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A study to develop a method for designing the outer end sprinkler of a center pivot irrigation system to prevent surface runoff was conducted. Center pivot irrigation systems have the advantage of low labor requirements. Results indicate that the smallest wetted diameter is sensitive to soil characteristics related to infiltration and to evapo-transpiration. Practical applications for the system are presented.

The objective of this study was to examine the accuracy of indexing for "Appalachian Region"[Mesh]. Researchers performed a search in PubMed for articles published in 2019 using "Appalachian Region"[Mesh] or "Appalachia" or "Appalachian" in the title or abstract. Only 17.88% of the articles retrieved by the search were about Appalachia according to the ARC definition. Most articles retrieved appeared because they were indexed with state terms that were included as part of the mesh term. Database indexing and searching transparency is of growing importance as indexers rely increasingly on automated systems to catalog information and publications.

Background: The long-term outcomes of rotator cuff repair (RCR) have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term functional and structural outcomes after RCR in younger patients., Methods: A total of 49 patients (34 [69%] male) with a mean age of 51 ± 6 years were evaluated preoperatively, and at short- and long-term follow-ups (minimum 15 years). There were 13 (27%) small, 17 (35%) medium, 14 (29%) large, and 5 (10%) massive tears. 15 (31%) had an acute repair of a traumatic tear. Long-term evaluation included physical examination, plain radiographs, ultrasound, and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) (visual analog scale pain, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and Short Form-36). Statistical analysis was performed to determine associations between preoperative and intraoperative factors and long-term functional and structural outcome., Results: There were significant improvements in the mean short- and long-term PROMs compared to preoperatively that exceeded reported minimal clinically important differences and substantial clinical benefits. There was a slight decrease in the PROMs from the short-term to long-term follow-up. Male sex and traumatic rotator cuff tears were associated with better long-term outcomes. The number of medical co-morbidities was associated with worse long-term outcomes. Smaller initial tear size was associated with better long-term outcomes. There were 15 (31%) full thickness and 9 (18%) partial thickness recurrent rotator cuff tears, 17 (35%) had rotator cuff tear arthropathy (2 Hamada grade 1, 15 Hamada grade 2), 5 (10%) had revision surgery (2 revision RCR, 2 anatomic total shoulder, and 1 reverse total shoulder), and 13 (26%) had subsequent contralateral RCR. There were weak correlations between the presence of arthropathy and DASH (r = 0.34; P  = .02) and visual analog scale pain (r = 0.29; P  = .049). There were no significant correlations between the structural outcomes (recurrent rotator cuff tear, recurrent full thickness tear, acromiohumeral space, and critical shoulder angle,) and the PROMs., Discussion and Conclusion: Long-term follow-up of RCR in this relatively young patient cohort demonstrated substantial and durable patient reported functional outcome and improvement despite considerable structural deterioration. This suggests that while RCR does not arrest the progression of rotator cuff disease it may delay this progression and that patients adapt to the structural changes as they age., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Background: Given substance use disorders (SUDs) among people with HIV are highly prevalent, integrating SUD services within HIV service settings is needed to help end the HIV epidemic. In this study, we assessed the setting-intervention fit (SIF) of 9 evidence-based SUD interventions: acamprosate, disulfiram, oral naltrexone, injectable naltrexone, oral buprenorphine, injectable buprenorphine, contingency management, motivational interviewing, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)., Setting: Clinical and nonclinical HIV service organizations (HSOs) in the United States., Methods: In May 2020, a stakeholder-engaged real-time Delphi was completed with 202 HSOs. HSO respondents rated the extent to which each SUD intervention was fundable, implementable, retainable, sustainable, scalable, and timely for their HSO, and these 6 items were summed into an SIF score (possible range of 0-18)., Results: Motivational interviewing had the highest average SIF score (11.42), with SIF scores above the midpoint (9.5) for clinical (11.51) and nonclinical HSOs (11.36). For nonclinical HSOs, none of the other interventions were above the midpoint. For clinical HSOs, the average SIF scores were above the midpoint for CBT (10.97) and oral buprenorphine (9.51). Multivariate regression analyses, which controlled for characteristics of the HSO respondent, revealed geographic region of the United States and whether the HSO currently offered any substance use services as 2 of the best predictors of SIF scores., Conclusions: Notwithstanding the need to improve the SIF for the other evidence-based SUD interventions, motivational interviewing, CBT, and oral buprenorphine are currently the evidence-based SUD interventions with greatest perceived fit for integration within HSOs in the United States., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

There are multiple considerations when making a treatment plan for patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). In part 2 of this review the authors discuss the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and complications associated with bacterial UTIs in dogs and cats. Part 1 of this review summarized etiology and pathogenesis (see the Jan/Feb 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association).

Understanding how urinary tract infections (UTIs) can occur and how to classify them can help the practitioner to make a plan for treatment. This review summarizes the etiology, pathogenesis, and host defense mechanisms associated with bacterial UTIs in dogs and cats. UTIs in Small Animal Patients: Part 2: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications will appear in the March/April 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.