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The diversity effect during category‐based induction (CBI) means that the more diverse the evidence, the higher will be the conclusion's inductive strength. However, it is influenced by the premise typicality. Three competitive cognitive processing models account for this influence: (1) The pre‐emptive conflict resolution model assumes that only premise typicality activates; (2) the parallel‐competitive model assumes that premise typicality and diversity activate in parallel; and (3) the default‐interventionist model assumes that a default response of premise diversity first activates and is subsequently followed by premise typicality, or premise typicality activates first, followed by premise diversity. The timing of premise typicality affecting the diversity effect during CBI was measured using event‐related potentials to determine which cognitive model best explains this influence. Similar to previous studies, non‐diverse premise inductive tasks involving two typical premise categories were compared with diverse premise inductive tasks involving a typical and an atypical category. The results showed that non‐diverse conditions had higher "correct" response proportions, greater inductive strength, higher "definitely" response proportions, and shorter reaction times than diverse conditions, showing that premise typicality weakens the diversity effect. Moreover, the diverse premises elicited larger P2, smaller FN400, and greater frontal post‐N400‐positivity amplitudes than non‐diverse premises, suggesting that premise diversity was facilitated during a relatively early time window and revised by premise typicality in a later window. These results support the default‐interventionist in nature during thinking and reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early gastric cancer (EGC) is a well-defined gastric malignancy that is limited to the mucosa or submucosa, irrespective of lymph node metastasis. At an early stage, gastric cancer often does not cause symptoms until it becomes advanced, and it is a heterogeneous disease and usually encountered in its late stages. This comprehensive review will provide a novel insight into the evaluation of EGC epidemiology, defining terms, extensive etiology and risk factors, and timely diagnosis since prevention is an essential approach for controlling this cancer and reducing its morbidity and mortality. The causative manner of EGC is complex and multifactorial. In recent years, researchers have made significant contributions to understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of EGC, and standardization in the evaluation of disease activity. Though the incidence of this cancer is steadily declining in some advanced societies owing to appropriate interventions, there remains a serious threat to health in developing nations. Early detection of resectable gastric cancer is crucial for better patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontitis and atherosclerosis are both chronic inflammatory diseases with a high prevalence. Increasing evidence supports the independent association between severe periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in which oral microorganisms may play an important role. We aimed to evaluate the characteristic changes of salivary microbiome and metabolome in patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) and periodontitis., Methods and Results: The subjects were obtained from a cross-sectional study that included 1933 participants aged 40 years or older from rural northeast China. The study enrolled 48 subjects with CAS and 48 controls without CAS matched by sex, age, body mass index, and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We performed full-length 16S rDNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics of saliva samples from 96 subjects. We found that CAS was closely associated with an increased abundance of Streptococcus , Lactobacillus , and Cutibacterium . Furthermore, patients with CAS had higher prevalence of severe periodontitis than the control group. Notably, periodontal pathogens such as Tannerella and Anaeroglobus were not only associated with periodontitis but also enriched in patients with CAS, whereas periodontal health-associated Neisseria was more abundant in those without CAS. We also identified 2 lipid metabolism pathways, including glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism, as associated with CAS. The levels of trimethylamine N -oxide and inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 were significantly higher in patients with CAS, whereas the levels of carnosine were significantly lower, than those in controls. Additionally, serum levels of inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were significantly increased in CAS and positively correlated with the abundance of Anaeroglobus and leukotriene D4 in saliva., Conclusions: Our study suggests that characteristic changes in salivary microbiota and metabolites are closely related to CAS, and periodontitis and associated microorganisms may be involved in the initiation and progression of CAS.

Objective: To investigate the effect of an evidence-based activity management program for pregnant women after intraspinal labor analgesia based on their delivery outcomes., Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 96 pregnant women who received intraspinal labor analgesia in our hospital. The control group (48 cases) received routine nursing care after analgesia, and the intervention group (48 cases) received evidence-based activity management program after analgesia. The labor time, sense of birth control, physiological and psychological stress reactions, analgesic effect, delivery outcome and early postpartum pelvic floor function were compared between the two groups., Results: Compared with the control group, the first, second and third stages of labor time and the total labor time of the intervention group were significantly shorter, while the Labor Agentry Scale (LAS) score was significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) score and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) score of the intervention group were significantly lower (P<0.05). The total analgesic rate of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group (95.83% vs. 79.17%, P<0.05). The overall incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, perineal laceration, lateral episiotomy, fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia in the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group (16.67% vs. 35.42%, P<0.05). The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and pelvic floor dysfunction in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: An evidence-based activity management program for pregnant women after intraspinal labor analgesia can effectively shorten the labor time, strengthen the analgesic effect, reduce the physiological and psychological stress reactions, increase the sense of control during birth and improve the delivery outcome as well as early pelvic floor function., Competing Interests: None., (AJTR Copyright © 2021.)

Sulfur with a high specific capacity of 1673 mAh g(-1) is yet to be used as commercial cathode for lithium batteries because of its low utilization rate and poor cycle stability. In this work, a tube-in-tube carbon structure is demonstrated to relieve the critical problems with sulfur cathode: poor electrical conductivity, dissolution of lithium polysulfides, and large volume change during cycling. A number of small carbon nanotubes (∼20 nm in diameter) and a high loading amount of 85.2 wt % sulfur are both filled completely inside a large amorphous carbon nanotube (∼200 nm in diameter). Owing to the presence of these electrically conductive, highly flexible and structurally robust small CNTs and a large CNT overlayer, sulfur material exhibits a high utilization rate and delivers a large discharge capacity of 1633 mAh g(-1) (based on the mass of sulfur) at 0.1 C, approaching its theoretical capacity (1673 mAh g(-1)). The obtained S-CNTs@CNT electrode demonstrates superior high-rate cycling performances. Large discharge capacities of ∼1146, 1121, and 954 mAh g(-1) are observed after 150 cycles at large current rates of 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively.