoj (po završetku aktualne sezone kupanja) i konačnoj ocjeni (za četverogodišnje razdoblje po završetku posljednje sezone kupanja i tri prethodne sezone). Nacionalna Uredba (NN 73/2008) definirana kriterije kojim se more ocjenjuje i nakon svakog ispitivanja – pojedinačnu ocjenu, koju se u Direktivi ne propisuje. U posljednjoj sezoni kupanja (2018. g.) 100 %-tnu izvrsnost ostvarile su dvije zemlje, Cipar i Slovenija, dok treće mjesto dijele Hrvatska, Grčka i Malta s jednakim udjelom od 98, 9 %. U posljednja se dva desetljeća kakvoća vode za kupanje u Hrvatskoj i u EU uvelike poboljšala. Sve je više lokacija koje dostižu ne samo minimum, nego i najviše propisane kriterije kvalitete.

Obična planika (Arbutus unedo L.) je samonikla zimzelena biljka rasprostranjena na mediteranskom području. Potencijalno je značajan, a do sada vrlo slabo istražen izvor bioaktivnih spojeva koji imaju pozitivne učinke na ljudsko zdravlje. Posebnost meda od obične planike je da se dobiva od biljke koja, za razliku od ostalih medonosnih biljaka, cvjeta ujesen pa je lako proizvesti uniflorni med izrazito visoke kakvoće. Njegova je proizvodnja široko rasprostranjena u Španjolskoj, Portugalu, Francuskoj (Korzika) i Italiji (Sardinija), a unatoč dokazanog blagotvornog učinka na zdravlje, u Hrvatskoj je proizvodnja ovog meda zanemarena. Istraživanja su pokazala da med od obične planike ima izrazito visoki udio fenolnih spojeva i antioksidacijski kapacitet te zbog toga nekoliko puta veću sposobnost obrane organizma od štetnih radikala u usporedbi s drugim vrstama meda. Antioksidacijski učinak meda uglavnom se pripisuje fenolnim spojevima, među kojima je najzastupljenija homogentizinska kiselina čiji je udio 50-60 % u ukupnim fenolnim spojevima prisutnih u medu od obične planike. Rezultati naših dosadašnjih istraživanja dali su uvid o fenolnom i elementnom sastavu te antioksidacijskoj aktivnosti meda od obične planike s hrvatskog područja. Izmjerili smo udjele 23 elementa, ukupne fenole i antioksidacijski kapacitet u devet uzoraka meda od obične planike s južnog dijela jadranske obale. Ovaj je med imao značajno veći sadržaj fenola i viši antioksidacijski kapacitet u usporedbi sa 14 različitih monoflornih vrsta meda prikupljenih u Hrvatskoj. Prema procjeni unosa esencijalnih elemenata, med planike se pokazao nutritivno bogatijim od većine istraženih monoflornih vrsta meda dostupnih u Hrvatskoj. Razina otrovnih elemenata u istraženim vrstama meda odgovarala je značajkama nezagađenog okoliša. Također smo proveli pilot istraživanje učinaka konzumacije meda od obične planike s poluotoka Pelješca na ljudsko zdravlje. Višednevnom konzumacijom ovog meda u preporučenim dnevnim dozama kod zdravih muškaraca je utvrđeno povećanje serumskog željeza, smanjenje aktivnosti jetrenih i antioksidacijskih enzima, porast broja leukocita i trombocita, te smanjenje oštećenja DNA. Razina toksičnih elementa u organizmu nije se povećala nakon konzumacije meda. U tijeku su daljnja istraživanja o učinku meda od obične planike na tumorske stanice. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pridonijet će promociji ne samo hrvatske znanosti, već i promociji zanemarene, a zdravstveno značajne biljne vrste. Istraživanja su provedena uz financijsku potporu Grada Dubrovnika, Turističke zajednice grada Malog Lošinja, Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada te Ministarstva znanosti i obrazovanja.

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS.

Cilj: Osiguranje zdravstveno ispravne vode osnovna je potreba svakog čovjeka. S obzirom na dugogodišnje mikrobiološko onečišćenje u vodoopskrbnoj mreži Gorskog kotara, analizirano je petogodišnje razdoblje. Cilj ovog rada bio je pratiti utjecaj promjena zakonske regulative i sanitarno-tehničkih uvjeta – ugradnje većeg broja automatskih klorinatora na broj ispitanih uzoraka iz vodoopskrbnog sustava, kao i na rezultate ispitivanja parametara zdravstvene ispravnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju. U radu je uspoređen profil onečišćenja vode za ljudsku potrošnju u Gorskom kotaru i ostalim dijelovima županije. Metode: Statistički su obrađeni i interpretirani rezultati županijskog monitoringa zdravstvene ispravnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju na području Gorskog kotara u razdoblju od 2011. do 2015. (broj ispitanih uzoraka N = 7.047). Rezultati: Stupanjem na snagu Pravilnika o parametrima sukladnosti i metodama analize vode za ljudsku potrošnju (NN 125/13, 141/13 i 128/15) broj uzoraka na temelju kojih se prati stanje vode u razvodnoj mreži Gorskog kotara je šesterostruko smanjen, ali je broj ispitanih pokazatelja povećan. Ugradnja automatskih klorinatora (2012. g. i 2013. g.) rezultirala je dvostrukim smanjenjem broja nesukladnih uzoraka. Zaključci: Primjena Pravilnika (NN 125/13, 141/13 i 128/15) rezultirala je značajnim smanjenjem broja analiziranih uzoraka u pojedinim vodoopskrbnim sustavima, što je procjenu njihovog stanja uvelike otežalo. Ugradnjom automatskih klorinatora broj nesukladnih uzoraka u Gorskom kotaru upola je smanjen. Glavni razlog zdravstvene neispravnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju u vodovodima Gorskog kotara je fekalno onečišćenje vode, dok u ostalim dijelovima županije najčešće od zadanih kriterija odstupaju mutnoća vode, povećani broj kolonija (UBB) i nusprodukti klorinacije., Aim: Ensuring the safety of potable water is a necessity of every human being. Taking into account long-term microbiological contamination of water supply network of Gorski Kotar, the results of 5-year County monitoring program of potable water safety in that region have been analysed. The aim of this study was to monitor the impact of amendment of legal standards as well as sanitary and technical requirements – the insertion of higher number of chlorinators on the number of examined samples deriving from the water supply system as well as the influence on the results of testing of the health parameters of water intended for human consumption. This study compared the contamination profile of water for human consumption in Gorski Kotar and other regions of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Methods: This study presents the elaborated and interpreted results of the County monitoring program of potable water safety in the region of Gorski Kotar during the 5-year period (2011–2015; the number examined samples N = 7,047). Results: Application of the Regulations on the parameters of assessment and methods for the analysis of water for human consumption (Official Gazette 125/2013, 141/2013/, 128/2015) provides six times lesser number of samples for the monitoring of water supply system network in Gorski Kotar, but the number of analysed parameters was increased. Installation of automatic chlorinators (2012 and 2013) resulted with twice smaller number of non-compliant samples of drinking water. Conclusions: Application of the the Regulations (Official Gazette 125/2013, 141/2013, 128/2015) resulted with the significant reduction of samples for certain water supply systems making the objective assessment of their condition much harder. The installation of automatic chlorinators reduced the number of non-compliant water samples in Gorski Kotar by half. The main reason for non-complying samples of water for human consumption in the water supply systems of Gorski Kotar is faecal contamination, while for the other parts of the County major deviation from stipulated criteria are turbidity, increased number of colonies (Heterotrophic Plate Count – HPC) and chlorination by-products.

Food labeling represents basic communication between food business operators and consumers. It is an important part of marketing and a part of the information and consumer protection system. Besides general food labeling legal requirements, organic food must comply with specific legislation pertinent only to organic food. In this study, the labels of 164 (2017 study) and 123 (2013 study) organic food products were assessed as to their compliance with the existing legal framework (Croatian, EU), based on a meticulously elaborated evaluation form. The analyzed products were divided into two categories - processed and unprocessed organic foods because of the fact that certain labeling parameters (nutritional value, ingredient list) are related only to processed food. The results of 2017 were compared with the results of the comparable earlier (2013) research (before Croatia joined the EU). The results showed that only 9.8 % of the evaluated organic labels fulfilled completely the food labeling requirements. Furthermore, a decrease of 0.9 % in noncomplying labels was observed when compared to the earlier 2013 study, when only 8.9 % of the evaluated organic labels fulfilled all the labeling requirements. Most common errors included the improper labeling materials (hags, tags), only partial information about addresses of food business operators, lack of the nutrition declaration, improper lot number, non-translated place of origin of organically grown ingredients, and omission of data about the quantity of organically produced ingredients. The 2017 results confirmed that the most frequent reason of labeling non-compliance was the choice of unsuitable labeling material which made the labels illegible (27.4 %). Non-compliances reflected also the negligence in the translation of nutrition declarations (13.6 %), place of origin of organically grown ingredients (49.4 %), as well as in the misuse of non-permitted labeling words for organic product as a replacement for the permitted words “eco”, “bio”, and “organic”. The full extent of the observed results will be showed as well as the recommendations about potential improvements in the future labeling procedures.

Uvod: Kontrola zdravstvene ispravnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju definirana je Zakonom o vodi za ljudsku potrošnju (NN 56/2013, 64/2015) te Pravilnikom o parametrima sukladnosti i metodama analize vode za ljudsku potrošnju (NN 125/2013, 141/2013, 128/2015). Primjena ovog Pravilnika započela je 2014. g., a između ostalih promjena u odnosu na prethodno aktualni Pravilnik o zdravstvenoj ispravnosti vode za piće (NN 47/2008), novi Pravilnik definira da zdravstveno ispravna voda za ljudsku potrošnju ne smije sadržavati bakteriju vrste P. aeruginosa, slobodno živući, oportunistički patogen. Ciljevi: Obzirom da iz razdoblja prije primjene aktualnog Pravilnika (NN 125/2013, 141/2013, 128/2015) ne raspolažemo podacima o prisustvu P. aeruginosa u vodi 9 vodoopskrbnih sustava Primorsko-goranske županije (PGŽ), cilj ovog istraživanja bila je analiza i interpretacija rezultata županijskog monitoringa kakvoće vode za ljudsku potrošnju koji se provodi na području Županije. Također, aktualni hrvatski propisi koji reguliraju ovo područje uspoređeni su s legislativom drugih zemalja i nacionalnih zdravstvenih organizacija, u regiji i svijetu. Metode i rezultati: Analizirani su i interpretirani rezultati ispitivanja uzoraka vode iz vodoopskrbne mreže na području PGŽ u trogodišnjem razdoblju od 2014. do 2016. Ukupno je na ovaj pokazatelj ispitano 2.753 uzorka vode. Prisustvo P. aeruginosa dokazano je u 8 uzoraka (0, 3 %), u rasponu od 1 – 2.000 cfu/100 ml. Pozitivni uzorci bili su nejednoliko distribuirani po vodovodima (3 pozitivna uzorka na području Delnica i 3 na području Čabra). Korelacijska analiza pokazala je značajnu pozitivnu povezanost P. aeruginosa sa svim ostalim mikrobiološkim pokazateljima (UBB/37, UBB/22, koliformnim bakterijama, E. coli, enterokokima te sa mutnoćom, provodljivosti i organskim opterećenjem izraženim kao KMnO4). Zemlje u regiji (izuzev Srbije), zatim EPA (eng. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, američka Agencija za zaštitu okoliša) i WHO (eng. World Health Organisation, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija) kroz svoje zakonodavstvo ili preporuke ne propisuju ispitivanje P. aeruginosa u vodi za ljudsku potrošnju iz vodoopskrbnog sustava. Zaključak: Unatoč širokoj rasprostranjenosti P. aeruginosa u mokrim i vlažnim okolišima, udio pozitivnih uzoraka vode vodoopskrbnih sustava u PGŽ je nizak, što je u skladu s podacima iz literature. Prisutnost ove vrste u vodi za piće vjerojatno je u većoj mjeri povezana s sposobnošću kolonizacije biofilma u vodovodnim instalacijama i uređajima, nego s prisutnošću ove bakterije u tretiranoj vodi za piće. Hrvatska je jedna od rijetkih zemalja koja je ovaj parametar uključila u rutinsku analizu ispravnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju. Generalno se smatra da P. aeruginosa za opću populaciju ne predstavlja zdravstveni rizik, već da je rizik prisutan za imunokompromitirane osobe (u bolnicama, jedinicama intenzivne njege).

The new Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC) specifies two reference methods for the enumeration of E. coli in bathing water samples: ISO 9308-3 (miniaturized most probable number method), and ISO 9308-1 (membrane filtration method ) which was applied on the Croatian Adriatic coast from 2009 to 2014. Due to the low selectivity of Chromogenic coliform agar, a revised edition of ISO 9308-1 (2014) does not include the matrix of surface water in its scope, thus questioning the use of this method in the monitoring of bathing water quality. To reduce the growth of background bacterial flora and extend the scope to coastal bathing water, we modified reference method by changing the incubation temperature to 44 °C after the 4-hour resuscitation period at 37 °C. Reference method, ISO EN 9308-1:2014 against alternative, temperature modified ISO EN 9308-1:2014 method was compared according to ISO 17994:2014. The study area covered the entire Croatian Adriatic coast. Eight laboratories participated in the study, with more than 430 of paired data collected from more than 100 sampling sites. Increased incubation temperature significantly suppressed the growth of thermo-intolerant bacteria, including thermo-intolerant coliform bacteria. The reduction of non-E. coli coliforms was 47 %, while the reduction of all non-E. coli bacteria was 90 %. This made the reading of the plates significantly easier and faster. Based on the results of equivalence testing and criteria set by ISO 17994:2014, the methods were evaluated as “not different”, allowing the use of the alternative method for enumerating E. coli in coastal waters.

Strawberry tree honey is known for being rich in total phenols and its high antioxidant and antiradical activity. Apart from phenols, various major and trace elements can affect its antioxidant activity. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the beneficial effects of short-term supplementation of a usual dose of strawberry tree honey (from Pelješac peninsula, Croatia) on blood and urine parameters in men. Representative sampling of A. unedo L. honey was carried out directly at the place of production. It was followed by detailed melissopalynological and sensory assessment in order to verify honey authenticity as well as honey botanical and geographical origin. The honey was tested for the presence of toxic hydroquinone and its glycosylated form arbutin, naturally present in strawberry tree plants. In the tested sample, neither arbutin nor hydroquinone were detected by GC/MS. Participants included five adult healthy men aged 26-38 who consumed 70 g of honey dissolved in 200 ml of water daily for 14 days. After overnight fasting, blood and urine samples were collected before (day 0) and after (day 15) honey supplementation. The following parameters were determined: haematological indices, leukocytes, serum enzymes, CRP, chloride, phosphates, Fe, UIBC, and TIBC. Serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Mn, and Zn, whole blood Cd and Pb, and urine As were measured by ICP-MS. The activity of erythrocyte Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and whole blood Se-glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) was determined by spectrophotometry. The honey supplementation increased serum Fe by 26% and decreased UIBC by 23%, TIBC by 11%, CRP by 10%, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 15%, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 8%, and SOD and GPx activity by 6%. It increased platelet count by 8% and white blood cell count by 5%. No elevated levels of toxic elements were found. The supplementation did not affect other parameters. It should be noted, however, that participants were healthy men with no pathologies. This preliminary study suggests beneficial effects of strawberry tree honey consumption on antioxidative status, haematological indices, serum Fe and enzymes levels. Further studies on more participants and with longer experiment duration are needed.

Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is native to the east side of Adriatic and Ionian seas. This perennial plant is widespread in Croatia, where it spontaneously grows on the sunny hillsides of the Dalmatian islands and adjacent coastal zones of the Adriatic Sea. In the northern part of the Adriatic coast, this species is very abundant, representing the only plant growing on the poor, rocky soils. This area is well known for its famous unifloral Salvia officinalis honey, widely used in traditional medicine. The objective of the present study was to find potential chemical markers for the authentication of unifloral Salvia officinalis honey. Research was mainly based on the analysis of the phenolic acids, their derivatives and flavonoids and on identification of target compounds using high resolution LC/MS techniques. Quantification of major phenolic compounds was achieved using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and triple quadruple mass spectrometer (UHPLC DAD-MS/MS). To trace phytochemicals that characterize sage honeys produced in Croatia UHPLC coupled with hybrid mass spectrometer which combines the Linear Trap Quadrupole and OrbiTrap mass analyzer (LTQ OrbiTrap MS) was utilized. A total of 25 compounds were quantified by comparing retention times and MS spectra with available standards. Based on the exact mass search and the study of the fragmentation pathways it was possible to individuate 36 compounds. Phenolic diterpenes, carnosol and carnosic acid, although present in sage, were not previously detected in sage unifloral honey. In this study, these compounds were identified in honey samples, but in trace amounts. Additionally, three types of available unifloral honeys of Lamiaceae species from the same region were introduced into the analysis: thyme (Thymus spp.) honey, mint (Mentha spp.) honey and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) honey to demonstrate the applicability of developed method for the authentication of sage unifloral honey. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze semiquantitative data for 61 compounds in order to examine their relative variations within honeys of Lamiaceae species.

Ovim radom prikazana su najznačajnija europska i domaća iskustva u ostvarivanju integriranog pristupa u formiranju kompetentnih organoleptičkih ocjenjivača sukladno najboljoj europskoj praksi i kompatibilno s verificiranim europskim programima edukacije u području senzorske analize meda.

Honeydew honeys are specific type of honey whose origin derives mainly from specific secretion of plant sucking aphids (honeydew) persisting on both deciduous and coniferous plant taxa, secretions that were collected by the bees and transformed into the honeydew honey. Basic differentiation from nectar honeys comprises in measuring of the electrical conductivity that is, with some exceptions for particular nectar honeys, generally accepted at minimal level of 0.8 mS/cm. Other characterization parameters are sometimes somewhat neglected although having definite characterization potential. In that regard total of 17 representative fir tree (Abies alba Mill.) honeydew honey samples deriving from central mountain region of Croatia (Gorski Kotar) were assessed by means of melissopalynological and sensory analyses. This specific honeydew honey is one of the most appreciated honeys of Croatia. It is prevalent in central mountain region of Croatia where its peak production varies in cycles of 5 to 7 years according to field observances. Being so peculiar, this honey represents intrinsic meaning as being the “only honey” for that region, reaching top level prices. However, in Croatia, it has rarely been studied for its specific features. Studied samples were submitted to detailed melissopalynological assessment in order to obtain detailed characterization of pollen profile, comprising representation of both nectariferous and non nectariferous botanical taxa as well as the honeydew elements. Comprehensive sensory analyses were performed as well and sensory parameters of fir tree honeydew honey (visual, odor, taste and tactile characteristics) were reviewed in details with specific accent to the occurrence or absence of defects in honey samples.

Monitoring kakvoće mora na plažama hrvatskog Jadrana provodi se od 2009. g. prema Uredbi o kakvoći mora za kupanje (NN 73/08), koja je usklađena s Direktivom Europskoga Parlamenta i Vijeća o upravljanju kakvoćom vode za kupanje (2006/7/EC). Uzorci mora prikupljaju se svaka dva tjedna tijekom sezone kupanja (od početka svibnja do kraja rujna), a rezultati ispitivanja su u kratkom roku dostupni na web stranici Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo. Agencija za zaštitu okoliša dostavlja izvješće o godišnjoj i konačnoj ocjeni na plažama hrvatskog Jadrana Europskoj komisiji putem WISE sustava (Water Information System for Europe) i Europske agencije za okoliš (EEA). Prikazana je usporedba godišnje kakvoće mora u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji (PGŽ) i na cijelom hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana (HR), kao i konačne ocjene u PGŽ, HR i Europska Unija (EU). Uspoređujući kakvoću mora u PGŽ i HR uočeno je da su razlike male, odnosno da kakvoća mora na godišnjoj razini malo varira. Međutim usporedbom rezultata kakvoće mora hrvatskog dijela Jadrana s rezultatima članica EU, vidljivo je da je čistoća mora u HR (srednja vrijednost izvrsno ocijenjenih plaža u periodu 2012-2015 je ~ 96%) znatno iznad europskog prosjeka (srednja vrijednost izvrsno ocijenjenih plaža u periodu 2012-2015 je ~ 84%) i da po čistoći mora pripadamo samom vrhu u Europi. Obzirom da prema kriterijima EU Direktive (2006/7/EC) u 2015. niti jedna lokacija u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji nije bila nezadovoljavajuća, cilj Direktive da do kraja sezone kupanja 2015. sve vode za kupanje budu barem „zadovoljavajuće“ – je ostvaren.

Heterotrofne bakterije (UBB) je zajedničko ime za skupinu bakterija prisutnih u vodi, koje u definiranim uvjetima mogu porasti na hranjivom agaru korištenjem jednostavnih metoda kultivacije. Za svoj rast zahtijevaju organski izvor ugljika. Primjena ovog parametra u mikrobiologiji voda je vrlo duga (preko 130 godina). Tijekom tog perioda uloga ovog pokazatelja se mijenjala, a danas se dominantno koristi kao pokazatelj efikasnosti dezinfekcije vode i općih higijenskih uvjeta u distribucijskoj mreži. Ne postoji univerzalna metoda za određivanje heterotrofnih bakterija. Potrebno je primijeniti onu metodu koja će dati naviše rezultate. U ovom radu analizirano je prisustvo UBB/22 i UBB/37 u različitim tipovima vode (sirova, prerađena i bazenska) u Primorsko- goranskoj županiji u periodu 1998.-2015. U sirovoj vodi veći je porast kolonija UBB/22, a u prerađenoj UBB/37. Slatkovodni bazeni u odnosu na morske pokazuju veći porast UBB/37. Također, dodatno su provedena usporedna ispitivanja broja kolonija različitim metodama (vrsta medija, temperatura i vrijeme inkubacije) na uzorcima vode za dijalizu i bazenske vode U morskoj bazenskoj vodi primjena Marine agara (umjesto medija YEA koji je propisan Pravilnikom NN 107/12) daje značajno veće rezultate broja UBB/37, što ukazuje da je Marine agar više odgovara mikrobnoj populaciji morskih bakterija. U vodi za potrebe hemodijalize primjenom TGYA/22°C/7d (umjesto YEA/37°C/48 h odnosno YEA/22°C/72 h) postignute su najviše vrijednosti broja kolonija, što ukazuje da se primjenom HR EN ISO 6222:2000 vrijednosti broja kolonija u rutini podcjenjuju. Obzirom da je riječ o imunokompromitiranoj skupini populacije, ovaj je rezultat od posebne važnosti. Nema dokaza da heterotrofne bakterije mogu izazvati bolesti u općoj populaciji, osim kod soba oslabljenog imuniteta. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da izbor medija, temperature i vremena inkubacije ima značajan učinak na rezultate ispitivanja (kako kvantitativne tako i kvalitativne), te da usporedivi samo rezultati dobiveni primjenom iste metode (vrste medija, temperature i vremena inkubacije te tehnike inokuliranja).