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Purpose of review Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rapidly changing practice across different tumor settings. With this article, we reflect on how to assimilate the tsunami of ICIs data into clinical practice. Recent findings A tremendous increase on approvals, number of publications, and clinical trials ongoing with ICIs on many different tumor types. Summary ICIs are innovative treatments that are showing a significant benefit on different tumors. More approvals and an explosive increase of knowledge around the usage of ICI are to be expected in the near future, bringing new challenges on how to integrate this fast-growing evidence with ICI into clinical practice. To be updated, oncologists could follow approved guidelines from relevant societies and complement it with an appropriate search from publication databases. There are also some available courses, conferences and online material that are useful to improve knowledge in this so rapidly changing environment. In the future, we believe the integration of artificial intelligence and learning machines will play an important role to facilitate best clinical practices in different fields of medicine but particularly for oncology.

Submitted by Ana Quininha (ana.quininha@chlc.min-saude.pt) on 2019-05-16T14:37:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMP 2019 251.pdf: 699585 bytes, checksum: 39db3519e080d1dd5e7a3c10ba2b5b5b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-16T14:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AMP 2019 251.pdf: 699585 bytes, checksum: 39db3519e080d1dd5e7a3c10ba2b5b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: Many internal and external obstacles, must be overcome when establishing a new medical school, or when radically revising an existing medical curriculum.Aims: Twenty-five years after the Flinders University curriculum was introduced as the first graduate-entry medical programme (GEMP) in Australia, we aim at describing how it has been adopted and adapted by several other schools, in Australia and in Europe (UK, Ireland, and Portugal).Method/Results: This paper reports on the experience of four schools establishing a new medical school or new curriculum at different times and in different settings.Conclusions: We believe that these experiences might be of interest to others contemplating a similar development.

Após as vitórias do ANC e de Nelson Mandela nas eleições de 1994, a comunidade internacional virou-se para a África do Sul numa tentativa de encontrar um parceiro africano capaz de controlar e liderar não só a estratégica região da África Austral, mas todo o continente africano. O modo como o processo de transição sul africano decorreu, com a sociedade civil a desempenhar um papel chave na sua monitorização, foi encarado pela comunidade internacional como um sucesso. Assim sendo, quer devido ao seu exemplo, quer devido ao prestígio internacional de alguns dos seus dirigentes, a África do Sul era vista como um estado essencial para a estabilização de um continente inestável. Ao longo deste artigo, o utor tentará analisar até que ponto são realistas as expectativas que se criaram à volta das capacidades sul-africanas, e até que ponto poderá a comunidade internacional, na actualidade, contar com o apoio sul-africano na resolução dos conflitos em África. Après les victoires de l'ANC et de Nelson Mandela dans les élections de 1994, la communauté internationale s'est tournée vers l'Afrique du Sud dans une tentative d'y trouver un partenaire africain capable de contrôler, et d'assumer un leadership, non seulement par rapport à la région stratégique de l'Afrique Australe, mais au continent africain tout entier. La manière comment s'était passé le processus de transition en Afrique du Sud, et en particulier le rôle clé assumé par la société civil dans sa supervision, était considéré par la communauté internationale comme un succès. En raison de l'exemple donné, mais aussi du prestige international de certains de ses dirigeants, l'Afrique du Sud était par conséquent vu comme un État essentiel pour la stabilisation d'un continent instable. Dans l'article qui suit, l'auteur essayera d'établir jusqu'à quel point les attentes crées autour des capacités sud-africaines sont réalistes, et dans quelle mesure la communauté internationale pourra, à l'heure actuelle, compter sur un appui sud-africain dans la résolutions des conflits en Afrique. After the victories of the ANC and Nelson Mandela in the 1994 elections, the international community turned to South Africa in an attempt to find an African partner capable of controlling and leading not only the strategic region of Southern Africa, but the whole African continent. The way in which the transition process had occurred in South Africa, and in particular the key role civil society had played by monitoring it, was considered as a success by the international community. By virtue of the example it had given as well as of the international prestige of some of its leaders, South Africa was as a consequence as a state essential for the stabilization of an unstable continent. In this paper, the author tries to establish up to which point the expectations created with regard to the capacities of South Africa are realistic, in to what degree the international community can at this stage count on a support from South Africa for the resolution of conflicts in Africa.

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Charcoal is an important renewable source of energy and feedstock for several applications. Its consumption, production and utilization are known by human kind for many years and have been increasing over time. The constant increasing of global demand for the establishment of sustainable development puts charcoal in a prominent position, which makes it important to monitor technological advances in the area as an input to the planning and decision making. In the present study, the mapping of the technological advances into charcoal was carried out by the development of indicators based on the patents documents analysis. The patenting evolution was concentrated in the period from 2001 to 2010 with major involvement of Japan, South Korea, China, USA and Germany. The main technological domains related to charcoal were Chemistry Materials and Industrial Procedures with emphasis shown by the subdomains Basic Chemistry, Family Consumption, Technical Procedures and Materials Metallurgy. The main assignees of the documents are companies from North America, Europe and, especially from Asia. The Brazilian technological development into charcoal was substantially inferior when compared to the major assignees countries, even though Brazil is the main charcoal producer and consumer. In the case of the subdomain Materials Metallurgy, Japan, South Korea and China are the most prominent countries and most of the documents are concentrated in 10 subject areas. For this subdomain, the main assignees are Japanese and South Korean companies. The results showed that a significant amount of the patents documents on charcoal are related to apparatus, device, equipment and machine, and for this categorization there is also the Japanese, South Korean and Chinese prominence as well as the concentration of the documents in 10 subject areas. Among the patents related to equipment and so on, only a very few amount are triadic, in other words, were filed in US, EPO and Japan. These triadic patents are related to carbonization systems, methods and equipment for charcoal and activated charcoal production and waste and garbage treatment. O carvão vegetal é uma importante fonte renovável de energia e de matéria-prima para diversas aplicações. Seu consumo, produção e utilização são conhecidos pela humanidade há milhares de anos e vêm evoluindo ao longo do tempo. O constante aumento da demanda mundial para o estabelecimento do desenvolvimento sustentável coloca o carvão vegetal numa posição de destaque, o que torna relevante o monitoramento tecnológico na área como subsídio ao planejamento e tomada de decisão. Na presente pesquisa, foi realizado o mapeamento dos avanços tecnológicos relacionados ao carvão vegetal por meio do desenvolvimento de indicadores baseados na análise de documentos de patentes. A evolução do patenteamento em carvão vegetal mostrou-se concentrada no período de 2001 a 2010, com envolvimento principalmente do Japão, Coréia do Sul, China, EUA e Alemanha. Os principais domínios de desenvolvimento tecnológico em carvão vegetal foram Química Materiais e Procedimentos Industriais, com ênfase nos subdomínios Química de Base, Consumo das Famílias, Procedimentos Técnicos e Materiais Metalurgia. Os principais titulares de documentos de patentes em carvão vegetal são empresas de origem americana, europeia e, especialmente de origem asiática. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento tecnológico em carvão vegetal se mostrou bem inferior ao dos principais centros, embora o país seja o principal produtor e consumidor mundial deste material. No caso do subdomínio Materiais Metalurgia, Japão, Coréia do Sul e China são os países mais proeminentes e a maioria dos documentos de patentes em carvão vegetal estão concentrados em 10 assuntos tecnológicos. Para esse subdomínio, os principais titulares são empresas japonesas e sul coreanas. Os resultados mostraram que uma parcela significativa dos documentos de patentes em carvão vegetal está relacionada a aparatos, dispositivos, equipamentos e máquinas, e que para essa categorização também há proeminência do Japão, Coréia do Sul e China, bem como a concentração dos documentos em 10 assuntos tecnológicos. Dentre as patentes associadas à categorização, apenas uma parcela muito pequena é de caráter trilateral, ou seja, foi depositada nos EUA, EPO e Japão. Esses documentos são referentes a sistemas, métodos e equipamentos de carbonização para produção de carvão vegetal, carvão ativado e tratamento de resíduos ou lixo.