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This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of the sprayed-in-place pipe (SIPP) technology for concrete pipe repair, with a focus on a dual-component, high-strength spray lining material enhanced with an epoxy resin sealing layer. The research was conducted using a simulated experiment rig, tailored to specific environmental characteristics and the specifications of BONNA pipe, a type of precast reinforced concrete pressure pipe. This setup allowed for a detailed feasibility study of an automated spray process under simulated working conditions. The experimental process involved applying the lining material to concrete substrates, achieving a smooth, pinhole-free surface, with quality control managed using a high-voltage spark tester. The lining demonstrated exceptional impermeability, showing no penetration under 3 MPa water pressure, and maintained strong adhesive strength with the substrate, exceeding 6 MPa as indicated by substrate concrete failure during testing. Furthermore, the technique's applicability in complex scenarios was tested, including automatic spraying inside 90° elbows, with lining thickness variations staying within acceptable limits. These findings suggest that the process is highly suitable for on-site pipeline conditions, offering a robust and reliable solution for enhancing the durability and integrity of pipeline infrastructures. This study provides practical engineering references for the SIPP repair method, demonstrating its potential as a significant advancement in pipeline repair and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-cleavable DNA nanogel loaded with splice-switch oligonucleotide (SSO) has been developed. Under acidic conditions (pH 5.0), cleavage of the acid-labile chemical linker and generation of the i-motif structure led to the disintegration of the DNA nanogel and efficient release of SSO in its unaltered native state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergy is a concept that is important for understanding problems in accounting for the health and integrity of ecological and social systems. Success in the evolutionary competition among systems depends on maximizing the emergy captured by a system that is then fed back to bring in more exergy. For this reason, "emergy" in the form of maximum empower (i.e., maximum emergy flow measured in solar emjoules or sej/unit time) provides a unified, thermodynamically controlled decision criterion by which the behavior of all systems is constrained. The fact that maximum empower and not maximum profit is nature's decision criterion makes it critical that more people become familiar with emergy evaluations and how to use the results of these analyses in decision-making. A new approach to emergy evaluation is proposed that focuses on developing more accurate assessments of the spatial and temporal emergy accounting required for the creation of products and services. These emergy evaluations include the accumulated past action of exergy in creating key system components such as vegetation biomass and the accumulated knowledge of workers in the economy, which will result in emergy assessments that better reflect the capacity of the products and services to do work in their systems. An analysis of the Geobiosphere is presented as a "white box" model of the secondary and tertiary flows of wind and water in the global system. The key factors identified are the separation of wind into two components: a factor controlling vertical diffusion with transformity of =715 sej J-1 and a second transformity governing surface friction of =1,215 sej J-1. Also, water systems are fully defined with transformities of 302,900 sej J-1 to 1,440,000 sej J-1 for geostrophic flows. Past emergy analyses show that managers should develop policies that will maximize the empower flowing through their systems. The problem of maximizing the empower captured occurs within the context of a set of forcing functions impinging on a system from the next larger system, and since these forcing functions are always changing, maximum power should not be thought of as a fixed endpoint but rather as a constant state of seeking this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]