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At large, most animal brains present two mirror-symmetric sides; but closer inspection reveals a range of asymmetries (in shape and function), that seem more salient in more cognitively complex species. Sustaining symmetric, redundant neural circuitry has associated metabolic costs, but it might aid in implementing computations within noisy environments or with faulty pieces. It has been suggested that the complexity of a computational task might play a role in breaking bilaterally symmetric circuits into fully lateralized ones; yet a rigorous, mathematically grounded theory of how this mechanism might work is missing. Here we provide such a mathematical framework, starting with the simplest assumptions, but extending our results to a comprehensive range of biologically and computationally relevant scenarios. We show mathematically that only fully lateralized or bilateral solutions are relevant within our framework (dismissing configurations in which circuits are only partially engaged). We provide maps that show when each of these configurations is preferred depending on costs, contributed fitness, circuit reliability, and task complexity. We discuss evolutionary paths leading from bilateral to lateralized configurations and other possible outcomes. The implications of these results for evolution, development, and rehabilitation of damaged or aged brains is discussed. Our work constitutes a limit case that should constrain and underlie similar mappings when other aspects (aside task complexity and circuit reliability) are considered., 21 pages, 10 figures, 5 appendixes

Coletinia redetecta Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 Coletinia redetecta Molero, Bach & Gaju in Molero et al., 2013: 38���40, figs 2a, 7, 102���116. Material examined SPAIN ��� 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Castell��n Province, La Vall de Uix��, Coves de Sant Josep; 15 Oct. 2016; A. Sendra leg.; UCO, Ref. Z2642. Distribution Endemic to karstic areas of Castell��n Province, in eastern Spain. Variability remarks The specimens of this sample were collected in a cave about 78 km to the south of the type locality of the species. They are tentatively assigned to C. redetecta, although there are some differences in some characters with the type material. Here, we consider that these differences can be attributed to intraspecific variability. The most important difference is the lower number of ventral macrochaetae in tibiae (in specimens from the type locality, the metatibiae usually have 6 or more ventral macrochaetae and in the new sample the metatibiae bear 5 macrochaetae). A thorough examination of all available specimens has revealed that all tibiae have at least 2 (frequently, 3) dorsal macrochaetae (if only one was reported for this species, this was caused by a loss of the setae, but the insertion of the second one has been detected). This character is shared with C. longitibia Molero, Bach & Gaju 2013 and C. capolongoi, but not with C. tessella Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 and all the species of the group capolongoi distributed further south, which bear only one dorsal macrochaetae on their metatibiae. This character has been included in the key at the end of this work, but the number of the ventral macrochaetae is excluded due to the variability mentioned above. The formula of pegs on the cerci of the holotype is: C1 (0) +C2 (1[0 id]+2[0���1 id] +3[1 id]). The only male available from the second locality where the species was found (Avenc d���en Serenge, Cabanes) has the cerci damaged. The formula of cerci in a male of the new locality (La Vall de Uix��) is: C1 (0) +C2 (1[1 id]+2[1 id] +3[1 id]+4[1 id]). The paracercus in all specimens examined lacks short spines; there are 0���2 thin acute dorsal spines in the first and second divisions of P2., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 150-152, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1","Wygodzinsky P. 1980. A survey of the Nicoletiidae of Europe (Nicoletiidae, Thysanura, Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2695: 1 - 24. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5428 [accessed 16 Feb. 2022].","Silvestri F. 1938. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Nicoletia vivente in una grotta della Francia. Revue francaise d ' Entomologie 5: 188 - 193."]}

Coletinia serrata Mendes, Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0C4AC44D-C343-42B7-BCC6-AB6B31F6456D Figs 9 ���11 Diagnosis Insect subcylindrical and yellowish, body 8 mm long. Pedicels of male antennae with asymmetrical apophyses; the left apophysis is bigger and similar to that of C. tinauti, subcylindrical and with the apex modified bearing a laminar expansion that shows a denticulated margin (with high magnification). Right apophysis smaller, about ⅔ of the left one, without a visible glandular seta. All tibiae with one lateral small spine. Male urotergite X with 3+ 4 pegs. Male VIIIth urosternite with a slightly convex (almost straight) hind margin. Paramera 5.5 times longer than wide. Cerci without pegs, each one with a series of 3 basal short acute spines, all of them in the second division. Female unknown. Coletinia serrata sp. nov. from the region of Alentejo (southern Portugal) can be included in the group of species with asymmetrical antennae in males, where the left pedicellar apophysis is more developed than the right one. Inside this group, the remaining species show a stronger difference in size between both apophyses, because the right one is much reduced. For example, in C. asymetrica Bach de Roca, Mendes & Gaju Ricart, 1985 the left apophysis is about 10 times longer than the right one. The difference of size is similar in C. herculea or C. vergitana Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013, but in these two species subadult specimens show a more symmetric apophysis (Molero et al. 2013). Nevertheless, the studied specimen of C. serrata is clearly an adult, as indicated by the modified pegs of the terminal filaments and the tenth urotergite. In subadults of C. herculea and C. vergitana the glandular seta of the apex of the apophysis is developed in both apophyses, but in C. serrata this seta is strongly reduced in the right apophysis. Moreover, the shape and projections of the apophyses of asymmetrical species are different to C. serrata; the left apophysis of C. serrata is more like that of C. dextra sp. nov. or those of C. mendesi or C. tinauti, species with symmetric antennae, although the denticulation of the lamellar subapical expansion of the apophysis is not so clearly denticulated as in C. serrata. Only one species of the genus Coletinia, C. dextra sp. nov. from Andalusia (Spain), described in this work, shows its right pedicellar apophysis more developed than the left one. The different chirality of antennal apophyses is not the only difference between C. dextra and C. serrata sp. nov., although more differences could be provided when females of both species were found. The metatibiae of the Spanish species have 2 dorsal spines (only one in the Portuguese species), the number of discal setae of the tenth urotergite is higher in the Spanish species, the shape of the hind margin of the VIIIth urosternite is different and the number of spiniform pegs in terminal filaments is higher in C. dextra. Coletinia serrata sp. nov. perhaps represents the first step of the evolution of species of Coletinia with symmetrical antennae to those, as C. asymetrica and other species described from the Southern Iberian Peninsula, that have a vestigial right pedicel. Etymology The specific name ��� serrata ��� refers to the denticulate margin of the lamellar expansion of the left pedicellar apophysis, character that has only been observed in this species. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL ��� ♂; Alentejo, Santa Margarida do Sado; 38��06��� N, 08��21��� W; 15 May 2007; A. Serrano leg.; MUHNAC, CZ-5646, mounted on slide. Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 8 mm. Body width: 1.5 mm.Antennae broken; maximum length preserved: 3.5 mm. Body subcylindrical, yellowish, devoid of scales. BODY. Head with scarce thin setae and some bifid macrochaetae; frons and clypeus as in Fig. 9A.Antennae asymmetric (Fig. 9B���C). The apophysis of the right pedicel is reduced, subcylindrical without a defined apical glandular seta, about 0.45 times as wide as the pedicel and about 3 times longer than wide (iL/W = 3.2; oL/W = 2.6); its apex reaches the second division of the flagellum. Left apophysis bigger (Fig. 9D), reaching the fourth division of the flagellum, subcylindrical, with a lamellar expansion in its apical part that shows its distal margin denticulated (with high magnification; see Fig. 9E). A glandular seta is inserted in the apical part of the apophysis, over the lamellar expansion. This left apophysis is about 0.7 times as wide as the pedicel and about 3 times longer than wide (iL/W = 3.5; oL/W = 2.5). The left apophysis is about 1.4 times longer than and 1.5 times as wide as the right one (considering the inner length in dorsal view; see Fig. 9C). Maxillary palps with a lot of basiconic sensilla on the distal article (Fig. 9F) and in the apical part of the penultimate. The distal article is about 4.7 times longer than wide and 1.35 times longer than the penultimate (Fig. 9G). Labial palps typical of Nicoletiidae (Fig. 10A), the last article with 3 basiconic sensilla in the inner side of the basal part and a row of 5 basiconic sensilla in the outer side. THORAX. Thoracic segments. Typical of the genus, with small setae covering the disc of the nota, their length about 1/12 to 1/6 times as long as the segment. LEGS. Protibiae about 3.6 times longer than wide, with 2 dorsal, 1 lateral and 4 ventral acute spines (Fig. 10B). Mesotibiae about 4.3 times longer than wide, with the same number of spines than protibiae (Fig. 10C). Metatibiae almost 1.6 times longer than protibiae and 4.7 times longer than wide, with 1 dorsal, 1 lateral and 4 ventral spines (Fig. 10D). Ventral spines of all tibiae about as long as the width of the tibiae or slightly shorter. ABDOMEN. Urotergites covered with thin setae that are 1/5���1/8 times as long as the tergite (Fig. 10E). Tenth urotergite as in Fig. 11A, with the hind margin concave and almost straight in the bottom of the concavity. Its posterolateral lobes show a low number of pegs, 3 on the right side and 4 on the left side (Fig. 11B). The apical peg of each lobe is bigger than the others. The disc of the urotergite shows 4 setae. Urosternites II���VIII entire and covered with thin setae, bearing one pair of styli and coxal vesicles; their hind margin with 1 +1 submedian and 1+ 1 sublateral (placed close to the insertion of the styli) short bifid macrosetae; moreover, 1+1 discal short macrosetae are present (Fig. 11C). Urosternite VIII somewhat protruding posteriorly, with its hind margin convex, almost straight (Fig. 11D). MALE GENITALIA. Paramera cylindrical, about 5.5 times longer than wide (Fig. 11E), their distal part as in Fig. 11F. TERMINAL FILAMENTS. Broken, only their basal part preserved (about 1.5 mm in the paracercus and one cercus). Both cerci bear 3 acute and short spines on their inner side, all of them in the second division and about 4.5���5.5 times longer than wide; their formula is C2(1[1id]+ 2[1id] +3[id]), corresponding to Fig. 11G. The paracercus has one peg in the basal division, one peg in the first ring of setae of the second division and one peg that can be considered as a slightly modified pigmented spine in the third ring of setae, as shown in Fig. 11H; formula P1 (1[d]) +P2 (1[d]+ 3[d]). The peg on the basal division and the first one of the second division are about 5���6 times longer than their higher width, the spine in the third ring of setae is about 9.5 times longer than wide. Habitat The only known specimen of Coletinia serrata sp. nov. was found under a schist stone. This circumstance is similar to what has been commented for C. dextra, probably the usual habitat of these species is more subterranean. Nevertheless, specifying an ecological classification to the species described in this work does not make sense due to the small number of samples and specimens found and to the absence of special morphological differences that could be related to different underground lifestyles.All species of Coletinia show similar morphological adaptations to live in caves or other subterranean habitats, which are shared with most species of the family Nicoletiidae and which can be considered plesiomorphic in this group (absence of eyes, light pigmentation, slender bodies and long appendages)., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 143-148, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1"]}

Coletinia tinauti Molero-Baltan��s, Gaju-Ricart & Bach de Roca, 1997 Coletinia tinauti Molero-Baltan��s, Gaju-Ricart & Bach de Roca, 1997: 97���104, figs 1���4. Coletinia tinauti ��� Molero et al. 2013: 49���52, figs 1b, 6b, 9b, 153���163. Material examined SPAIN ��� 14 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Ja��n Province, Cueva de la Morciguilla; 24 Dec. 2013; GEV leg.; UCO Ref. Z2507. Variability remarks The abundant material belonging to this species collected at one locality (22 specimens) allows to assess the variability of C. tinauti. This sample comes from a cave about 35 km distance from the type locality of the species, and the insects collected completely fit the original description. Some specimens of this sample have been dissected and examined, concluding that most of their characters are proven to be constant inside the population, such as the shape of the urosternite VIII of males or the number of divisions of the ovipositor. Nevertheless, the variability of some characters proves to be wider than previously known for this species (see Table 1). For example, the shape of the hind margin of the urotergite X in males proves to be variable, since in some specimens it is folded in its median part or is more convex dorsally but more straight ventrally; this agrees with the variability detected for this character in C. maggi by Gilgado & Ortu��o (2015), although this variability is not detected in C. tinauti for females. The terminal filaments of this species present few pegs with blunt apex (at most 5 but usually 4 or less in each cercus). The paracercus has only, as usual, short, pigmented spines. The formula of the paracercus of the holotype is P1 (1[1 d]) +P2 (1[0]); in this specimen the paracercus is broken and only the first division is preserved. The illustration presented by Molero-Baltan��s et al. (1997) in the original description corresponds in fact to a cercus. Variability of the paracercus in other male specimens examined: the first division of the cercus bears in some specimens (as the holotype) one thin acute and small dorsal spine; in other specimens this spine is absent. The second division shows 3 more robust and short dorsal spines (the third longer than the preceding ones) inserted on alternate rings of setae. If the dorsal spine on P1 is absent, these spines are present on the first, third and fifth rings of setae; if the dorsal spine on P1 is present, the modified spines are inserted on the second, fourth and sixth rings of setae. So, the formula can be P1 (1[0]) +P2 (1[1d] +2[0]+ 3[1d] +4[0]+ 5[1d]) or P1 (1[1d])+P2 (1[0]+ 2[1d] +3[0] +4[1d] +5[0] +6[1d]). All these spines are acute but clearly different (shorter, more robust, and pigmented) to the unmodified setae of the dorsal side of the paracercus of females. In cerci, the inner-dorsal spines are more robust than the inner-ventral ones and usually show blunt apex, except those in the C3, and can be considered as pegs, but there is some variability (for example, in the holotype there is only one peg in the first ring of C2, see Fig. 1C). The remaining spines are thinner and frequently acute but always shortened compared with setae in similar position in females. The formula of the left cercus of the holotype (shown in Fig. 3) is: C1 (1[1id +1iv]) +C2 (1[1 id +1iv] +2[1id])+C3 (1[1id + 1iv]+ 2[1id]); the right cercus is drawn by Molero et al. (1997: fig. 3.6), except for the second ring of setae of C3, which is damaged (in the caption it is incorrectly indicated as paracercus) and its formula is C1 (1[1 id +1 iv])+C2 (1[1 id + 1iv]+ 2[1id]) +C3 (1[1id +1iv]). Variability of the cercus in other male specimens examined: the limit between the second and the third division of the cercus has a more distal position in most of the remaining specimens observed, so the spines of the first and second ring of setae of C 3 in the holotype correspond in these additional specimens to the third and fourth ring of setae of C2. But the arrangement of pegs is similar, with some exceptions: ��� The pegs of C1 are absent in some specimens; in this case, the apex of the spine of the third ring of setae of the C2 is blunt. ��� Some spines inserted on inner-ventral position can be absent or reduced to thin usual setae (not modified). Considering this variability, the formula of cerci of most specimens of C. tinauti where the division between C2 and C3 is placed beyond the fourth ring of setae is: C1(1[0���1 id +0���1iv]) + C2(1[1 id +0��� 1iv] + 2[1 id +0���1iv] +3[1 id + 0���1iv] + 4 [0���1 id + 0���1iv]). The maximum number of blunt pegs in C2 is 4. Key for identification of species of the genus Coletinia This key is based on that of Wygodzinsky (1980) but includes the 16 new species described afterwards. The females of Coletinia diania, C. herculea, C. setosula, C. dextra sp. nov. and C. serrata sp. nov. and the males of Coletinia corsica Chopard, 1924 are not known, so they are excluded from the key. The original description (only available) of the female Coletinia corsica is insufficient to identify some characters considered in this key, so this species is not included. For some characters, figures of original descriptions have been considered when not explicitly described in the text. Moreover, the variability of C. maggi discussed by Gilgado & Ortu��o (2015) is left pending, and the distinction established by Molero et al. (2013) between C. maggi and C. hernandoi Molero, Bach & Gaju 2013 is not considered, since both taxa require further investigation. We indicate this in the key as ��� Coletinia maggi species group���. For some characters, the key of Molero et al. (2013) has been used but revised and modified, because the high variability detected in several species, as commented in the discussion section. For example, the shape of the hind margin of the urotergite X has been discarded. 1. Frons with very numerous subequal long setae................................................................................ 2 ��� Frons with fewer setae, both distinct macrochaetae and short bristles............................................. 3 2. Macrochaetae of tibiae robust, the ventral ones of mesotibiae clearly longer than the diameter of the tibia (about 1.5 times this diameter) and bigger than those of metatibiae. Males with parameres that do not reach the level of apex of styli IX. SW Iberian Peninsula..... C. mendesi Wygodzinsky, 1980 ��� Macrochaetae of tibiae thin, the ventral ones of mesotibiae about as long as the diameter of the tibia and not bigger than those of metatibiae. Parameres large, attaining the level of apex of styli IX. Known from Sicily........................................................................... C. setosula Wygodzinsky, 1980 3. Males................................................................................................................................................. 4 ��� Females........................................................................................................................................... 24 4. Antennae symmetrical (left and right pedicellar apophyses similarly developed)......................... 12 ��� Antennae asymmetrical (left and right apophysis with different size and shape)............................ 5 5. Left apophysis with two elongate and narrow ribbon-like processes, longer than the width of the pedicel. Right apophysis less developed and triangular, without apical or subapical seta, its base more than half the width of the pedicel. Italy.................................. C. subterranea (Silvestri, 1902) ��� Apophyses without elongate ribbon-like processes. If processes are present, they are short and not ribbon-like, and their length is lower than the width of the pedicel. Right apophysis with diverse shapes, often with apical or subapical seta; if triangular and without seta, its size is smaller (its base less than half the width of the pedicel)............................................................................................. 6 6. The less developed apophysis is at least half the length of the more developed one and is subcylindrical or conical in shape, longer than wide. Terminal filaments without pegs, with acute spines similarly developed to those of females or slightly shortened and robust....................................................... 7 ��� The less developed apophysis (right) is very small, less than 0.2 times as long as the more developed one (left)............................................................................................................................................ 9 7. The more developed apophysis (left) has a sclerotized subapical ridge and its distal part is clearly wider than the base. Less developed apophysis (right) with subapical glandular seta. Terminal filaments with a setation like that of females; inner spines of cerci thin. Brazil............................................................................................................................ C. brasiliensis Mendes & Ferreira, 2002. ��� The more developed apophysis (left or right) lacks sclerotizations and its width is similar in the distal and in the basal part; the distal area shows a lamellar process. Less developed apophysis (left or right) without a visible subapical seta. Inner spines of cerci shortened and robust (spiniform pegs). S Spain and Portugal......................................................................................................................... 8 8. Left apophysis more developed than the right one. Lamellar process of the left apophysis with denticulate margin....... C. serrata Mendes, Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. ��� Right apophysis more developed than the left one. Lamellar process of the left apophysis not clearly denticulate, almost straight......... C. dextra Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. 9. Right apophysis of adult males of triangular shape, without glandular seta.................................. 10 ��� Right apophysis of adult males with other shape, with or without apical seta................................11 10. Left pedicellar apophysis without lamellar expansion, its sclerotized area placed besides or under the glandular seta; this seta is inserted on apical position. Only known from C��rdoba Province (S Spain)........................................................................ C. asymetrica Bach, Mendes & Gaju, 1985 ��� Lamellar expansion and sclerotized area of the left pedicellar apophysis extending above the glandular seta. Canary Islands............................ C. majorensis Molero, Gaju, L��pez & Bach, 2014 11. Posterior margin of eighth urosternite not very protruding (ratio length/width of the protruding part about 0.23) and slightly convex. Apophysis of the left pedicel of adults with a sclerotized region next to the glandular cone and a very well developed subapical lateroexternal process, showing no sclerotizations but densely covered with small hairs. Only known from a cave near Berja (Almer��a, SE Spain).......................................................... C. vergitana Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Posterior margin of eighth urosternite more protruding (ratio length/width of the protruding part about 0.32) and convex. Apophysis of the left pedicel of adults with two lamellar processes, one apical without sclerotization, and one subapical with hook-shaped sclerotization and with a long and strong macrochaeta plus a few thin setae. Only known from S Spain (Straits of Gibraltar).......................................................................................................... C. herculea Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 12. Pedicellar apophyses simple, subcylindrical, not abruptly narrowed in their apex (simply rounded apically) without sclerotizations or processes (reported from several countries of southern and central Europe, in revision)................................................................ Coletinia maggi species group ��� Pedicellar apophyses not simple, abruptly narrowed or truncate at their apex and/or with processes or sclerotizations............................................................................................................................. 13 13. Pedicellar apophyses large, reaching the limit of annuli 7���8 of the flagellum, and even further elongated by a long thin sclerotised extension abruptly turning back on itself toward its pedicel, furnished with a predistal tooth and whose distal end is spatula like and toothed. Urotergite X with more than 20 +20 pegs. Only known from Turkey............................... C. longissima Mendes, 1988 ��� Pedicellar apophyses smaller and with a different shape. Urotergite X with a lower number of pegs, usually less than 10 +10.................................................................................................................. 14 14. Pedicellar apophyses subcylindrical, slightly widened in their distal half but narrowing in its apex forming a glandular cone that is not accompanied by any lamellar projection, sclerotizations of tegument or hook-shaped process. Cerci without blunt pegs, only with acute short spines. Tibiae lacking lateral spines..... C. dalmatica Molero-Baltan��s, Fi��er, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. ��� Pedicellar apophysis not widened in their distal half, narrowing in the apex where the glandular cone is visible, and accompanied by lamellar projections, sclerotizations or hook-shaped processes. Cerci usually with blunt pegs in their basal divisions (at least in C2, except for C. jeanneli). Tibiae usually with one short lateral spine (not described in C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939))..................................15 15. Pedicellar apophysis with a subapical hook-shaped projection and a sclerotized area besides the glandular cone. Metatibiae length is, according to the original figures, less than 4 times longer than wide. Only known from Bulgaria....................................................... C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939) ��� Pedicellar apophysis different. If presenting hook-shaped projections, there are two or they are not sclerotized. Ratio length/width of metatibiae higher, 4 or more times longer than wide............... 16 16. Pedicellar apophysis with two curved projections, not lamellar. Hind margin of urosternite VIII very protruding and straight (Fig. 12D). Without blunt pegs on cerci (only acute spines, according to the original description). Known from France............................................ C. jeanneli (Silvestri, 1938) ��� Pedicellar apophysis with an apical lamellar projection besides the glandular cone (capolongoi type). Hind margin of urosternite VIII protruding; if straight, not so protruding (Fig. 12E). Usually with blunt pegs on cerci, at least in C2........................................................................................... 17 17. Hind margin of urosternite VIII straight or almost straight............................................................ 18 ��� Hind margin of urosternite VIII convex, rounded in the middle area............................................ 19 18. Urotergite X with at least 6 +6 sensory pegs. Known from caves of Castell��n Province (E Spain)................................................................................................. C. tessella Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Urotergite X with at most 5+5 sensory pegs. Known from gypsum caves of Almer��a (SE Spain)............................................................................. C. calaforrai Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013 19. C2 of cerci with at least 5 pegs, some of them inserted at the same level. Paracercus with some lateral blunt pegs and dorsal spiniform spines. Known only from a cave of Denia, Alicante Province (E Spain)................................................................................ C. diania Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� C2 of cerci with at most 4 pegs; if 5 or more, all of them inserted in a single row. Paracercus usually without blunt pegs, only with acute spiniform dorsal spines.......................................................... 20 20. Ratio L/W of metatibiae higher than 6........................................................................................... 21 ��� Ratio L/W of metatibiae lower than 6............................................................................................ 22 21. Ratio L/W of paramera about 5. Ratio L/W of protibiae higher than 4. Ratio L/W of mesotibiae about 5. Only known from a cave in Castell��n Province (E Spain).............................................................................................................................................. C. longitibia Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Ratio L/W of paramera about 6. Ratio L/W of protibiae and mesotibiae usually lower than 4. Known from caves in Valencia Province (E Spain)................................. C. capolongoi Wygodzinsky, 1980 22. Metatibiae with only 1 dorsal spine. Species from S Spain............................................................................................................................................................ C. intermedia / C. tinauti / C. calaforrai ��� Metatibiae usually with 2���3 dorsal spines...................................................................................... 23 23. Metatibiae usually with 6 or more ventral spines. Cerci with at most 4 small and subcylindrical pegs. Known from Castell��n Province (E Spain)....................... C. redetecta Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Metatibiae with 4���6 ventral spines. Cerci in most cases with more than 4 large pegs............................................................................................................................. C. capolongoi Wygodzinsky, 1980 24. Ratio L/W of metatibiae about 3.5 (following original description and/or designs)...................... 25 ��� Ratio L/W of metatibiae higher than 3.75 (usually more than 4)................................................... 26 25. Ratio L/W of subgenital plate about 0.5, with the hind margin convex, slightly acute. Brazil....................................................................................................... C. brasiliensis Mendes & Ferreira, 2002 ��� Ratio L/W of subgenital plate higher, with the hind margin more rounded. Bulgaria.................................................................................................................................... C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939) 26. Ovi, Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 152-157, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero-Baltanas R., Gaju-Ricart M. & Bach de Roca C. 1997. Coletinia tinauti n. sp., nueva especie de Nicoletiidae de Andalucia (Insecta, Apterygota, Zygentoma). Zoologica Baetica 8: 95 - 110.","Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1","Gilgado J. D. & Ortuno V. M. 2015. Intra- and inter-population polymorphism in Coletinia maggii (Grassi, 1887) (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae), an inhabitant of soil, mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) and caves - A challenge for the strict classification of subterranean fauna? Zootaxa 3920 (1): 85 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3920.1.5","Wygodzinsky P. 1980. A survey of the Nicoletiidae of Europe (Nicoletiidae, Thysanura, Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2695: 1 - 24. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5428 [accessed 16 Feb. 2022].","Mendes L. F. & Ferreira R. L. 2002. On a new cave-dwelling Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma: Insecta) from Brazil. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, Lisboa 24: 101 - 106.","Mendes L. F. 1988. Sur deux nouvelles Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma) cavernicoles de Grece et de Turquie et remarques sur la systematique de la famille. Revue suisse de Zoologie 95 (3): 751 - 772. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 81932 [accessed 16 Feb. 2022].","Silvestri F. 1938. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Nicoletia vivente in una grotta della Francia. Revue francaise d ' Entomologie 5: 188 - 193."]}

Coletinia dalmatica Molero-Baltan��s, Fi��er, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4D966B42-C6F4-4E80-AF36-059A1B8355B9 Figs 2���5 Diagnosis Insect with cylindrical shape, light yellowish turning to brownish in the abdomen, about 10 mm long. Antennae of males symmetrical, with apophyses widened in its subapical region but lacking processes or lamellae; the apical cone bears a glandular seta. Tibiae with 2 dorsal and 4 ventral spines, lacking lateral spine. Urotergite X of the male with 8+6 sensory pegs, 5 of them inserted in the posterolateral lobes. Posterior margin of the urotergite X of the female slightly concave. Disc of the urotergite with 9 thin setae in males and 13 in females. Hind margin of the urosternite VIII of male and of the subgenital plate of female straight. Cerci of males with a series of 4���5 short acute spines. Ovipositor with more than 24 divisions. Coletinia dalmatica Molero-Baltan��s, Fi��er, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. has unique pedicellar apophyses in males. It is relatively close to C. maggi, so it could be included in the ��� maggi ��� group of species, since the apophyses of the males of this new species are symmetrical and lack lamellae or sclerotized processes. However, these apophyses are not subcylindrical but clearly widened in the subapical part and abruptly narrowed in the apex. Other characters such as the shape of the urosternite VIII in males also suggest the close relationship of this new species to C. maggi (at least, to the Italian forms of this taxon). Considering characters of females, the subgenital plate has a straight or truncated posterior margin, while in C. maggi this sclerite is convex posteriorly. The subgenital plate of C. dalmatica is more similar to that of C. jeanneli (Silvestri, 1938) from France, but the disc of the tenth urotergite is apparently devoid of setae in the French species (with about 13 setae in the new Croatian species) and the number of divisions of the ovipositor in C. jeanneli is 23, if we trust the illustration of Silvestri (higher in C. dalmatica, since 24 divisions are observed in the preserved part). Moreover, compared with Iberian species, the Croatian species lacks lateral spines on the metatibiae. Etymology The specific name refers to Dalmatia, the region along the eastern Adriatic coast where this species has been collected. Material examined Holotype CROATIA ��� ♂; Biograd na Moru, Pako��tane, Vrana, Banđenova jama; 43��55���41��� N, 15��34���45��� E; 30 Apr. 2016; Ž. Fi��er leg.; MNCN _ Ent 283558, mounted on slide. Paratypes CROATIA ��� 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; UCO Ref. Z2640, preserved in ethanol ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MNCN _ Ent 283559, mounted on slide. Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 9.4 mm in the holotype and 10.3 mm in the female paratype. Body width: 1.6 mm in the holotype and 1.8 in the female paratype. Antennae broken; maximum length preserved: 5.5 mm. BODY. Pale yellowish; the abdomen yellowish brown, darkening in the posterior part. Head with abundant thin and short setae. Macrochaetae inserted in the lateral parts, around the ���ocular��� (where the tegument is slightly more sclerotized) and near the anterior angles of the frons. Two pairs of macrosetae are inserted in the lateral margins of the frons, 1 pair above them and another pair on the clypeus, near the posterior angles of the frons (see Fig. 2A���B). Antennal scapus bearing 3 macrochaetae in its distal half and 3 apical additional shorter macrochaetae near the limit with the pedicel. Pedicels symmetric, those of the male with a developed apophysis with subcylindrical shape in their base, slightly widened in their apical part but narrowing sharply in its apex forming a cone where a glandular seta is inserted on an apical fovea (Fig. 2C���D). This apex reaches the fifth annulus of the flagellum. The basal part of the apophysis has only sparse small setae, but in the widened subapical area there are two bifid macrochaetae. Four additional longer macrochaetae are inserted in the pedicel. This division of the antenna in the female is simple, with 5 long macrochaetae, almost twice as long as the width of the pedicel. MANDIBLES (Fig. 3A). With two outer small macrochaetae. Galea with two apical cones, lacinia with 4���5 processes and 10���12 setae. Last article of the maxillary palp about 3.9���4.9 times longer than wide, 1.25���1.35 times longer than the penultimate and as long as the antepenultimate (Fig. 3B). Labial palp typical, with several basiconic sensilla (at least 9, 5 of them in the outer side) in the basal half of the last article, apart from the 6 usual papillae (Fig. 3C). PRONOTUM (Fig. 3D). Covered with setae that are about 1/5���1/12 times longer than the notum, their margins with a row of acute setae of different length, interspersed with some macrochaetae that are inserted a short distance from the margin. Most of these macrochaetae are lost; the longest preserved are almost half the length of the pronotum. Setae of the mesonotum and metanotum of similar proportions, absent (as it is usual) on the anterior margin. LEGS. The ratio length/width of the tibiae is: 3.8���4 for protibiae (Fig. 3E), 3.7���4.7 for mesotibiae and 4.8���6 for metatibiae. Metatibiae (Fig. 3F) about 1.6 times longer than protibiae. All tibiae show 2 dorsal spines (a medial one and a distal one, except in one protibia of the holotype where both are inserted distally) and 4 ventral ones (2 subdistal and 2 subbasal). Ventral spines as long as the diameter of the respective tibia or slightly shorter. Lateral spines absent on all the tibiae. ABDOMEN. Urotergites typical, setae covering the disc are about 1/4���1/12 times longer than each tergite and the longest macrochaetae of the posterior margin (those inserted in the infralateral area) are about 0.5���0.6 times longer than the corresponding tergite. Urotergite X of the male (Fig. 4A) with 8+6 sensory pegs, 5 of them inserted in the posterolateral lobes and the remaining in the lateral margins of the tergite (Fig. 4B). The posterior border between these lobes is slightly concave, although a little broken on the slide. Disc of the urotergite with 9 thin setae; apart from these, the lateral and posterior margins of the tergite have two rows of stronger setae (marginal and submarginal). The urotergite X of the female (Fig. 4C) has a slightly concave hind margin; their posterolateral angles bear 1 macrochaetae (about 0.6 times the length of the tergite). The disc of the tergite has 13 thin acute setae. Most of the submarginal setae of the lateral and posterior margin (arranged as in the male, but less dense) are lost and only their insertions are visible. Urosternites without special characters, those with styli (II���VII) with 1 +1 submedian and 1+1 sublateral in the posterior margin, together with 1 +1 discal macrosetae (Fig. 4D). The VIIIth urosternite of the male is broken but the straight shape of the hind margin between the styli is visible (Fig. 4E). MALE GENITALIA. Parameres and penis as in Fig. 4F; parameres subcylindrical, slightly wider in their apical part and about 4.3 times longer than their greatest width and about 0.69 as long as stylus IX (including the apical spine of the stylus). Styli IX about 1.2 as long as styli VIII. FEMALE GENITALIA. In the female, the subgenital plate is trapezoidal, 0.82 as long as wide at the base and the posterior margin is straight, even slightly concave (Fig. 4G); the disc lacks discal macrochaetae. Ovipositor broken; thus, it is difficult to estimate its relative length with the body or the ninth styli; the preserved part has at least 24 divisions. The apex of a gonapophysis IX is shown in Fig. 5A. TERMINAL FILAMENTS. Long, maximum length preserved 9.5 mm of a cercus (9 of a paracercus). Cerci of male (Fig. 5B) with 4���5 short acute slightly pigmented spines (apex not truncated as in usual pegs); the basal division (C1) of the cercus has one of these spines and the second division (C2) has 4 (formula C1 (1[1id]) +C2(1[1id]+ 2[1id] +3[1id] +4[1id]). The shorter spines of the cerci of the female are clearly longer, about 30% longer than in male (Fig. 5C���D); for example, the first spine of the C2 is 9.5 as long as wide in the female and about 7 as long as wide in the male (SrC2 ratio = 0.73). The paracercus of the holotype is lost and only its first division (P1) is preserved, where 2 short acute spines are visible; in the female only one small thin spine is in P1. Habitat Cave Banđenova jama is located within Nature Park Vransko Lake, at a hill above the northern part of the lake Vransko jezero, the largest freshwater lake in Croatia. The cave lies at an altitude of ca 85 m a.s.l. and is ca 5.5 km inland from the Adriatic Sea. The cave���s relatively small entrance, ca 0.8�� 1 m in size, is hidden amidst a maquis shrubland. It is a small cave, 25 m long and 10 m deep. After a vertical drop of about 2.5 m and a narrow passage, the cave opens into a spacious cavity with rocky bottom. The cave is dry, with no permanent water source. Increased concentrations of CO 2 have been detected in the deepest part of the cave; however, this was not observed during our visits (judged from the fact that a candle burned normally at the deepest point in the cave). This short description is based on our own observations as well as adapted from Rađa & Vujčić-Karlo (2004). Coletinia dalmatica sp. nov. was found only at the bottom of the cave, in traps close to a pile of rocks and gravel resembling a small scree. A habitat with similar environmental properties as in this cave scree exists also outside the cave and all around the wider area characterized by the typical Mediterranean maquis shrubland. It is probably best described as a system of interconnected cracks and crevices, a labyrinth of empty air-filled voids of intermediate sizes within rocky fragments, sometimes covered with soil. It is formally known as ���milieu souterrain superficiel��� (MSS) and is one of the many shallow subterranean habitats (SSH) recognized thus far. Its main characteristics resemble the ones in caves, i.e., permanent darkness and buffered microclimatic conditions, and are suitable to support subterranean fauna. Culver & Pipan (2014) as well as Mammola et al. (2016) provide a thorough review of this habitat type. Because some other species of the genus Coletinia were regularly found in MSS and that this cave is probably too small to support a viable population, it seems very likely that C. dalmatica inhabits not just the cave but the surrounding MSS as well, although it has not been found there yet. Based on the almost omnipresence of this habitat type in the wider area, the species true distribution range might be quite extensive, and the current single-site occurrence is a consequence of under-sampling or lack of interest and specialists for this animal group in the Dinaric Karst. Coletinia dalmatica sp. nov. was found only in pitfall traps, but not during the general survey of the cave. It was found in traps at the bottom of the cave, closest to the scree-like pile of rocks and gravel. All four individuals caught were still alive and very active when traps were examined three days after setting them. Besides the silverfish, Collembola Lubbock, 1871, two beetle species of family Cholevidae Kirby, 1837, ground beetle Laemostenus sp., and Psyllipsocus ramburii S��lys-Longchamps, 1872 (Psocoptera) were found in the pitfall traps. During the general survey of the cave, orthopterans Gryllomorpha dalmatina (Ocskay, 1832) and Dolichopoda sp., the isopod Alpioniscus sp., spiders Agelena gracilens Koch, 1841 and Troglohyphantes sp., as well as a pseudoscorpion species and the bat tick Eschatocephalus vespertilionis (Koch, 1844) were observed. The presence of the latter species hints that bats occasionally visit this cave too. Rađa & Vujčić-Karlo (2004) report also the occurrence of Spelaeobates sp., a troglobiontic beetle. Considering this list of taxa, the fauna of this cave appears to comprise mostly non-specialized, troglophilic species, which is not surprising for a small cave with good connections to the surface., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 131-138, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Silvestri F. 1938. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Nicoletia vivente in una grotta della Francia. Revue francaise d ' Entomologie 5: 188 - 193.","Rada T. & Vujcic-Karlo S. 2004. Biospeleoloska istrazivanja na sirem podrucju Parka prirode \" Vransko jezero \". Speleolosko drustvo \" SPILJAR \" - Split.","Culver D. C. & Pipan T. 2014. Shallow Subterranean Habitats: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / acprof: oso / 9780199646173.001.0001","Mammola S., Giachino P. M., Piano E., Jones A., Barberis M., Badino G. & Isaia M. 2016. Ecology and sampling techniques of an understudied subterranean habitat: the Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (MSS). The Science of Nature 103: 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 016 - 1413 - 9"]}

Coletinia dextra Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D53B37C0-194D-4C61-B0F5-E054321A713C Figs 6���8 Diagnosis Light yellowish insect about 7 mm long. Pedicels of male antennae with asymmetrical apophyses; the right apophysis is larger than the left one and similar in structure to those of C. tinauti, subcylindrical and with the apex modified bearing a laminar expansion. Left apophysis smaller, its length and width about ⅔ of the right one, tapers apically and lacks glandular seta. All tibiae with one lateral small spine. Male urotergite X with 5+5 pegs. Male VIIIth urosternite with a convex hind margin, protruding and rounded. Cerci without pegs, with two rows of 5���6 basal short acute spines, one pair of them in the basal division. Female unknown. This species is quite similar to Coletinia tinauti but differs mainly in a significant character: the asymmetry of antennae. In C. tinauti the antennae have the same size and structure as the right pedicel of the new species. But the left pedicel is less developed in C. dextra Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. Moreover, other differences with C. tinauti are the different shape of the hind margin of the urotergite (straighter between the posterolateral lobes in the new species) and the occurrence of authentic sensory pegs with blunt apex on terminal filaments of C. tinauti (although some of the modified setae of cerci and all on the paracercus of C. tinauti are acute), which are replaced in the new species by acute short spines. Moreover, the ratio length/width of tibiae seems to be higher in the new species. Compared with the remaining species with asymmetrical apophyses, C. dextra sp. nov. is different to all of them because it has a more developed right apophysis, while the remaining species have a very reduced right apophysis. The more striking similarities are those shared with C. serrata Mendes, Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov., because the apophyses are very similar in shape and structure (see below) but have an inverse position compared to C. dextra: the modified and more developed apophysis is the left one and the more reduced and not modified is the right one. Moreover, the shape of the hind margin of the urosternite VIII of males is very convex and rounded in C. dextra and almost straight and less protruding in C. serrata. More differences are shown in the discussion section of C. serrata. Etymology The specific name ��� dextra ��� means ���right side��� in Latin, which is related with the unusual asymmetry of the pedicellar apophyses of this species, more developed in the right antenna. Material studied Holotype SPAIN ��� ♂; C��rdoba Province, Cerro Muriano, next to roman copper mines; 38��00���05��� N, 4��45���54��� W; 13 Nov. 2011; R. Molero leg.; MNCN _ Ent 283557, mounted on slide. Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 9.5 mm. Thorax width: 1.4 mm. Antennae broken; maximum length preserved: 7.5 mm. BODY. Pale yellowish, abdomen slightly brownish and darker, in part due to gut contents. Head with several thin setae that are more abundant on the occipital area and on the labrum: some smaller setae are visible in the middle of the frons and the clypeus. Additionally, some macrosetae are inserted in both sides of the head, in the ���ocular areas���, 4+4 surrounding the lateral margins of frons and about 6 on the clypeus (Fig. 6A). Scape of antennae with 6 bifid macrosetae, 3 inserted ventrally in the medial part and 3 dorsally, in a more apical position, shorter than ventral ones. Right pedicel with a developed apophysis, nearly as wide as the base of the flagellum and about 3.5 times longer than its higher width (iL/W = 3.7; oL/W = 2.6); its apex reaches the fourth joint of flagellum (Fig. 6B���C). The basal portion of this apophysis is subcylindrical and the apical portion is slender, truncated, and curved, showing a structure similar to that described for C. tinauti (Molero-Baltan��s et al. 1997; Molero et al. 2013), with an apical glandular seta and a subapical lamellar projection. The integument of this apical area is pilose, covered with microtrichia. Left apophysis smaller, its length and width about ⅔ the length of the left one, about 2.8 times longer than its higher width (iL/W = 2.8; oL/W =1.8), distally not truncated but rounded, slightly acute tapering towards the apex and without a visible glandular seta (Fig. 6D). Two bifid long macrosetae are inserted in the inner side of the right apophysis, together with several thin acute setae. The right pedicel has two additional long macrosetae, similar to the four ones inserted in the left pedicel. The left apophysis lacks bifid macrosetae and bears only few small thin acute setae. MANDIBLES. Without remarkable features. Apex of the galea with two cones, lacinia with 3���4 laminar processes and 11 setae. Last article of the maxillary palp (Fig. 7A) about 4.5���5 times longer than wide, 1.4 times longer than the penultimate and about as long as or slightly longer than the antepenultimate (ratio n/n-2 about 1���1.1). Labial palp typical of Nicoletiidae (Fig. 7B), with 2 groups of at least 4 basiconic sensilla in the basal half of the last article. THORAX. Thoracic nota as usual for the genus (Fig. 7C), covered with setae that are about 1/12 to 1/6 times longer than the notum, their posterior and lateral margins (and the anterior margin of the pronotum) with macrochaetae and several setae of different length. The longest macrochaetae are about half as long as the corresponding notum. LEGS. The ratio L/W of the tibiae is as follows: protibiae: 3.8���3.9 (Fig. 7D). Mesotibiae: 4.1���4.2. Metatibiae: 4.8���5 (Fig. 7E). Metatibiae about 1.5 times longer than protibiae. All tibiae show 2 dorsal spines (a medial one and a distal one, except in protibiae where both are inserted distally) and 4 ventrally (2 subdistal and 2 more proximal). Ventral spines about as long as the diameter of the tibia, those of the protibiae slightly shorter and the subdistal ones of mesotibiae slightly longer. All tibiae with one lateral spine, inserted in the proximal half of the article; those of protibiae are smaller (their length lower than half the diameter of the tibia) and those of meso- and metatibiae bigger, their length is almost ⅔ of the diameter of the respective tibiae. ABDOMEN. Urotergites as usual as in Coletinia, covered with thin setae that are about 1/10���1/4 times longer than the tergite and with a fringe of macrochaetae and setae of different length in their posterior and lateral margin; the longest macrochaetae are in infralateral position and are about ⅔���4/5 times longer than the corresponding tergite (Fig. 8A). Xth urotergite of the male with straight posterior border between the posterolateral lobes; each lobe with 5 sensory pegs inserted ventrally in the lateral margin and one thin seta inserted subapically (Fig. 8B���C). All these pegs have a short, subcylindrical shape, truncated in the apex. Disc of the urotergite with thin setae, 8 of them inserted in the central area of the disc between the posterolateral lobes (without counting marginal and submarginal setae; see Fig. 8B). MALE GENITALIA. Urosternite I poorly preserved. Urosternites II���VII with 1+1 submedian, 1 +1 sublateral and 1 +1 discal macrosetae (Fig. 8D). The VIIIth urosternite has a convex hind margin (between the styli), somewhat protruding and rounded, although the medial area is almost straight (Fig. 8E). Coxites IX damaged, parameres lost. Styli IX about as long as styli VIII. TERMINAL FILAMENTS. Long, their basal divisions represented in Fig. 8F���H; maximum length preserved of a cercus: 6.5 mm. Cerci with 8 short acute slightly pigmented spines (apex not truncated as in usual pegs); 2���3 of them are inserted in ventrolateral position of the basal division (C1) and first ring of setae of setae of the second division (C2); the right cercus has an additional ventrolateral short spine in the second ring of setae. The remaining short spines are dorsolateral, 4 in the C2 and 1 basally in the C3 of the right cercus (one per ring of setae) and one in the C1 and 4 in the C2 of the left cercus. The paracercus bears dorsally 6 acute short spines in its basal divisions, two in P1 and 4 in P2, both of P1 are mediodorsal, as well as the first and the last of P2, arranged in the first and third ring of setae of this second division. The second ring of setae has two short spines inserted in mediodorsal position (Fig. 8G). The formula of the left cercus is C1 (1[0] +2[1iv +1id]) +C2(1[1iv +1id]+ 2[1id] +3[1id] +4[1id]), of the right cercus C1 (1[1iv]) +C2(1[1iv +1id] +2[1iv +1id] +3[1id] +4[1id])+ C3 (1[1id]) and of the paracercus P1 (1[1d]+ 2[1d]) +P2 (1[1d] +2[1ld+1rd]+3[1d]). The ratio length/width of these short spines is 6.3���8.5 in cerci and 5.25���8 in the paracercus. Habitat The only known specimen of Coletinia dextra sp. nov. was found under a flat stone in the surroundings of the village of Cerro Muriano, close to the remains of a Roman copper mine. The insect was captured in the early morning after a rainy period and the underside of the stone was very humid. Representatives of Coletiniinae are usually not found in such a superficial habitat, but probably this specimen came up from a more subterranean place during the previous night and the special circumstances favored the finding. It is very likely that searching in deeper levels of the ground, such as MSS, could be needed to get more specimens of this new taxon., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 138-143, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero-Baltanas R., Gaju-Ricart M. & Bach de Roca C. 1997. Coletinia tinauti n. sp., nueva especie de Nicoletiidae de Andalucia (Insecta, Apterygota, Zygentoma). Zoologica Baetica 8: 95 - 110.","Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1"]}

Key for identification of species of the genus Coletinia This key is based on that of Wygodzinsky (1980) but includes the 16 new species described afterwards. The females of Coletinia diania, C. herculea, C. setosula, C. dextra sp. nov. and C. serrata sp. nov. and the males of Coletinia corsica Chopard, 1924 are not known, so they are excluded from the key. The original description (only available) of the female Coletinia corsica is insufficient to identify some characters considered in this key, so this species is not included. For some characters, figures of original descriptions have been considered when not explicitly described in the text. Moreover, the variability of C. maggi discussed by Gilgado & Ortu��o (2015) is left pending, and the distinction established by Molero et al. (2013) between C. maggi and C. hernandoi Molero, Bach & Gaju 2013 is not considered, since both taxa require further investigation. We indicate this in the key as ��� Coletinia maggi species group���. For some characters, the key of Molero et al. (2013) has been used but revised and modified, because the high variability detected in several species, as commented in the discussion section. For example, the shape of the hind margin of the urotergite X has been discarded. 1. Frons with very numerous subequal long setae................................................................................ 2 ��� Frons with fewer setae, both distinct macrochaetae and short bristles............................................. 3 2. Macrochaetae of tibiae robust, the ventral ones of mesotibiae clearly longer than the diameter of the tibia (about 1.5 times this diameter) and bigger than those of metatibiae. Males with parameres that do not reach the level of apex of styli IX. SW Iberian Peninsula..... C. mendesi Wygodzinsky, 1980 ��� Macrochaetae of tibiae thin, the ventral ones of mesotibiae about as long as the diameter of the tibia and not bigger than those of metatibiae. Parameres large, attaining the level of apex of styli IX. Known from Sicily........................................................................... C. setosula Wygodzinsky, 1980 3. Males................................................................................................................................................. 4 ��� Females........................................................................................................................................... 24 4. Antennae symmetrical (left and right pedicellar apophyses similarly developed)......................... 12 ��� Antennae asymmetrical (left and right apophysis with different size and shape)............................ 5 5. Left apophysis with two elongate and narrow ribbon-like processes, longer than the width of the pedicel. Right apophysis less developed and triangular, without apical or subapical seta, its base more than half the width of the pedicel. Italy.................................. C. subterranea (Silvestri, 1902) ��� Apophyses without elongate ribbon-like processes. If processes are present, they are short and not ribbon-like, and their length is lower than the width of the pedicel. Right apophysis with diverse shapes, often with apical or subapical seta; if triangular and without seta, its size is smaller (its base less than half the width of the pedicel)............................................................................................. 6 6. The less developed apophysis is at least half the length of the more developed one and is subcylindrical or conical in shape, longer than wide. Terminal filaments without pegs, with acute spines similarly developed to those of females or slightly shortened and robust....................................................... 7 ��� The less developed apophysis (right) is very small, less than 0.2 times as long as the more developed one (left)............................................................................................................................................ 9 7. The more developed apophysis (left) has a sclerotized subapical ridge and its distal part is clearly wider than the base. Less developed apophysis (right) with subapical glandular seta. Terminal filaments with a setation like that of females; inner spines of cerci thin. Brazil............................................................................................................................ C. brasiliensis Mendes & Ferreira, 2002. ��� The more developed apophysis (left or right) lacks sclerotizations and its width is similar in the distal and in the basal part; the distal area shows a lamellar process. Less developed apophysis (left or right) without a visible subapical seta. Inner spines of cerci shortened and robust (spiniform pegs). S Spain and Portugal......................................................................................................................... 8 8. Left apophysis more developed than the right one. Lamellar process of the left apophysis with denticulate margin....... C. serrata Mendes, Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. ��� Right apophysis more developed than the left one. Lamellar process of the left apophysis not clearly denticulate, almost straight......... C. dextra Molero-Baltan��s, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. 9. Right apophysis of adult males of triangular shape, without glandular seta.................................. 10 ��� Right apophysis of adult males with other shape, with or without apical seta................................11 10. Left pedicellar apophysis without lamellar expansion, its sclerotized area placed besides or under the glandular seta; this seta is inserted on apical position. Only known from C��rdoba Province (S Spain)........................................................................ C. asymetrica Bach, Mendes & Gaju, 1985 ��� Lamellar expansion and sclerotized area of the left pedicellar apophysis extending above the glandular seta. Canary Islands............................ C. majorensis Molero, Gaju, L��pez & Bach, 2014 11. Posterior margin of eighth urosternite not very protruding (ratio length/width of the protruding part about 0.23) and slightly convex. Apophysis of the left pedicel of adults with a sclerotized region next to the glandular cone and a very well developed subapical lateroexternal process, showing no sclerotizations but densely covered with small hairs. Only known from a cave near Berja (Almer��a, SE Spain).......................................................... C. vergitana Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Posterior margin of eighth urosternite more protruding (ratio length/width of the protruding part about 0.32) and convex. Apophysis of the left pedicel of adults with two lamellar processes, one apical without sclerotization, and one subapical with hook-shaped sclerotization and with a long and strong macrochaeta plus a few thin setae. Only known from S Spain (Straits of Gibraltar).......................................................................................................... C. herculea Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 12. Pedicellar apophyses simple, subcylindrical, not abruptly narrowed in their apex (simply rounded apically) without sclerotizations or processes (reported from several countries of southern and central Europe, in revision)................................................................ Coletinia maggi species group ��� Pedicellar apophyses not simple, abruptly narrowed or truncate at their apex and/or with processes or sclerotizations............................................................................................................................. 13 13. Pedicellar apophyses large, reaching the limit of annuli 7���8 of the flagellum, and even further elongated by a long thin sclerotised extension abruptly turning back on itself toward its pedicel, furnished with a predistal tooth and whose distal end is spatula like and toothed. Urotergite X with more than 20 +20 pegs. Only known from Turkey............................... C. longissima Mendes, 1988 ��� Pedicellar apophyses smaller and with a different shape. Urotergite X with a lower number of pegs, usually less than 10 +10.................................................................................................................. 14 14. Pedicellar apophyses subcylindrical, slightly widened in their distal half but narrowing in its apex forming a glandular cone that is not accompanied by any lamellar projection, sclerotizations of tegument or hook-shaped process. Cerci without blunt pegs, only with acute short spines. Tibiae lacking lateral spines..... C. dalmatica Molero-Baltan��s, Fi��er, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. ��� Pedicellar apophysis not widened in their distal half, narrowing in the apex where the glandular cone is visible, and accompanied by lamellar projections, sclerotizations or hook-shaped processes. Cerci usually with blunt pegs in their basal divisions (at least in C2, except for C. jeanneli). Tibiae usually with one short lateral spine (not described in C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939))..................................15 15. Pedicellar apophysis with a subapical hook-shaped projection and a sclerotized area besides the glandular cone. Metatibiae length is, according to the original figures, less than 4 times longer than wide. Only known from Bulgaria....................................................... C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939) ��� Pedicellar apophysis different. If presenting hook-shaped projections, there are two or they are not sclerotized. Ratio length/width of metatibiae higher, 4 or more times longer than wide............... 16 16. Pedicellar apophysis with two curved projections, not lamellar. Hind margin of urosternite VIII very protruding and straight (Fig. 12D). Without blunt pegs on cerci (only acute spines, according to the original description). Known from France............................................ C. jeanneli (Silvestri, 1938) ��� Pedicellar apophysis with an apical lamellar projection besides the glandular cone (capolongoi type). Hind margin of urosternite VIII protruding; if straight, not so protruding (Fig. 12E). Usually with blunt pegs on cerci, at least in C2........................................................................................... 17 17. Hind margin of urosternite VIII straight or almost straight............................................................ 18 ��� Hind margin of urosternite VIII convex, rounded in the middle area............................................ 19 18. Urotergite X with at least 6 +6 sensory pegs. Known from caves of Castell��n Province (E Spain)................................................................................................. C. tessella Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Urotergite X with at most 5+5 sensory pegs. Known from gypsum caves of Almer��a (SE Spain)............................................................................. C. calaforrai Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013 19. C2 of cerci with at least 5 pegs, some of them inserted at the same level. Paracercus with some lateral blunt pegs and dorsal spiniform spines. Known only from a cave of Denia, Alicante Province (E Spain)................................................................................ C. diania Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� C2 of cerci with at most 4 pegs; if 5 or more, all of them inserted in a single row. Paracercus usually without blunt pegs, only with acute spiniform dorsal spines.......................................................... 20 20. Ratio L/W of metatibiae higher than 6........................................................................................... 21 ��� Ratio L/W of metatibiae lower than 6............................................................................................ 22 21. Ratio L/W of paramera about 5. Ratio L/W of protibiae higher than 4. Ratio L/W of mesotibiae about 5. Only known from a cave in Castell��n Province (E Spain).............................................................................................................................................. C. longitibia Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Ratio L/W of paramera about 6. Ratio L/W of protibiae and mesotibiae usually lower than 4. Known from caves in Valencia Province (E Spain)................................. C. capolongoi Wygodzinsky, 1980 22. Metatibiae with only 1 dorsal spine. Species from S Spain............................................................................................................................................................ C. intermedia / C. tinauti / C. calaforrai ��� Metatibiae usually with 2���3 dorsal spines...................................................................................... 23 23. Metatibiae usually with 6 or more ventral spines. Cerci with at most 4 small and subcylindrical pegs. Known from Castell��n Province (E Spain)....................... C. redetecta Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Metatibiae with 4���6 ventral spines. Cerci in most cases with more than 4 large pegs............................................................................................................................. C. capolongoi Wygodzinsky, 1980 24. Ratio L/W of metatibiae about 3.5 (following original description and/or designs)...................... 25 ��� Ratio L/W of metatibiae higher than 3.75 (usually more than 4)................................................... 26 25. Ratio L/W of subgenital plate about 0.5, with the hind margin convex, slightly acute. Brazil....................................................................................................... C. brasiliensis Mendes & Ferreira, 2002 ��� Ratio L/W of subgenital plate higher, with the hind margin more rounded. Bulgaria.................................................................................................................................... C. bulgarica (Kozaroff, 1939) 26. Ovipositor with 30 or more divisions............................................................................................. 27 ��� Ovipositor with fewer than 28 divisions......................................................................................... 28 27. Ovipositor with about 30 divisions. Robust and dense setae covering disc of tenth urotergite. Subgenital plate wider at the base than long.... C. vergitana Molero, Barranco, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Ovipositor with 33���35 divisions. Setae of the disc of the tenth urotergite scarce and thin. Subgenital plate as long as wide at the base.................................... C. asymetrica Bach, Mendes & Gaju, 1985 28. L/W of metatibiae higher than 9. L/W of subgenital plate lower than 0.5. Apex of the ovipositor not surpassing the apex of styli IX, with only 12���14 divisions.................... C. longissima Mendes, 1988 ��� L/W of metatibiae lower, at most about 7. L/W of subgenital plate higher than 0.6. Apex of the ovipositor clearly surpassing the apex of styli IX, in most species with more than 14 divisions.....32 29. At least metatibiae with a lateral spine........................................................................................... 31 ��� Tibiae without lateral spines........................................................................................................... 30 30. Hind margin of subgenital plate truncate, straight........................................................................................................................ C. dalmatica Molero-Baltan��s, Fi��er, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart sp. nov. ��� Hind margin of subgenital plate convex, rounded.... Coletinia maggi species group (under revision) 31. Protibiae and mesotibiae without lateral spine. Subgenital plate convex, rounded.............................................................................................................. Coletinia maggi species group (under revision) ��� Protibiae and mesotibiae with lateral spine (not documented in C. jeanneli, but this species has a truncate subgenital plate)................................................................................................................ 32 32. Apex of the ovipositor surpassing the level of the apex of styli IX by about 3 times their length. Ovipositor with about 25 divisions. L/W of subgenital plate about 0.6���0.7................................................................................................................................................ C. subterranea (Silvestri, 1902) ��� Apex of the ovipositor usually surpassing the level of the apex of the styli IX by less than 3 times as long as these styli. Ovipositor with fewer than 25 divisions. L/W of subgenital plate higher than 0.7................................................................................................................................................... 33 33. Ratio L/W of metatibiae higher than 6.5........................................................................................ 34 ��� Ratio L/W of metatibiae lower than 6.2......................................................................................... 35 34. Ovipositor with about 18 divisions, surpassing the apex of styli IX by 1���1.5 times as long as these styli................................................................................... C. longitibia Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 ��� Ovipositor with fewer than 17 divisions but longer, surpassing the apex of styli IX by about 1.5���2 times their length......................................................................... C. capolongoi Wygodzinsky, 1980 35. Hind margin of subgenital plate straight or almost straight............................................................ 36 ��� Hind margin of subgenital plate convex, rounded.......................................................................... 39 36. Metatibiae with 2 dorsal spines. Ovipositor with more than 20 divisions, surpassing the level of styli IX by 1.5 times their length (following Silvestri���s figures)................... C. jeanneli (Silvestri, 1938) ��� Metatibiae with 1 dorsal spine. Ovipositor with less than 20 divisions, surpassing the level of styli IX by a length that is equal or lower than the length of these styli................................................ 37 37. Ovipositor with 14���17 divisions..................................................................................................... 38 ��� Ovipositor with more than 17 divisions..............., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 153-157, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Wygodzinsky P. 1980. A survey of the Nicoletiidae of Europe (Nicoletiidae, Thysanura, Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2695: 1 - 24. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 5428 [accessed 16 Feb. 2022].","Gilgado J. D. & Ortuno V. M. 2015. Intra- and inter-population polymorphism in Coletinia maggii (Grassi, 1887) (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae), an inhabitant of soil, mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) and caves - A challenge for the strict classification of subterranean fauna? Zootaxa 3920 (1): 85 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3920.1.5","Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1","Mendes L. F. & Ferreira R. L. 2002. On a new cave-dwelling Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma: Insecta) from Brazil. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, Lisboa 24: 101 - 106.","Mendes L. F. 1988. Sur deux nouvelles Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma) cavernicoles de Grece et de Turquie et remarques sur la systematique de la famille. Revue suisse de Zoologie 95 (3): 751 - 772. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 81932 [accessed 16 Feb. 2022].","Silvestri F. 1938. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Nicoletia vivente in una grotta della Francia. Revue francaise d ' Entomologie 5: 188 - 193."]}

Coletinia intermedia Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 Coletinia intermedia Molero, Bach & Gaju in Molero et al., 2013: 27, figs 54���64. Material examined SPAIN ��� 1 ♂; Murcia Province, Fortuna, Cueva del Sol��n; 4 Nov. 1984; M. Ortiz leg.; UCO, Ref. Z2506. Variability remarks The male specimen studied from a sample collected a long time ago in a cave at 50 km distance from one of the localities where C. intermedia was previously found (Calasparra) is tentatively assigned to this species, although a revision of the group Coletinia intermedia + Coletinia tinauti should be done, perhaps also including C. calaforrai. The only male available from this new locality agrees with C. intermedia in most characters but differs in having longer tibiae (ratio L/W of metatibiae about 6.07 while it ranges from 4.8 to 5.1 in other male specimens), a lower number of setae in the disc of the tenth urotergite (7, while other male specimens show 10���11 discal setae), a higher number of pegs in the urotergite X (8+ 8 while other males of this species show 4���5+ 4���5 pegs) and longer paramera (their ratio length/width is about 6.1, while it ranges from 4.9 to 5.1 in other specimens). These differences are provisionally interpreted as intraspecific variability, but this should be reassessed in the future together with the variability of C. tinauti (see below in the section of this species and in discussion section). The formula of pegs on cerci of the holotype can not be established because these appendages are damaged in this specimen. In the male collected in Cueva del Puerto (Calasparra, Murcia), the formula of pegs on cerci is: C1 (1[1 id]) +C2 (1[1 id+ 0���1iv] +2[1 id + 0���1iv] +3[1 id] +4[0���1 id + 0���1iv]). This formula is similar in the new specimen from Cueva del Solin but in this case, pegs are less blunt. The formula of paracercus is P1(0d) +P2(1[1d] +2[1d]) in the specimen of Cueva del Puerto and P1(1d)+ P2(1[1d] +2[1d]) in the male from Cueva del Sol��n., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on pages 149-150, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1"]}

Coletinia diania Molero, Bach & Gaju, 2013 Coletinia diania Molero, Bach & Gaju in Molero et al., 2013: 29, figs 65���75. Material examined SPAIN ��� 2 ♂♂; Alicante Province, Denia, Cova de la Punta de Benimaqua; 9 Jan. 2016; A. Sendra leg.; UCO, Ref. Z2641. Distribution Known only from its type locality in a cave of Alicante Province, in Spain. Variability remarks This is the second time this species is found at the same locality of its original description, that was based on only one male specimen. Unfortunately, females are also absent in this new sample and males collected lack the terminal filaments, so it is not possible to confirm the main character distinguishing this species from other related ones (i.e., the high number of pegs in the cerci and the position of two of them at the same level of the second division of the cerci). Regarding remaining diagnostic characters of C. diania, the two specimens examined fit well with the description made in Molero et al. (2013) and no remarkable variability has been detected. The body length of the new specimens is 1 mm shorter than that of the holotype, and this fact is congruent with a slightly lower number of pegs on the urotergite X (7 +7), but they have a slightly higher ratio L/W of tibiae (about 5.3 in the studied specimens, against 5 in the holotype) and of paramera (about 5 in the new specimens, while in the holotype this ratio is about 4���4.5). The re-examination of the holotype of this species provides the formula of pegs on the cerci: C1 (1[1 id + 0���1 iv]+2[1 id])+ C2 (1[1 id]+2[1 id +0���1 iv] +3[1 id+ 0���1 iv]+4[1 id]). Formula of short spines on paracercus: P1(1[1d + 1 ld]) +P2(1[1d + 1 ld] +2[0]+ 3[1d])., Published as part of Molero-Baltan��s, Rafael, Gaju-Ricart, Miquel, Fi��er, ��iga, Bach de Roca, Carmen & Mendes, Lu��s F., 2022, Three new species of European Coletinia Wygodzinsky (Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae), with additional records and an updated identification key, pp. 127-161 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 (1) on page 149, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1675, http://zenodo.org/record/6341178, {"references":["Molero R., Bach C., Sendra A., Montagud S., Barranco P. & Gaju M. 2013. Revision of the genus Coletinia (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) in the Iberian Peninsula, with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa 3615 (1): 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3615.1.1"]}

Introduction: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The risk of recurrence could be very high without thromboprophylaxis. New oral anticoagulants (NOACs or DOACs) represent a new step in anticoagulation. Material and Methods: We searched for papers with trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis involving NOACs in the treatment and secondary prevention of VTE. We also searched for guidelines of two medical societies (American College of Chest Physicians and International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis - ISTH). Results: Six RCT (randomized controlled trial) comparing NOACs with Warfarin shew a non-inferiority in relation with recurrent VTE and major bleeding. Two RCT (SELECT-D and Hokusay cancer) and one meta-analysis shew low recurrence rate of VTE in cancer patients and higher rate of bleeding, mainly in gastrointestinal and genitourinary cancers. There are two RCTs involving NOACs in treatment of patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). Discussion: NOACs shew non-inferiority over AVK. Guidelines of CHEST 2016 recommend NOACs for VTE treatment in no cancer patients, and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) for cancer patients. ISTH suggest NOACs as the first option in VTE cancer patients with low risk of bleeding. A recent RCT shews no benefit and increased risk of vascular events in APS patients treated with NOACs. NOACs are the gold standard for VTE treatment and secondary prevention in no cancer patients. They could be the first option in cancer patients with low risk of bleeding., Portuguese Journal of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Vol. 27 No. 1 (2020): January - March

TROGON TENELLUS CABANIS, 1862 Proposed English name: Graceful black-throated trogon. Trogon tenellus Cabanis, 1862, Journ. f��r Ornith., 10 no.57, p. 173, Costa Rica. ��� Pothinus tenellus Cabanis & Heine, 1862 ���63, Mus. Hein., part IV, p. 181. ��� Trogon atricollis (Race B) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458. ��� Trogon atricollis tenellus Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513. ��� Trogon chrysomelas Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513: Escondo River, Nicaragua (melaniscitc adult male) ��� Trogon atricollis Salvin and Godman, 1888, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, II, p. 458. ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves, p. 158, from Rio Grande do Sul to Central America. ��� Trogonurus curucui tenellus Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764. ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208. ��� Trogonurus curucui tenellus Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus tenellus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogon rufus tenellus Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. ��� Trogon rufus tenellus Peters, 1945, Checklist of Birds of the World, Vol. 5, p. 157 Diagnosis: Blue, blue-grey, grey or white eye-rings differentiate it from T. cupreicauda, T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. Blue-grey tarsi usually distinct against T. cupreicauda, T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. Small size and poorly serrated bill compared to T. chrysochloros. Males: The uppertail is bluer than all others in the complex besides some individuals of T. r. rufus. The rest of the iridescent plumage is generally brighter than all other species, besides the upperchest and uppertail of T. cupreicauda. The chest is also warmer than all besides T. cupreicauda. Breast band presence diagnostic against T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. The undertail black bar widths and intermediate percentage area black are generally greater than individuals of T. cupreicuada, particularly those near the contact zone but may be similar to more southerly individuals. Wing coverts usually have narrower black bars and lower percentage area black, particularly compared to southerly specimens of T. cupreicauda but may be similar to those nearer the contact zone. They also generally have a narrower black band at the tip of the uppertail compared to T. cupreicauda. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus, the undertail has broader black bars, lower barring density and generally broader white bars and higher percentage area black, whilst the wing panel barring is less dense and has a lower percentage area black with generally broader white bars than T. r. rufus. From T. r. sulphureus, they differ by having wing panel barring with much narrower black bars and lower percentage area black. However, the undertail barring is similar but differs overall by having slightly broader black bars, lower density and higher percentage areas black. In relation to T. chrysochloros, the barring densities and percentage areas black of the undertail and wing panel are much lower, undertail bar widths are much broader, white wing panel bars broader but black bars generally narrower. Females: The head is generally yellower, more saturated and brighter than all other taxa. In contrast the chest is usually less yellowish but more saturated. The undertail generally has broader black bars and a higher percentage area black than all besides T. r. sulphureus, whilst the wing panel generally has a lower percentage area black than all other taxa and narrower black bars than all besides T. chrysochloros. Compared to T. cupreicauda, the plumage is generally yellower, more saturated and brighter, except against a handful of individuals near the contact zone, and lacks an extensive brown undertail wash. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. sulphureus, the mantle is yellower and less saturated overall, and the chest generally yellower, more saturated and less bright. The uppertail is also generally less saturated than T. r. sulphureus and southern specimens of T. r. rufus. The barring is usually less dense overall and wing panel light brown bars are generally broader than in T. r. rufus, whilst undertail and wing panel light brown bars are narrower and density higher than in T. r. sulphureus. Against T. r. amazonicus, the uppertail saturation is lower, whilst there are also subtle differences in coloration, namely a slightly less saturated mantle, and less yellow, saturated and bright chest. The undertail barring density is also slightly lower and wing panel light brown bars slightly broader. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the uppertail saturation is lower, chest less yellow and generally less saturated, baring densities lower, and wing panel light brown bars broader. Song: Diagnosed from neighbouring T. cupreicauda by fewer notes per phrase, longer note durations and generally higher note frequencies, particularly the introductory note high frequency. Note frequencies, particularly the introductory note high frequency, are higher than for T. rufus subspecies. Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace and longer durations of notes and pause following introductory note than T. chrysochloros. Distribution and habitat: Primary and secondary humid forests (often with bamboo) in Central America; from southern Guatemala and northern Honduras south to the extreme north-western portion of Choc�� Department, Colombia. Unrecorded but presumably present in El Salvador given faunal similarities with neighbouring countries. Up to an elevation of 1300 m. Type material: Holotype: (missing) ZMB 16402 (subadult male) collected by Frantzius, V from ��� Costa Rica���. Last recorded in the Museum f��r Naturkunde ��� Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin (MfN). Description: Small body size, similar to T. cupreicauda, but overlapping substantially with T. rufus. Shortest tail length of all taxa. Bill poorly serrated. Males: Uppertail mostly blue green but varying from deep blue to plain green. Individuals with shiny olive-green uppertails (> 554 nm) are rare with only a single record (UCLA 22738) from Costa Rica, far from the contact zone with T. cupreiauda. Subterminal band absent. Head and mantle copperygreen. Rump typically plain-green. Chest usually bright golden-green. Belly yellow. The breast band is usually complete, sometimes inconspicuous and rarely absent. The undertail barring has broad black bars, relatively broad white bars, low density and moderate percentage area black, whilst the terminal tailband is generally narrow. The wing panel barring has narrow black bars, relatively broad white bars, low density and low percentage area black. Females: Head generally yellower, more saturated and bright Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown, occasionally even Dark Olive Brown or rarely Very Dark Brown. Mantle generally yellower, poorly saturated Dark Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Chest moderately to more yellow, more saturated, light to dark Olive Brown, Dark Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Belly yellow. Uppertail moderately saturated Dark Reddish Brown. Undertail wash limited to the base of the rectrices, or completely absent, with only a small fraction present in which it edges the black at the base of the rectrices (not visible in natural position). Undertail barring with broad black bars, narrow white bars, moderate density and high percentage area black. Wing panel barring with narrow black bars, moderate light brown bars, moderate density and generally low percentage area black. Bareparts: Eye-ring, in males, usually blue, sometimes blue-grey with small minorities grey or green. In females, the eye-ring is usually blue-grey and less often blue. Tarsi usually grey or blue-grey in both sexes, the later usually distinctive against T. cupreicauda, with small minorities pink to purplishgrey in females and a single male recorded with olive. Song: Distinctively feeble song with few notes per phrase, moderately slow pace, relatively long introductory note and loudsong note durations, moderately long pause after the introductory note, introductory note moderately high peak and low frequencies and high high-frequency, loudsong notes moderately high peak and low frequencies and high high-frequency. Narrow introductory and loudsong note bandwidths. A particularly large proportion of recordings contained two-note phrases (30.6%) compared to all other taxa., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Cabanis JL, Heine F. 1862. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt: R. Frantz.","Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","von Ihering H, von Ihering R. 1907. As aves do Brazil. In: Paulista M, ed. Catalogos da Fauna Brasileira. Sao Paulo: Typographia do Diario Official, 158.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press."]}

TROGON RUFUS SULPHUREUS (SPIX, 1824) Proposed English name: Western black-throated trogon. Trogon sulphureus Spix, 1824, Av. Sp. Nov. Brasil. 1, p. 48 pl. 38 g.1 ��� Tabatinga, Brazil. ��� Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1862 ���1863, Mus. Hein., part IV, no. 1, p. 191, footnote: Santa Maria (= South of Pebas, Per��), Peru [based on Trogon meridionalis Deville & Des murs, 1849, (nec Swainson), Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 333]. ��� Pothinus sulphureus Cabanis & Heine, 1862 ���63, Mus. Hein., part IV, no. 1, p. 184. ��� Trogon atricollis Pelzeln J, 1868, Zur Orn. Bras., pp. 226��� 331: Borba (right bank Rio Madeira), Marabitanas Cucu�� (upper Rio Negro) and Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus). ��� Trogon atricollis (Race A) Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455���458: Borba (Rio Madeira), Eastern Peru and Ecuador. ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Richmond, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 513. ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering, 1904, Rev. Mus. Paul. VI, p. 444: Rio Juru��. ��� Trogon atricollis Hellmayr, 1906, Abhandl. K. Bayer. akad. Wissens. II KI., XXII, p. 596 (in reference to sulphureus Spix) ��� Trogon atricollis atricollis Hellmayr, 1906, Novit. Zool., 13, p. 380, Prata (near Bel��m). ��� Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves, p. 158, from Rio Grande do Sul to Central America. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Hellmayr, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17, p. 387, Borba and Humayta (= Humaita), Rio Madeira. ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Ridgway, 1911, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764. ��� Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914, Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208, Rio Guam�� (Sta. Maria de S. Miguel), Rio Tapajos (Villa Braga), Rio Pur��s, Rio Jamund�� (Faro). ��� Trogonurus curucui curucui Cory, 1919, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. ��� Trogonurus rufus devillei Stone, 1928, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158 (in reference to Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1862 ���63). ��� Trogonurus rufus devillei Zimmer, 1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 17, p. 295, Puerto Bermudez, Peru (in reference to Aganus devillei Cabanis & Heine 1863). ��� Trogonurus rufus rufus Pinto 1938. Rev. Mus. Paul. 22, p. 289. ��� Trogon curucui sulphureus Griscom & Greenway, 1941, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, pp. 180���181. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Todd, 1943, Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. Hyutanahan, Tonantins and Manacapur��, Brazil. ��� Trogon rufus devillei Gyldenstolpe, 1945, Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 22 (3), pp. 85���87 (not in reference to sulphureus Spix): Igarap�� Grande, Rio Juru��. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Peters, 1945, Checklist of Birds of the World, Vol. 5, p. 157. ��� Trogon rufus rufus Friedman, 1948, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 97, p. 425, Salto do Hu�� and Rio Maturac�� (upper Rio Negro, Brazil) and Bra��o Cassiquiare plus Cerro Japacana (upper Orinoco, Venezuela). ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Zimmer, 1948, American Museum Novitates (1380), pp. 26���31. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Pinto, 1950, Pape��es Avilsos de Zoologia, 9(9), pp. 89���136. ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Gyldenstolpe, 1951, Ark. F. Zool., Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., 22 (3), pp. 85���87, female from Igarap�� Castanha, Amazonas, Brazil. [He also refers to his earlier identification of Trogon rufus devillei (Gyldenstolpe, 1945) from the Rio Juru�� as erroneous renaming it T. r. sulphureus.] ��� Trogon rufus sulphureus Pinto, 1978, Novo Catal. das Aves do Brasil, 1a Parte, p. 218, Western Amazonia, including S Venezuela (Cassiquaire), E Ecuador, NE Peru and Brazil west of the Negro and Madeira rivers. Diagnosis: Yellow to greenish-yellow eye-ring diagnostic against T. r. rufus, T. chrysochloros and T. tenellus. Usually smaller with less serrated bill than T. chrysochloros. Males: The coppery-green to reddish uppertail with a subterminal band of greener coloration and breast band absence are diagnostic against T. tenellus, T. cupreicauda and T. r. rufus. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus, the undertail barring is less dense with broader black bars. Furthermore, the wing panel has lower barring density, broader black and white bars and higher percentage area black than T. r. rufus, whilst the percentage area black is distinctly higher, and black bars broader in T. r. amazonicus, which also usually has a lower uppertail hue. Compared to T. chrysochloros, the undertail and wing panel barring have much broader white bars and lower barring densities. From T. tenellus, they may be further distinguished by having broader black bars and higher percentage area black on the wing panel. From T. cupreicauda, they differ by usually possessing a warmer uppertail hue (> 619 nm), absent breast band, and broader black bars and higher percentage areas black on the undertail and wing panel. Females: Not completely separable from other Amazonian subspecies. Usually diagnosable from northern specimens of T. r. rufus by their generally brighter, more yellow-brown head and more saturated uppertail. The undertail and wing-panel baring are less dense with broader black and light brown bars than T. chrysochloros and usually also T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus. The head is generally also less yellow, more saturated and darker, mantle less yellow, and chest less yellow and more saturated compared to T. chrysochloros. Mantle and chest often less yellow than T. r. amazonicus. Compared to T. cupreicauda, they lack the extensive brown undertail wash, have a more saturated uppertail colour, generally more saturated and yellower brown head, and brighter and more saturated chest. Also, the undertail barring is less dense with generally broader black and white bars and wing panel barring denser. Compared to T. tenellus, the wing panel has broader black bars, a higher percentage area black and sometimes lower density, whilst the undertail has broader white bars, lower barring density and sometimes lower percentage area black. Furthermore, the head is not as yellow, saturated or bright and the mantle less yellow, whilst the chest is usually brighter and yellower and uppertail more saturated. Song: Fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note and pause durations, lower note frequencies and narrower note bandwidths than T.chrysochloros. Lower note frequencies than T. tenellus. Fewer notes and longer note durations than T. cupreicauda. Not safely separable from other Amazonian subspecies, although generally has higher note frequencies, particularly of the first note, giving it a more ���introductory��� quality compared to T. r. rufus. From T. r. amazonicus, it differs by having generally fewer notes per phrase and faster pace. Distribution and habitat: Terra firme forests of western Amazonia, west of the Branco-Negro and Madeira Rivers and south of the Tepuis, in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, extreme NE Bolivia and Brazil. Rare in SE Peru and NE Bolivia. Up to an elevation of ~ 1200 m. An intergradation zone with T. r. amazonicus stretches along both banks of the Madeira River. Type material: Lectotype: ZSM-B35 (adult male), Tabatinga (��� in sylvis Tabatingae ���), Rio Solim��es, Brazil, collected by Spix. Female syntype long known to be a female T. ramonianus Gmelin, 1788. Description: Although relatively small, this is the only taxon that occasionally overlaps in size and bill serration with T. chrysochloros but is generally larger than T. tenellus, T. cupreicauda and T. r. amazonicus. Males: Uppertail notably coppery but varying from deep reddish-copper to slightly coppery-green. Subterminal band of greener coloration present. Head and mantle coppery green. Rump usually more golden-green. Chest usually more blue-green. Belly yellow. Breast band absent but occasionally present in individuals from the base of the Andes. Undertail with moderate barring density and black bar widths, relatively broad white bars and moderately low percentage area black. The wing-panel barring has the broadest black bars of all taxa, relatively broad white bars, low barring density and high percentage area black. Moderate terminal tailband width. Females: Head generally yellower, less saturated and lighter Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Mantle, relatively less yellow and poorly to moderately saturated Dark Yellowish Brown to Dark Olive Brown. Chest yellower, more saturated and relatively light Olive Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Belly yellow. Uppertail generally more saturated Dark Reddish Brown. Brown wash on undertail usually only edging to basal black patch or less often restricted to base of outer rectrices (not visible in natural position). Undertail barring with broad black and white bars, low density and low to relatively high percentage area black. Wing panel with moderate to broad black and light brown bars, moderate to low barring density and generally high percentage area black. Bareparts: In both sexes, eyering yellow or greenish-yellow with occasional records of individuals with green or blue-grey eye-rings from the base of the Andes. Tarsi olive throughout most of range with a minority grey, particularly along the base of the Andes, where a single specimen with blue-grey tarsi was also recorded. Song: Few notes per phrase, moderately slow pace, relatively long introductory and loudsong note durations, moderate duration pause following the introductory note, introductory note with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low low-frequency, loudsong notes with moderately low peak and high frequencies and low low-frequency. Narrow introductory note and loudsong note bandwidths. Similar to T. r. rufus but with a higher first note, giving it a more ���introductory��� quality. Ten percent of songs contained two-note phrases., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 21-23, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Cabanis JL, Heine F. 1862. Museum Heineanum: Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. Halbertstadt: R. Frantz.","Grant WRO. 1892. Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum 17: 455 - 458. London: Trustees of the British Museum.","Hellmayr CE. 1906. Revision der Spix'schen Typen Brasilianische Vogel. Abhandlungen der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften 22: 41 - 596.","von Ihering H, von Ihering R. 1907. As aves do Brazil. In: Paulista M, ed. Catalogos da Fauna Brasileira. Sao Paulo: Typographia do Diario Official, 158.","Cory CB. 1919. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series 13: 325 - 327.","Griscom L, Greenway JC. 1941. Birds of lower Amazonia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 88: 180.","Gyldenstolpe N. 1945. The bird fauna of the Rio Jurua in western Brazil. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien Handlingar (Trejde Serien) 22: 85 - 87.","Peters JL. 1945. Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.","Gyldenstolpe N. 1951. The ornithology of the Rio Purus region in western Brazil. Arkiv for Zoologi 2: 94 - 95.","Gmelin JF. 1788. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, characteribus, diffeentiis, synonymis, locis. Leipzig: George Emanuel Beer."]}

TROGON RUFUS GMELIN, 1788 Proposed English name: Amazonian black-throated trogon., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on page 13, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Gmelin JF. 1788. Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, characteribus, diffeentiis, synonymis, locis. Leipzig: George Emanuel Beer."]}

TROGON MURICIENSIS SP. NOV. (FIG. 7) Proposed English name: Alagoas black-throated trogon. Proposed Portuguese name: Surucu��-de-Murici. Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 8D5FDDA6-D3F0-41CF-8E09-F1C8B77CEBC5 Type material: Holotype: MZUSP 112768 (Fig. 7), adult male (testes 2.0 �� 2.0 mm, no bursa fabricii, skull 100% ossified, no moult). Voice-recorded and collected in the montane forest of the Esta����o Ecol��gica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil (090 12���46������S/350 52���37������W, 583 m a.s.l.) by Lu��s F��bio Silveira on 05.x.2019. Prepared by Lu��s F��bio Silveira. Paratype: MN 33853, subadult male (testes subequal in size, skull 100% ossified, second prebasic molt). Collected in forest midstory of the Esta����o Ecol��gica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil (090 15���S/350 50���W, 550 m a.s.l.) by Dante Martins Teixeira on 19.ix.1983. Diagnosis: We had little material available for the diagnosis of the new species Trogon muriciensis, particularly regarding external morphology, so caution must be taken until more information is collected. For comparison of plumage coloration and barred patterning, only the holotype was available. For morphometric traits, in addition to the holotype, we had measurements from the paratype and a ringed individual. For other discrete traits, we had photos from online depositories, in addition to those of the holotype (Supporting Information, Fig. S 8) and ringed individual. For the song, we had slightly more material, with recordings from five separate individuals (including the holotype). Males: Trogon muriciensis can be distinguished from all other species of trogons, besides T. rufus, T. chrysochloros, T. tenellus and T. cupreicauda, by the combination of the green head and citrus-yellow belly. Light-blue eye-ring is diagnostic against T. r. sulphureus, T. r. amazonicus and T. cupreicauda. Breast band absent, unlike most T. chrysochloros, T. rufus, T. tenellus and T. cupreicauda. The dense barring and narrow white bars on the undertail of the holotype are diagnostic against individuals of all taxa besides T. chrysochloros, whilst the dense barring and narrow white bars on the wing panel are diagnostic against all besides T. chrysochloros and T. r. rufus. Nevertheless, compared to T. chrysochloros, several subtle differences are present. Morphometrically, it has a smaller body size and variably serrated bill (vs. highly serrated), whilst the holotype has a greener uppertail hue and undertail with narrower black bars and lower percentage area black compared to almost all specimens of T. chrysochloros examined. Compared to T. r. rufus, the body mass appears slightly greater, whilst the holotype had denser undertail barring with narrower white bars than all individuals of T. r. rufus examined. Against T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus, the holotype had a consistently greener uppertail hue, greater barring density and narrower white bars on the undertail and wing panel barring, and greater body mass. Compared to T. cupreicauda, the undertail barring is also much denser with narrower white bars, the wing panel barring is denser and uppertail hue lower. Compared to T. tenellus, the uppertail hue is greener and the undertail barring much denser with narrower black and white bars. Female: unknown. Song: Compared to T. chrysochloros, the song of T. muriciensis has fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note durations, longer pause following introductory note and generally lower note frequencies. It is similar to T. r. rufus but with generally more notes per phrase, higher introductory note frequencies and higher loudsong note low frequencies. Compared to T. r. sulphureus, it has wider bandwith frequencies and generally more notes per phrase, whilst against T. r. amazonicus, it has faster pace, shorter note durations and a higher frequency introductory note. In relation to T. tenellus, it has a greater number of notes per phrase, shorter pause after the introductory note a generally lower introductory note high frequency, and generally lower peak and high loudsong note frequencies. It differs from T. cupreicuada by having fewer notes per phrase, longer note durations but a shorter pause after the introductory note. The bandwith frequencies of the introductory and loudsong notes are generally wider than all other taxa, except T. chrysochloros. Distribution and habitat: Only known from Esta����o Ecol��gica de Murici, Alagoas, Brazil, at just over 500 m elevation, where it occurs in mid-levels of the montane Atlantic Forest. It was presumably once more widespread throughout this habitat in the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism before the deforestation of the region. Description of the holotype: Uppertail plain green, head and mantle green with coppery sheen, rump and upperchest green with blue sheen. Black facial mask extending from in line with dorsal edge of bill to the eye, across ear coverts to throat. Bright citrineyellow from lower chest to vent. Undertail barred patterning (outer three rectrices) with narrow black bars (1.46 mm wide), relatively narrow white bars (1.39 mm wide), high bar density (6.7 bars/cm) and moderate percentage area black (50%). Wing coverts barred patterning with narrow black bars (0.4 mm), narrow white bars (0.3 mm), high bar density (14.5 bars/cm) and moderate percentage area black (54%). Flight feathers black with basal-third white (only visible ventrally), except for final primary, which is entirely black, and black and white barring on anterior margin. Eye-ring light blue, tarsi grey and bill greenish yellow. Measurements ��� total length: 251 mm, wing chord: 108 mm, tail: 154 mm, culmen length: 15.5 mm, bill width: 14.8 mm, bill height: 11.0 mm, tarsi: 3.6 mm, number of bill serrations (per side of upper bill): 2, body mass: 55 g. Tissue sample MZUSP 112.768. Stomach content: remains of caterpillar and fruit. Song: 4.1 �� 0.27 notes per phrase, duration of introductory note 0.28 �� 0.02 s, interval between introductory note and loudsong 0.31 �� 0.02 s, mean loudsong note duration 0.26 �� 0.03 s, loudsong pace 2.18 �� 0.05 notes per second, introductory note peak frequency 1.34 �� 0.04 kHz, low frequency 1.06 �� 0.03 kHz, high frequency 1.45 �� 0.02 kHz and 90% bandwith 0.20 �� 0.06 kHz, loudsong note peak frequency 1.37 �� 0.03 kHz, low frequency 0.95 �� 0.04 kHz, high frequency 1.48 �� 0.02 kHz and 90% bandwidth 0.25 �� 0.04 kHz. Variation in type material: The immature nature of the paratype makes it difficult to determine whether variation between it and the holotype are due to age or intrapopulational variation. The upperparts of the paratype present a strongly coppery head and mantle, golden-green rump, predominantly brown upperchest with golden-green feathers, and reddish-brown uppertail (central rectrices). The brown rectrices and chest feathers represent an individual that has undergone second prebasic molt and not yet obtained fully formative plumage (Ryder & Wolfe, 2009). Therefore, whether the warmer hues of the upperparts, compared to the holotype, are related to its age is unclear, although past research has not found changes in the tonality of structural colours with age (Prum, 2006). It is similar to the warmer hued upperparts of T. chrysochloros individuals found below 500 m a.s.l., which are likely controlled by humidity, but this is unlikely the case in this instance since both type specimens originate from the same area, just above 500 m a.s.l. and the holotype has plumage with cooler hues, consistent with the higher elevation and humidity of Murici. In terms of the barred patterning, the paratype differs from the holotype in undertail barring by having substantially broader black (2.23 mm) and white bars (2.17 mm) and lower bar density (4.65 bars/ cm), but a similar percentage area black (50%). This is much more akin to T. r. sulphureus. However, the more pointed tips of these rectrices suggest they are immature, whilst the similarly lower density of the undertail barring on immatures of other species in the complex suggest this is also the result of age. In terms of the wing panel barring, compared to the holotype, the paratype had narrower black bars (0.23 mm) and white bars (0.33 mm) and a lower percentage area black (41%) but similar bar density (14.5 bars/ cm). This is more similar to T. chrysochloros and may represent the affinity between the two species. However, the brown in the wing coverts feathers suggest they are not mature, so this variation may also be due to age. In terms of morphometrics, although body mass provides a consistent means of comparison, the variability of other measurements between type specimens is likely the result of observer bias. For discrete characters, the faded underparts of the paratype make it difficult to ascertain the presence of a breast band but the absence of pure white feathers in the area, adjacent the upperchest, suggest it is absent, as in the holotype. The bareparts��� colours are also consistent with the holotype, with the eye ring noted as blue and the tarsus grey. Etymology: The name refers to the only remaining locality where this taxon is known to occur (Esta����o Ecol��gica de Murici, Alagoas state, Brazil), to draw attention to the critical level of biodiversity loss in the region and dire need for conservation. Remarks: Despite the scarcity of material, we were able to diagnose Trogon muriciensis as exhibiting a unique combination of features typical of, or intermediate to, either T. chrysochloros in the southern Atlantic Forest or one of the T. rufus subspecies in Amazonia. The plumage patterning most resembled T. chrysochloros with a shiny green uppertail towards the end of the range for T. chrysochloros, blue eyering and dense undertail and wing panel barring with similarly narrow white bars, which is unsurprising given that they are sister-species, according to the mtDNA. Nevertheless, subtle differences are present between the holotype and all examined specimens of T. chrysochloros, namely, in the slightly narrower black bar widths and lower percentage area black on the undertail. Unlike most T. chrysochloros, however, it lacked a breast band, which is more typical of T.r.sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus. On the other hand, the body mass is intermediate between T. chrysochloros and T. rufus subspecies, whilst tail and wing lengths are shorter than T. chrysochloros but consistent with T. rufus subspecies. The degree of bill serration is also intermediate between these taxa and may indicate an omnivorous diet, as is typical of all taxa besides T. chrysochloros, which prefers large arthropods and seems likely the reason for its more serrated bill. This is further supported by the presence of both fruit and insect remains in the stomach contents of the holotype and suggest that the ecological niche it occupies is different to that occupied by T. chrysochloros. In contrast, the song is different from T. chrysochloros, with fewer notes per phrase, slower pace, longer note durations, longer pause following introductory note and generally lower note frequencies. However, it was similar to T. rufus subspecies, especially T. r. sulphureus, with only slightly more notes per phrase overall. The introductory note and loudsong bandwidths also appear to be generally wider than in all other taxa, besides T. chrysochloros. Nevertheless, these differences require confirmation with further sampling. This combination of characters, typical of related Atlantic Forest and Amazonian species, is unsurprising when one considers that the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism was once at the centre of biotic interchange between these regions during the Plio-Pleistocene (Costa, 2003; Batalha-Filho et al., 2013). In fact, there are 42 other cryptic endemic species and subspecies known from this region with affinities to either the Atlantic Forest or Amazonia (Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983, 1985; Da Silva et al., 2002; Silveira et al., 2003; Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014; Tello et al., 2014; Thom & Aleixo, 2015; Bocalini et al., 2020). The conservation status of this population is worrisome with all records originating from only a single locality. During our fieldwork in 2019, we were able to detect only about 20 individuals, and explicitly avoided collecting more than one specimen. We, therefore, recommend that it be listed as Critically Endangered (IUCN, 2012) as 98% loss of forest cover in NE Brazil, which still continues (Silveira et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2008). In fact, based on the population density of T. r. rufus ��� three pairs/km 2 (Thiollay, 1994) ��� and the remaining forest area, an optimistic estimation of the maximum population size is around 90 pairs (criterion C). However, given the continued reduction in forest cover, fragmentation, edge effect and secondarization of the old growth forest (Ranta et al., 1998; Silveira et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2008; Pereira et al., 2014), the actual figure is likely much lower with recent searches having repeatedly failed to locate it at any other fragments in the region (LFS per. obs.). It is, therefore, the most threatened trogon in the world, followed by the vulnerable (VU) Javan trogon, Apalharpactes reinwardtii (Temminck, 1822), with eight other species currently considered globally near-threatened (IUCN, 2018). The conservation importance of this region is well known as it contains more globally threatened species than anywhere else in the Americas (Wege & Adrian, 1995; Stattersfield et al. 1998; Silveira et al., 2003; Pereira et al., 2014). This is primarily the direct result of pervasive habitat loss and degradation within the Pernambuco Centre of Endemism (Pereira et al., 2014), which have already led to the recent extinction of other PCE endemics, namely Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti Mazar Barnett & Buzzetti, 2014, Glaucidium mooreorum da Silva, Coelho & Pedreira, 2002 and Philydor novaesi Teixeira & Gonzaga, 1983, representing the first modern bird extinctions for Brazil (Pereira et al., 2014; Butchart et al., 2018; ICMBio, 2018). Urgent actions are, therefore, required to prevent further losses in the region. Namely, the consolidation of existing forest fragments into larger continuous blocks and conferring legal protection to large, existing patches of forest that remain unprotected, including Murici, as recommended by Pereira et al. (2014). Furthermore, we recommend a captive breeding programme based on the knowledge and experience acquired from successfully hatching and raising other species of Trogons in captivity to save the last remaining individuals of Trogon muriciensis., Published as part of Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), pp. 499-540 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169, http://zenodo.org/record/4681336, {"references":["Costa LP. 2003. The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest of Brazil: a study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. Journal of Biogeography 30: 71 - 86.","Batalha-Filho H, Fjeldsa J, Fabre PH, Miyaki CY. 2013. Connections between the Atlantic and the Amazonian forest avifaunas represent distinct historical events. Journal of Ornithology 154: 41 - 50.","Da Silva JMC, Coelho G, Gonzaga LP. 2002. Discovered on the brink of extinction: a new species of pygmy-owl (Strigidae: Glaucidium) from Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Ararajuba 10: 123 - 130.","Barnett JM, Buzzetti DRC. 2014. A new species of Cichlocolaptes Reichenbach 1853 (Furnariidae), the ' gritadordo-nordeste', an undescribed trace of the fading bird life of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22: 75 - 94.","Bocalini F, Bolivar-Leguizamon SD, Silveira LF, Bravo GA. 2020. Comparative phylogeographic and demographic analyses reveal a congruent pattern of sister relationships between bird populations of the northern and south-central Atlantic Forest. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 154: 106973.","IUCN. 2012. IUCN red list categories and criteria: v. 3.1, 2 nd edn. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN.","Pereira GA, Dantas SM, Silveira LF, Roda SA, Albano C, Sonntag FA, Leal S, Periquito MC, Malacco GB, Lees AC. 2014. Status of the globally threatened forest birds of northeast Brazil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 54: 177 - 194.","IUCN. 2018. The IUCN red list of threatened species, v. 2018 - 2. Available at: https: // www. iucnredlist. org [accessed 07 February 2018].","Butchart SHM, Lowe S, Martin RW, Symes A, Westrip JRS, Wheatley H. 2018. Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach. Biological Conservation 227: 9 - 18."]}

This file contains the pigments concentration values for each plumage patch for the ten capuchino species, plots and tables of the GWAS results, details of the samples and information of the pigmentation genes found in this study.

We present a mathematical analysis of a reaction-diffusion model describing acid-mediated tumor invasion. The model describes the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of tumor cells, normal cells, and excess lactic acid concentration. The model assumes that tumor-induced alteration of microenvironmental pH provides a simple but complete mechanism for cancer invasion. We provide results on the existence and uniqueness of a solution considering Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions. We also provide numerical simulations to the solutions considering both boundary conditions., 25 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1902.01502

Ortalis remota Pinto, 1960 stat. nov. Ortalis guttata remota: Pinto, 1960: 11. Ortalis guttata remota: Pinto, 1964: 109. Ortalis guttata squamata [in part]: Vaurie, 1965: 6. Ortalis guttata squamata [in part]: Vaurie, 1968: 243. Ortalis motmot squamata [in part]: Delacour & Amadon, 1973: 116. Ortalis guttata squamata [in part]: Blake, 1977: 395. Ortalis guttata remota: Pinto, 1978: 79. Ortalis guttata squamata [in part]: Grantsau, 2010: 426. Ortalis guttata remota: Piacentini et al., 2015: 101. Type material. MZUSP 11359, holotype (Jo��o Leonardo de Lima col., VII/1927). Type locality. Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Porto do Sap�� (formerly ��� P��rto do Sap�� ���), at the mouth of Pardo RiVer (right-bank tributary of Paran�� RiVer). Description. Crown dark reddish brown. Bill gray. Bare facial skin, forehead, nape, throat and chest brown. Ventral and lateral portions of neck and whole chest edged with Very pale-brown clouded colour, forming a speckled pattern in the neck region and a poorly defined scaled-like pattern in the chest region. In the chest, this white margin runs across the whole feather. The pattern fades towards the abdomen as the colour of the margins become more similar to the background colour of the feathers. Abdomen light yellowish- brown. Flanks brownish yellow. Crissum and tail coVerts yellowish-red. Wing coVerts and flight feathers dark reddish brown. External rectrices chestnut-brown, central rectrices dark oliVe brown with metallic dark grayish-green tone. Diagnosis. Ortalis remota differs from other members of genus by haVing a distinctiVe colour pattern to its chest, with uniform brown feathers with clouded pale brown edges forming poorly defined scales that fade towards the abdomen. The chest feathers of O. guttata sspp. haVe white or whitish edges with a distinctiVe white dot in the middle forming a speckled pattern (Figs. 2���5). In turn, O. squamata has well-defined white feather margins forming a defined scaled or scalloped pattern. Each chest feather of O. squamata has three colours: dark oliVe brown on the base, dark brown in the middle and white on the edge, making the scaled or scalloped pattern eVen more eVident; this pattern is present in the abdomen feathers, but with a light grayish colour instead of white. Ortalis remota also differs from O. guttata sspp. and O. squamata by an oVerall lighter coloration across the whole body, mainly composed of clearer brown tones. Ortalis guttata is darker in the crown (despite the whitish marks of some specimens), neck and chest (eVen the paler O. g. subaffinis has a darker neck than O. remota; Fig. 5) and O. squamata is the darkest one, but also with an oVerall grayer coloration in the abdomen and flanks, as well as black bare facial skin. Ortalis remota and O. guttata sspp. present completely chestnut brown external rectrices, while those of O. squamata and O. araucuan haVe a dark oliVe brown base and chestnut red in the tip (Figs. 2-5). Ortalis remota neck feathers haVe white margins forming a speckled pattern that does not extend to the head, while in O. guttata this pattern is also present in the head and remarkably in the forehead and crown in some specimens. The grayish tarsi seen in the pictures of O. remota is distinct from the pinkish gray to reddish pink tarsi seen in O. guttata sspp. and browner, less bluish than the gray tarsi of O. squamata. Remarks. The distribution of Ortalis remota occupies a geographically intermediate position between its related taxa, i.e. the Amazonian O. guttata, the Atlantic O. squamata and O. araucuan, and perhaps another one, the peripheral Chaco representatiVe O. canicollis. It is probably an endemic of the central region of the ���Bosque Paranaense��� ProVince (Morrone 2001), an area seVerely modified eVen before adequate biological inVentories could be taken. These regions include riparian habitats of the Parana RiVer, ranging from its major tributaries (Grande, Parana��ba and Apor�� RiVers), along the western border of S��o Paulo, and ending at the extreme west of the state of Paran��, near 24��S. Unfortunately, the lack of information on its distribution makes unfeasible any hypothesis of former and actual distributions. EVen skilful naturalists (e.g. Johann Natterer), who worked near confirmed localities within the species��� range, did not obtain specimens of Ortalis there, suggesting that it was probably already rare eVen in the early 19th century. The explorers Tel��maco and Nestor Borba, when traVeling to northwest of the state of Paran��, mention the presence of "aracuans" (i.e., ���chachalacas ���) with "joh��s" (Crypturellus undulatus, a species locally extinct since the 1950s) perhaps near the mouth of the Paranapanema RiVer (Borba 1908; Straube 2013), but without further details. Koz��k et al. (1979) reported that the extinct Xet�� ethnic group from Serra dos Dourados (northwest of Paran��) hunted regularly aracuans (" Ortalis sp."), but they did not record this actiVity in their field journals, photographs, and films, nor is it eVidenced in the plumary art collected by him during his work in the 1950s. In addition, a specimen (MHNCI 1574) from the "Passeio P��blico - ParanaVa��" (northwest of Paran��) is, in fact, an indiVidual Ortalis squamata that died in captiVity at a local zoo. There are seVeral conserVation implications for O. remota. The recent recordings in the northwest of S��o Paulo indicate that this species occurs in the remaining woodlands of secondary Vegetation and the border of gallery forests of the Grande, Paran�� and Tiet�� riVers basins in southeastern Brazil. Unfortunately, the habitats that still sustain this species were drastically reduced to small fragments or are disappearing along riVers due to human impacts (Fig. 6). Much is known about the destructiVe process caused by humans in the remaining semideciduous Atlantic forest and Cerrado in countryside S��o Paulo State (Durigan et al. 2007; Ribeiro et al. 2009). An old history of disturbance caused by the expansion of pastures and liVestock, monoculture plantations (currently, sugarcane and soybeans), and urbanization associated with a ���hoodwinking��� attitude towards Brazilian enVironmental laws are current threats to the biodiVersity of the region. A major threat to the species��� surViVal has been the construction of dams in the main riVers of the Paran�� basin. Most of the riVerine forests of the upper Paran�� RiVer, including those at the type locality, as well as the lower stretches of the Tiet�� and Grande RiVers, haVe been flooded by many large reserVoirs for hydroelectric power. A quick measurement with Google Earth images shows that, from the type locality up riVer to about 500 m a.s.l. (the known upper limit of the species) on the main channels of the Tiet��, Grande and Parana��ba RiVers, about 1070 km of riVerine forests out of 1360 km (78%) are now flooded (Fig. 3). Not surprisingly, most of the recent records of O. remota come from the TurVo RiVer basin in S��o Paulo, which is one of the few main riVers of the upper Paran�� basin not transformed by dams, and which may be a stronghold for the species. In this sense, a few of the rare, unflooded tributaries of the upper Paran�� RiVer, such as the Aguape�� and do Peixe RiVers in western S��o Paulo, are potential candidates to hold unknown populations and should be urgently surVeyed in their lower portions. Furthermore, the Vulnerability of O. remota to extinction increases substantially giVen that cracid species are culturally (though illegally) considered game birds in Brazil. The larger body size and greater source of proteins in relation to other smaller birds are prominent characteristics sought by rural people (Peres & Palacios 2007). Since the 19th century, hunters��� reports reVealed the presence of chachalacas in S��o Paulo state (Ihering 1898). HoweVer, these birds may be negatiVely affected by hunting in concert with unsustainable forest destruction, due to loss of sites for feeding, nesting, and roosting (Schmitz-Orn��s 1999). Regarding ecological functions, the disappearance of O. remota, will potentially lead to losses in terms of seed dispersal and plant recruitment, since part of the diet of chachalaca species is composed of a Variety of fruits (in addition to seeds, green shoots, flowers, leaVes, and small inVertebrates; Caziani & Protomastro 1994; del Hoyo et al. 1994; Sick 1997). GiVen the preliminary few records of O. remota presented in this study, a proper estimation of the species��� geographic distribution and abundance is urgently needed to classify its degree of threat. Despite any controVersy on its taxonomic status, O. remota was recently declared as a Critically Endangered taxon in the Red Lists of Brazil (MMA 2014) and S��o Paulo State (SilVeira et al. 2009). For these reasons, and in a second step, conserVation measures such as restoration of natiVe habitats and connection of Vegetation fragments using ecological corridors are needed. If seVere risk of species extinction is detected by population estimates, the use of captiVe breeding focusing on increasing population and posterior releases of indiViduals in restored natiVe habitats will be the most appropriated measures to conserVe the species., Published as part of Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, Tomotani, Barbara Mizumo, Cestari, C��sar, Straube, Fernando C. & Piacentini, Vitor De Q., 2017, Ortalis remota: a forgotten and critically endangered species of chachalaca (Galliformes: Cracidae) from Eastern Brazil, pp. 524-536 in Zootaxa 4306 (4) on pages 527-531, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/845145, {"references":["Pinto, O. M. O. (1960) Algumas adendas a avifauna brasileira. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 14, 11 - 15.","Pinto, O. M. O. (1964) Ornitologia Brasiliense. Departamento de Zoologica da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 183 pp.","Vaurie, C. (1965) Systematic Notes on the Bird Family Cracidae: Ortalis guttata, Ortalis superciliaris, and Ortalis motmot. American Museum Novitates, 2232, 1 - 36.","Vaurie, C. (1968) Taxonomy of the Cracidae (Aves). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 138 (4), 131 - 260.","Delacour, J. & Amadon, D. (1973) Curassows and related birds. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 247 pp.","Blake, E. R. (1977) Manual of Neotropical birds I. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, 674 pp. Borba, T. (1908) Actualidade indigena: Parana-Brazil. Impressora Paranaense, Curitiba, 172 pp. Brooks, D. M., Cancino, L. & Pereira, S. L. (2006) Conserving cracids: the most threatened family of birds in the Americas.","Pinto, O. M. O. (1978) Novo catalogo das aves do Brasil, primeira parte - Aves nao Passeriformes e Passeriformes nao Oscines, com exclusao da familia Tyrannidae. Empresa Grafica da Revista dos Tribunais, Sao Paulo, 446 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 109414","Grantsau, R. K. H. (2010) Guia completo para identificacao das Aves do Brasil. Fol. 1. Vento Verde, Sao Carlos, 656 pp.","Piacentini, V. Q., Aleixo, A., Agne, C. E., Mauricio, G. N., Pacheco, J. F., Bravo, G. A., Brito, G. R. R., Naka, L. N., Olmos, F., Posso, S., Silveira, L. F., Betini, G. S., Carrano, E., Franz, I., Lees, A. C., Lima, L. M., Pioli, D., Schunck, F., Amaral, F. R. do, Bencke, G. A., Cohn- Haft, M., Figueiredo, L. F. A., Straube, F. C. & Cesari, E. (2015) Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee / Lista comentada das aves do Brasil pelo Comite Brasileiro de Registros Ornitologicos. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 23, 91 - 298.","Morrone, J. J. (2001) Homology, biogeography and areas of endemism. Diversity and Distributions, 7 (6), 297 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1366 - 9516.2001.00116. x","Straube, F. C. (2013) Ruinas e urubus: historia da Ornitologia no Parana. Periodo de Natterer, 2 (1835 - 1865). Hori Cadernos Tecnicos n ° 6. Hori Consultoria Ambiental, Curitba, 314 + viii pp.","Durigan, G., Siqueira, M. F. de & Franco, G. A. D. C. (2007) Threats to the Cerrado remnants of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Scientia Agricola, 64 (4), 355 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 90162007000400006","Ribeiro, M. C., Metzger, J. P., Martensen, A. C., Ponzoni, F. J. & Hirota, M. M. (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 142, 1141 - 1153. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2009.02.021","Peres, C. A. & Palacios, E. (2007) Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Amazonian forests: implications for animal-mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica, 39, 304 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7429.2007.00272. x","Ihering, H. (1898) As aves do Estado de S. Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, 3, 113 - 478.","Schmitz-Ornes, A. (1999) Vulnerability of Rufous-vented Chachalacas (Ortalis ruficauda, Cracidae) to man-induced habitat alterations in northern Venezuela. Ornitologia Neotropical, 10, 27 - 34.","Caziani, S. M. & Protomastro, J. J. (1994) Diet of the chaco chachalaca. The Wilson Bulletin, 106 (4), 640 - 648.","Sick, H. (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp.","MMA [Ministerio do Meio Ambiente] (2014) Portaria No. 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014: Lista nacional oficial de especies da fauna ameacadas de extincao. Diario Oficial da Uniao, Secao 1, 245, 121 - 126."]}

Recent contributions address the problem of language coexistence as that of two species competing to aggregate speakers, thus focusing on the dynamics of linguistic traits across populations. They draw inspiration from physics and biology and share some underlying ideas -- e. g. the search for minimal schemes to explain complex situations or the notion that languages are extant entities in a societal context and, accordingly, that objective, mathematical laws emerge driving the aforementioned dynamics. Different proposals pay attention to distinct aspects of such systems: Some of them emphasize the distribution of the population in geographical space, others research exhaustively the role of bilinguals in idealized situations (e. g. isolated populations), and yet others rely extremely on equations taken unchanged from physics or biology and whose parameters bear actual geometrical meaning. Despite the sources of these models -- so unrelated to linguistics -- sound results begin to surface that establish conditions and make testable predictions regarding language survival within populations of speakers, with a decisive role reserved to bilingualism. Here we review the most recent works and their interesting outcomes stressing their physical theoretical basis, and discuss the relevance and meaning of the abstract mathematical findings for real-life situations., 22 pages, 4 figures. Fifth chapter of the book Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current trends and developments by F. Lauchlan, M. C. Parafita Couto, eds

1. Papilio dardanus dardanus Brown, 1776 WL: 50mm. This is a forest species exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism: males are caudate while females lack tails and mimic Danainae. The females reported by Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007) belong to the morph hippocoon and mimic Amauris niavius Linnaeus, 1758. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Angola. The caterpillars are known to feed on Rutaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. A B: R; CS: VU., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215, {"references":["Brown, P. (1776) New Illustrations of Zoology containing fifty coloured plates of new curious, and non-descript Birds, with a few Quadrupeds, Reptiles and Insects. Together with a short scientific description of the same. B. White, London, 136 pp.","Mendes, L. F., Bivar-de-Sousa, A. & Consciencia, S. (2007) Novos dados sobre os lepidopteros diurnos (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea) da Guine-Bissau. I - Introducao e Hesperiidae. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 41, 209 - 221.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Regnum Animale. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Bacelar, A. (1949) Macrolepidoptera (Rhopalocera) da Guine Portuguesa. Anais da Junta de Investigacoes Coloniais (Entomologia), 4, 72 - 104."]}

174. Euriphene ampedusa (Hewitson, 1866) WL: 24mm. E. ampedusa is known from all types of forest and is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria. As with E. gambiae, the host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 0 9.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28972). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215

*6. Papilio cyproeofila cyproeofila Butler, 1868 WL: 55mm. P. cyproeofila constitutes a new record for Guinea-Bissau. It was the most common papilionid observed in forest, also leaving this habitat at times. The nominate subspecies is hereafter known from Guinea- Bissau to Nigeria. Other subspecies are known to occur southwards to the nominate one. Caterpillars feed on several species of Piperaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Cai�� (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215

223. Meza meza (Hewitson, 1877) WL: 16mm. The species is known from degraded forest habitats, and is possibly the most common among the known species of Meza (Larsen, 2005). It is distributed from Senegal to Angola and Uganda. According to Vuattoux (1999), the caterpillars feed on the monocotyledonous Paspalum conjugatum (Poaceae), a statement disputed by Larsen (2005) as all the remaining species in the genus feed on dicotyledonous species. Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215, {"references":["Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Descriptions of twenty-five species of Hesperidae [Hesperiidae]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 76 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682096","Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres Hesperiides de la station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 362 - 366.","Aurivillius, C. (1910) Schmetterlinge gesammelt in Westafrika von Leonardo Fea in dem Jahren 1897 - 1902. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale da Genova, 44, 502 - 506.","Mendes, L. F., Bivar-de-Sousa, A. & Consciencia, S. (2007) Novos dados sobre os lepidopteros diurnos (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea) da Guine-Bissau. I - Introducao e Hesperiidae. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 41, 209 - 221."]}

Cyphorhinus salvini Sharpe, 1881 English name: Grey-eared Wren Portuguese name: Uirapuru-de-orelha-cinza Type-locality: R��o Napo, Ecuador. Diagnosis: similar to C. modulator, but with dark grayish brown (M 10YR 4/2) auriculars and Cinnamon- Brown (S 7YR 4/4) sides to the neck. Voice: similar to C. modulator with a variety of complex phrases, each with a high number of notes (9���17), long duration (3��� 4.5 s), fast pace (4���6 notes/s), lower mean maximum (2874 Hz), minimum (631 Hz) and peak frequencies (2097 Hz). Each phrase is repeated several times before changing to the next. Distribution: between the Rio Mara����n and R��o Caquet�� in southwestern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru (Figure 4)., Published as part of Bocalini, Fernanda & Silveira, Lu��s F��bio, 2016, A taxonomic revision of the Musician Wren, Cyphorhinus arada (Aves, Troglodytidae), reveals the existence of six valid species endemic to the Amazon basin, pp. 541-564 in Zootaxa 4193 (3) on page 553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4193.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/167235

189. Acraea (Actinote) bonasia (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 21mm. A. bonasia is known from all types of forest. It is distributed from Senegal to Cameroon, Fernando P�� (Bioko / Equatorial Guinea) and eastwards to Uganda, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya and south Sudan. Subspecies A. b. banka, described as endemic to Ethiopia, was recently placed in the species synonymy by Pierre & Bernaud (2013, 2014). Host-plants are Clappertonia and Triumfetta (Tiliaceae) and Hibiscus (Malvaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Cai��, a few specimens (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Gab��, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Consci��ncia et al. (2008), Pierre & Bernaud (2009, map). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae. Officina Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi (Flensburg - Germany) & Lipsiae (Leipzig - Germany), [xxxii] + 832 pp.","Pierre, J. & Bernaud, D. (2013) Nymphalidae XXIII. Acraea subgenus Acraea. In: Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. (Eds.), Butterflies of the World, Part 39, pp. 8 pp, pl. 28.","Pierre, J. & Bernaud, D. (2014) Le genre Acraea Fabricius, 1807: Liste systematique, synonymique et liste des noms infrasubspecifiques. In: Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. (Eds.) Butterflies of the World, Supplement 24, pp. 30.","Aurivillius, C. (1910) Schmetterlinge gesammelt in Westafrika von Leonardo Fea in dem Jahren 1897 - 1902. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale da Genova, 44, 502 - 506.","Bacelar, A. (1948) Lepidopteros de Africa principalmente das Colonias Portuguesas. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 19, 165 - 207.","Pierre, J. & Bernaud, D. (2009) Le genre Acraea Fabricius, 1807, sous-genre Actinote. In: Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. (Eds.), Butterflies of the World, Supplement 16, pp. 19."]}

123. Ypthima asterope asterope (Klug, 1832) WL: 14mm. Y. asterope is typical of savanna and flies from Senegal to Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Djibouti. The species is also present in the eastern Mediterranean and from the Middle East to India. The hostplants consist of several species of Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Cai��, locally common (JB). Gab��: Taibata, woodland, 24.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010987); Fasadji, woodland, 19.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010988); Cansamanje, woodland, 21.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010989). Previous references. Regions: Bissau, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215

81. Triclema hades Bethune-Baker, 1910 WL: 10mm. The species is typical of forest areas and ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, DRC, Uganda and west of Tanzania and of Kenya. The caterpillars and their ecology remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215, {"references":["Bethune-Baker, G. T. (1910) A revision of the African species of the Lycaenesthes group of the Lycaenidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 43, 1 - 84."]}

200. Acraea (Acraea) epaea epaea (Cramer, 1779) WL: 33mm. A. epaea is a forest butterfly known to colonize degraded forests and dense Guinea savanna. It was described from Sierra Leone and the nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Angola and northern Zambia. Three other subspecies are currently recognized: A. e. insulana from Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), A. e. melina from southwestern Tanzania and Malawi, and A. e. homochroa from Ethiopia (Pierre & Bernaud, 2013, 2014). The caterpillars feed on Lindaeckeria and Adenia (Passifloraceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Cai��, not frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Consci��ncia et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC., Published as part of Bivar-De-Sousa, Ant��nio, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Mendes, Lu��s F., Larsen, Torben B., Baker, Jon & Guilherme, Jo��o L., 2016, Butterflies of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), pp. 1-77 in Zootaxa 4201 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192215, {"references":["Cramer, P. (1779 - 1780) De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa, en America. Vol. 3. S. J. Baalde, Amsteldam & W. Barthelemy, Utrecht, 176 pp.","Pierre, J. & Bernaud, D. (2013) Nymphalidae XXIII. Acraea subgenus Acraea. In: Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. (Eds.), Butterflies of the World, Part 39, pp. 8 pp, pl. 28.","Pierre, J. & Bernaud, D. (2014) Le genre Acraea Fabricius, 1807: Liste systematique, synonymique et liste des noms infrasubspecifiques. In: Bauer, E. & Frankenbach, T. (Eds.) Butterflies of the World, Supplement 24, pp. 30.","Aurivillius, C. (1910) Schmetterlinge gesammelt in Westafrika von Leonardo Fea in dem Jahren 1897 - 1902. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale da Genova, 44, 502 - 506.","Bacelar, A. (1949) Macrolepidoptera (Rhopalocera) da Guine Portuguesa. Anais da Junta de Investigacoes Coloniais (Entomologia), 4, 72 - 104."]}