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Ming-Ta Hsieh,1– 3 Li-Hui Lu,2 Chi-Wei Lin,1,4 Yun-Wen Chen5 1Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; 2College of Law, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; 3Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; 4School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; 5Pediatrician, Local Clinic, Kaohsiung City, TaiwanCorrespondence: Ming-Ta HsiehDepartment of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Road, Jiao-su Village, Yan-chao District, Kaohsiung City, 82445, TaiwanEmail kaplan210@yahoo.com.twBackground: The annual medical litigation rate has increased yearly since 1987 in Taiwan. Policy makers keep going medical legislation reforms. The effectiveness of legislation reforms to reduce malpractice litigation risk is uncertain.Objective: To determine whether medical legislation reform helps reduce the risk of medical litigation.Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective study used national data obtained from Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. The period analyzed was from 1987 to 2018. The annual medical litigation rate was determined, types of medical negligence litigation were compared, medical appraisal results were summarized, and the importance of medical legislation was identified.Interventions: After legislation reform vs before legislation reform.Measurements: The main outcome showed trends in medical dispute assessments over time by adjusting for the general population (per 1,  000,  000 people). We established 2004 and 2012 as the 2 cut-points for further analysis of medical appraisal results due to legislation reform.Results: With legislation reforms, the annual medical litigation rate decreased from 26.68 cases per million people in 2012 to 16.41 cases per million people in 2018. The annual medical litigation rate declin

The Tanjianshan gold deposit, in the northern Qaidam metallogenic belt, is a typical orogenic gold deposit. Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis was conducted to determine the chemical composition of the gold-bearing pyrites in the Tanjianshan gold deposit. Four types of pyrites were recognised through detailed field work and microscopic studies. The first type of pyrites (Py1) is mainly present in altered carbonaceous mylonite schist. The second type of pyrites (Py2) occurs as veins or veinlets in quartz. The third type of pyrites (Py3) appears as mass in quartz. The fourth type of pyrites (Py4) is mainly present in the vein rock intruded into the mylonite schist. The results show that these pyrites indicate that the temperatures at which they formed increase from Py1 to Py4. According to the epochal characteristics of the Tanjianshan gold deposit, the four types of pyrites correspond to the later three stages in the metallogenic evolution of Tanjianshan gold deposit: Py1 was formed in a tectonic extrusion environment during early Hercynian, and Au began to enrich at this stage; Py2 and Py3 were produced in a tectonic extension environment during later Hercynian, during which Au occurs superpositioned; Py4 was generated in a crustal uplift of the Qaidam and Qilian block, and Au occurs as enrichment again., The Tanjianshan gold deposit, in the northern Qaidam metallogenic belt, is a typical orogenic gold deposit. Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis was conducted to determine the chemical composition of the gold-bearing pyrites in the Tanjianshan gold deposit. Four types of pyrites were recognised through detailed field work and microscopic studies. The first type of pyrites (Py1) is mainly present in altered carbonaceous mylonite schist. The second type of pyrites (Py2) occurs as veins or veinlets in quartz. The third type of pyrites (Py3) appears as mass in quartz. The fourth type of pyrites (Py4) is mainly present in the vein rock intruded into the mylonite schist. The results show that these pyrites indicate that the temperatures at which they formed increase from Py1 to Py4. According to the epochal characteristics of the Tanjianshan gold deposit, the four types of pyrites correspond to the later three stages in the metallogenic evolution of Tanjianshan gold deposit: Py1 was formed in a tectonic extrusion environment during early Hercynian, and Au began to enrich at this stage; Py2 and Py3 were produced in a tectonic extension environment during later Hercynian, during which Au occurs superpositioned; Py4 was generated in a crustal uplift of the Qaidam and Qilian block, and Au occurs as enrichment again.