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Malignant tumor seriously endangers human life and health. Radiotherapy is currently one of the most common treatments for malignant tumor. However, ionizing radiation (IR) can cause radiation resistance of tumor cells and damage normal tissue cells, thereby limiting the clinical application of radiotherapy. Natural polyphenols not only can improve the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, but also can alleviate the negative effects of IR on the body, thus playing an important role in tumor treatment. Dysregulation of non-coding RNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of many diseases. In recent years, studies have found that the anti-tumor and radiosensitization effects of polyphenols are associated with non-coding RNA regulation. In this context, this paper reviews the anti-tumor and radiosensitization effects of natural polyphenols and their mechanisms, especially from the perspective of non-coding RNA regulation, in order to provide new ideas for the intervention and treatment of tumors and other diseases, as well as the development of food products for special medical purposes.

Objective: In order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of edible mushrooms, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-radiation activities of water extracts from five edible mushrooms, including Volvariella volvacea, Grifola frondosa, Russula vinosa Lindblad, Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma applanatum were studied and compared with each other. Methods: the contents of total sugar, crude polysaccharide, total protein, total phenols and total flavonoids in water extracts from the five edible mushrooms were determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, the Coomassie brilliant blue method, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively. their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging and total reducing power assays. their proliferative activities on macrophage RAW264.7 cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Their protective effects against 60Co γ irradiation-induced damage in mouse hepatocytes AML-12 were investigated in vitro. Results: Total sugar was the most abundant constituent in water extracts from Volvariella volvacea, Grifola frondosa, Russula vinosa Lindblad, Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma applanatum, accounting for (80.90 ± 1.20)%, (67.00 ± 2.48)%, (55.31 ± 0.55)%, (84.87 ± 7.31)% and (58.19 ± 1.50)% of the extracts, respectively. The crude polysaccharide content of water extract from Grifola frondosa was the highest, (61.28 ± 2.95)%. All the water extracts had good antioxidant activities, of which the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum had the best antioxidant activity. In addition, the water extracts at different concentrations (10–200 μg/mL) promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages, and the effect of the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum at low concentrations was more significant. The decreased survival rate of AML-12 cells induced by 60Coγ radiation could be significantly improved by the water extract of Volvariella volvacea in the concentration range of 10–200 μg/mL. the water extract of Ganoderma applanatum had a significant protective effect against radiation-induced cell damage at low concentrations. Conclusion: The water extracts from the five edible mushrooms have different biological activities. Overall, the water extract from Ganoderma applanatum shows better antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effect and anti-radiation activity, so it is worthy of further study.

With the accelerated pace of modern life, people are facing more and more health pressure. The study of polysaccharides seemed a good choice as a potential treasure trove. Polysaccharides, one of the four basic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates) that constitute life activities, are obviously an underrated macromolecular substance with great potential. Compared with protein and nucleic acid, the research of polysaccharides is still in the primary stage. The relationship between structure and function of polysaccharides is not clear. In this review, we highlighted the main methods of extraction, purification and structure identification of polysaccharides; summarized their biological activities including immunoregulation, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-coagulation, and so on. Particularly, the relationship between their structures and activities was described. In addition, the applications of polysaccharides in health food, medicine and cosmetics were also reviewed. This review can help polysaccharide researchers quickly understand the whole process of polysaccharides research, and also provide a reference for the comprehensive utilization of polysaccharides. We need to standardize the research of polysaccharides to make the experimental data more universal, and take it as important references in the review process. Glycomic may appear as the next "omic" after genomic and proteomic in the future. This review provides support for the advancement of glycomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]