245 results on '"Lown JW"'
Search Results
2. Linked Lexitropsins and the in Vitro Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase RNA-Directed DNA Polymerization: A Novel Induced-Fit of 3,5 m-Pyridyl Bisdistamycin to Enzyme-Associated Template-Primer
- Author
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Lown Jw, Mark E. Filipowsky, Brazil-Zison M, Mary L. Kopka, and Richard E. Dickerson
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Indoles ,Lexitropsin ,Antiviral Agents ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transcription (biology) ,Thymine Nucleotides ,Nucleotide ,DNA Primers ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Distamycins ,Netropsin ,RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ,Templates, Genetic ,DNA Polymerase I ,HIV Reverse Transcriptase ,Reverse transcriptase ,Kinetics ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Bisbenzimidazole ,Nucleic acid ,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ,Diminazene ,DNA - Abstract
Five classic DNA minor groove-binding drugs and a series of bis-linked lexitropsins based on netropsin and distamycin have been screened for their effectiveness in inhibiting transcription by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) on a poly(rA).oligo(dT) template-primer (TP). The two most effective drugs, 3,5 m-pyridyl-linked bisdistamycin (MPyr) and trans-vinyl-linked bisdistamycin (TVin), show (1) enhanced inhibition in reactions initiated with pre-incubated enzyme template-primer (ETP) and (2) reduced affinity for a "free" TP analog, when compared with the parent drug distamycin. All three drugs lack the ability to inhibit processive incorporation of nucleotide, suggesting drug intervention instead at initiation or termination of processive cycles. The two bis-linked drugs exhibit different kinetic behavior with reverse transcriptase's two substrates: template-primer and nucleotide. When primer is the variable substrate, TVin is partially noncompetitive and MPyr is dead-end competitive (Ki = 6.5 microM). With nucleotide as substrate, TVin is noncompetitive at low drug concentrations and MPyr is uncompetitive. Gel band mobility shift assays with MPyr indicate that the drug inhibits via entrapment of TP on the enzyme rather than displacement of TP from the enzyme surface. The conformation of nucleic acid is most likely altered upon MPyr binding, enhancing the induced fit of enzyme to hybrid duplex. The relevance of this novel mode of inhibition is considered in relation to enzyme association/dissociation with TP that occurs prior to (-)-DNA strand transfer, and to the structural implications of an enzyme-bound hybrid RNA/DNA nucleic acid.
- Published
- 1996
3. Solution Structure Studies of the Cobalt Complex of a Bleomycin Functional Model Bound to d(CGCAATTGCG)2 by Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods and Restrained Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Author
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Pon Rt, Liren Huang, Yanwu Yang, Cheng Sf, Ding-Kwo Chang, and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Pharmacology ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Oligonucleotide ,Distamycins ,Organic Chemistry ,Oligonucleotides ,Biomedical Engineering ,Pharmaceutical Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Netropsin ,Bioengineering ,DNA ,Bleomycin ,Antiviral Agents ,Solution structure ,Solutions ,Molecular dynamics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,chemistry ,Cobalt ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The interaction between the cobalt(III) complex of a bleomycin functional model (AMPHIS-NET) and the oligonucleotide d(CGCAATTGCG)2 and the structural features of the 1:1 ligand-DNA complex have been determined by high-resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) cross-peaks between ligand protons and the DNA minor groove protons suggest that the cobalt(III) complex of AMPHIS-NET binds in the minor groove of DNA at the central AATT site. The NOE connectivities also clearly indicate that the H8 pyridine proton and the H2 imidazole proton in the metal-binding domain interact with the H4' sugar proton of C19 and the H4' sugar proton of A5, respectively, which defines a structure where the metal binding moiety of Co(III).AMPHIS-NET participates in binding to the DNA and extends into the region two base pairs beyond the central AATT site in the minor groove. This binding model is in accord with the consistently observed nondiffusion DNA cleavage in locations two to three residues beyond the end of AT-rich binding sites induced by the corresponding iron(II) complexes of AMPHIS-NET and other AMPHIS-lexitropsin hybrids of the bleomycin functional model compounds.
- Published
- 1996
4. DNA Interaction of the Imidazole-containing Lexitropsin ImPy: Titration Viscometric Study in Comparison to Netropsin
- Author
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Zimmer C, Lown Jw, Reinert Ke, and Stutter E
- Subjects
Binding Sites ,Molecular Structure ,Viscosity ,Base pair ,Stereochemistry ,Lexitropsin ,Imidazoles ,Titrimetry ,Netropsin ,DNA ,General Medicine ,Ligands ,Ligand (biochemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Structural Biology ,Animals ,Imidazole ,Cattle ,Titration ,Binding site ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
The imidazole (Im) containing lexitropsin ImPy related to netropsin (Nt) is a sequence reading DNA ligand which, in contrast to Nt, permits binding to a GC base pair. The ImPy induced DNA conformational changes differ significantly from those induced by Nt as monitored by titration viscometry, although interaction modes have also been resolved with boundaries at the same ligand to DNA phosphate ratio, r. Evidently ImPy covers similar binding sites (in the same sequence) as Nt for natural calf thymus DNA at r0.023. This result suggests that the preferred binding sites of ImPy are A tracts (cf. K.E.R. JBSD 9(1993) 973), in agreement with previous data. The respective DNA coil expansion, most probably caused by unbending (l.c.), is similar but smaller compared to the Nt-DNA interaction. These results again suggest that, at low r values, the van der Waals interaction in the narrowed minor groove of AT clusters provides a dominating energy contribution to ImPy binding. At r0.03 the DNA coil expansion increases to extremely high values in that r range where Nt binding (to mixed AT/GC sequences) induces no effect at all owing to steric hindrance with the amino group of guanine. On the basis of many quantitative results for the Nt-DNA systems these effects can be understood in terms of an unbending of intrinsic helix bends (l.c.). They are of considerable interest in connection with the ability of such compounds to influence the direction of the local regulatory relevant DNA curvature.
- Published
- 1995
5. High-Field NMR and Restrained Molecular Modeling Studies on a DNA Heteroduplex Containing a Modified Apurinic Abasic Site in the Form of Covalently Linked 9-Aminoellipticine
- Author
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Rayner B, Lown Jw, Jean Louis Imbach, D. Peoc'h, Singh Mp, and Hill Gc
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Models, Molecular ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,DNA Repair ,Base pair ,Stereochemistry ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Stacking ,Ring (chemistry) ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,A-DNA ,AP site ,Ellipticines ,Schiff Bases ,Binding Sites ,Base Sequence ,Molecular Structure ,Chemistry ,Oligonucleotide ,Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes ,DNA ,Molecular biology ,Intercalating Agents ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Deoxyribose - Abstract
Two-dimensional NMR methods were used to model the possible solution structure of an intercalative complex of 9-aminoellipticine (Aell), a polycyclic pyridocarbazolamine, covalently bound to an apurinic ring-opened deoxyribose site of a duplex DNA fragment in the reduced Schiff base form. The required oligonucleotide single strand containing covalently attached aminoellipticine was obtained by reductive amination in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The combined NMR-energy minimization methods were employed to refine the model structures of two distinct forms, intrahelical and extrahelical, of a control 9-mer duplex DNA, d(CGTG.dr.GTGC).d(GCACTCACG), which contains an apurinic site positioned opposite a dT residue on the complementary strand. The model structure of an aminoellipticine conjugate with the same DNA sequence, derivatized via the aforementioned covalent attachment, was also obtained by incorporating intermolecular drug-DNA and intra- and internucleotide NOE-derived proton-proton distance estimates as restraints in energy minimization routines. The indole ring system of aminoellipticine, which is inserted at the apurinic site, intercalates between and is parallel to flanking GC base pairs. The pyridinic ring of aminoellipticine, in protonated form, also stacks between cytidine and thymidine bases on the complementary strand, which is consistent with the observation that the normal sequential NOE connectivity at the 5'-C13-T14 step is broken and indeed diverted through the ellipticine moiety, e.g., C13-Aell-T14 connectivities through the Aell-H4/C5Me protons. Interestingly, the partial stacking of the pyridinic ring is observed only between the 5'-CT step vs an adjacent 5'-TC step, owing to inherently weak stacking interactions associated with the former. In the absence of any potential groups that can participate in electrostatic or hydrogen-bonding interactions with the nucleic acid, pi-pi stacking and hydrophobic contacts at the intercalation site appear to be the important factors in determining stability and conformation of the aminoellipticine-DNA conjugate. Stacking interactions in such a bistranded intercalative complexation of aminoellipticine apparently govern the formation of a single intrahelical form of a right-handed B-type DNA duplex. The overall structural features lead us to propose working models for an enzyme-like DNA cleavage activity of 9-aminoellipticine and the observed inhibition of the AP endonuclease-dependent DNA excision-repair pathway.
- Published
- 1994
6. Binding properties and DNA sequence-specific recognition of two bithiazole-linked netropsin hybrid molecules
- Author
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D Mrani, Raymond Houssin, Lown Jw, Jean Louis Imbach, Pierre Colson, Claude Houssier, Michael J. Waring, Jean-Pierre Hénichart, Gilles Gosselin, and Christian Bailly
- Subjects
Stereochemistry ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Restriction Mapping ,Biology ,Linear dichroism ,Biochemistry ,Bleomycin ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Moiety ,Peptide bond ,A-DNA ,Binding Sites ,Deoxyribonucleases ,Base Sequence ,Molecular Structure ,DNase-I Footprinting ,Netropsin ,DNA ,Footprinting ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Thiazoles ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,chemistry ,Nucleic Acid Conformation - Abstract
We report the DNA binding properties of two hybrid molecules which result from the combination of the DNA sequence-specific minor groove ligand netropsin with the bithiazole moiety of the antitumor drug bleomycin. The drug-DNA interaction has been investigated by means of electric linear dichroism (ELD) spectroscopy and DNase I footprinting. In compound 1 the two moieties are linked by a flexible aliphatic tether while in compound 2 the two aromatic ring systems are directly coupled by a rigid peptide bond. The results are consistent with a model in which the netropsin moiety of compound 1 resides in the minor groove of DNA and where the appended bithiazole moiety is projected away from the DNA groove. This monocationic hybrid compound has a weak affinity for DNA and shows a strict preference for A and T stretches. ELD measurements indicate that in the presence of DNA compound 2 has an orientation typical of a minor groove binder. Similar orientation angles were measured for netropsin and compound 2. This ligand which has a biscationic nature tightly binds to DNA (Ka = 6.3 x 10(5) M-1) and is mainly an AT-specific groove binder. But, depending on the nature of the sequence flanking the AT site first targeted by its netropsin moiety, the bithiazole moiety of 2 can accommodate various types of nucleotide motifs with the exception of homooligomeric sequences. As evidenced by footprinting data, the bithiazole group of bleomycin acts as a DNA recognition element, offering opportunities to recognize GC bp-containing DNA sequences with apparently a preference (although not absolute) for a pyrimidine-G-pyrimidine motif. Thus, the bithiazole unit of bleomycin provides an additional anchor for DNA binding and is also capable of specifically recognizing particular DNA sequences when it is appended to a strongly sequence selective groove binding entity. Finally, a model which schematizes the binding of compound 2 to the sequence 5'-TATGC is proposed. This model readily explains the experimentally observed specificity of this netropsin-bithiazole conjugate.
- Published
- 1992
7. Synthesis, determination of sequence selective DNA minor groove binding and biological evaluation of hybrid bithiazole-linked netropsin derivatives
- Author
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R. Houssin, Jean Louis Imbach, Jan Balzarini, K. E. Rao, Christian Bailly, D Mrani, Gilles Gosselin, J.P. Hénichart, J. Zimmermann, Lown Jw, and E. De Clercq
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Stereochemistry ,Lexitropsin ,Organic Chemistry ,Biological activity ,General Medicine ,DNA Minor Groove Binding ,In vitro ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Netropsin ,Drug Discovery ,A-DNA ,Binding site ,DNA - Abstract
A series of hybrid molecules have been synthesized which result from the combination of a DNA sequence-specific ligand (netropsin) coupled to a DNA-interactive structural component of bleomycins (bithiazole). The DNA binding affinities as well as the cytostatic activity and their in vitro activity against a wide variety of viruses have been determined. Most of the new agents retain the DNA binding capacity of netropsin and distamycin, and force field and Pi calculations reveal the important role of the arc of curvature of these compounds in their binding to DNA. Like netropsin, the evaluated molecules did not show significant antiviral activity, but one of them demonstrated enhanced cytostatic activity against both human and murine tumor cell lines.
- Published
- 1992
8. Lexitropsins in antiviral drug development
- Author
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Lown Jw
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Base Sequence ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Lexitropsin ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Netropsin ,DNA ,Antiviral Agents ,Virology ,DNA metabolism ,Drug development ,medicine ,Topoisomerase II Inhibitors ,Base sequence ,Topoisomerase I Inhibitors ,Antiviral drug - Published
- 1992
9. The Binding of Prototype Lexitropsins to the Minor Groove of DNA: Quantum Chemical Studies
- Author
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W. Feng, Anne-Marie Sapse, Mazurek P, Shukla K, and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Base Sequence ,Molecular Structure ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Lexitropsin ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Ab initio ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Netropsin ,DNA ,General Medicine ,DNA Minor Groove Binding ,Turn (biochemistry) ,Crystallography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Structural Biology ,Ab initio quantum chemistry methods ,Computational chemistry ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Quantum Theory ,Molecule ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
Ab initio calculations (Hartree-Fock) using the 6-31 G basis set have been performed on two prototype lexitropsins or information-reading molecules. The latter are DNA minor groove binding agents related to the A.T recognizing netropsin in which each of the two N-methylpyrrole moieties is replaced in turn by 1-methylimidazole and which thereby confers the property of recognizing G.C sites.Ab initio treatment was possible by examining composities of separate non-conjugated segments of the molecules. Geometry optimized conformations, energies and distribution of electrostatic charges within the molecules were derived. The ab initio derived parameters of the geometry optimized conformations of these lexitropsins were used to interpret their interaction with different sequences within the minor groove of B-DNA.
- Published
- 1991
10. Polarity of annealing and structural analysis of the RNase H resistant .alpha.-5'-d[TACACA]:.beta.-5'-r[AUGUGU] hybrid determined by high-field proton, carbon-13, and phosphorus-31 NMR analysis
- Author
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Lown Jw, Rayner B, William H. Gmeiner, Jean Louis Imbach, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, François Morvan, and Rao Ke
- Subjects
Crystallography ,Chemistry ,Duplex (building) ,Chemical shift ,Carbon-13 ,Analytical chemistry ,Pseudorotation ,Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy ,Nuclear Overhauser effect ,Antiparallel (biochemistry) ,Biochemistry ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Abstract
The novel hybrid duplex alpha-5'-d(TACACA)-3'.beta-5'-r(AUGUGU)-3' was analyzed extensively by 1D and 2D NMR methods. Two forms of the duplex exist in about an 80:20 ratio. Analysis of the exchangeable imino protons of the major component revealed that three AU and one AT base pair are present in addition to two GC base pairs, confirming that the duplex anneals in parallel orientation. The presence of the AT base pair, which can only be accounted for by a parallel duplex, was confirmed by a selective INEPT experiment, which correlated the thymidine imino proton to its C5 carbon. The lesser antiparallel form could be detected by exchangeable and nonexchangeable proton resonances in both strands. An exchange peak was observed in the NOESY spectrum for the thymidine methyl group resonance in both the predominant and lesser conformations, indicating the lifetime of the individual structures was on the millisecond time scale. The nonexchangeable protons of the predominant duplex were assigned by standard methods. The sugar pucker of the ribonucleosides was determined to be of the S type by a pseudorotation analysis according to Altona, with the J-couplings measured from the multiplet components of the phase-sensitive COSY experiment. The NOE pattern observed for the alpha-deoxynucleosides alsomore » suggested an S-type sugar pucker. The adoption of an S-type sugar pucker for both strands indicates that, in contrast to RNA.DNA duplexes formed exclusively from beta-nucleotides, the alpha-DNA.beta-RNA duplex may form a B-type helix. The 31P resonances of the alpha and beta strands have very different chemical shifts in the hybrid duplex and the difference persists above the helix melting temperature, indicating an intrinsic difference in 31P chemical shift for nucleotides differing only in the configuration about the glycosidic bond.« less
- Published
- 1990
11. Recent developments in novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates: synthesis and biological evaluation
- Author
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Rohtash Kumar and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Chemical Phenomena ,Stereochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Benzodiazepines ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Transcription (biology) ,Neoplasms ,Drug Discovery ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Structure–activity relationship ,Animals ,Humans ,Pyrroles ,Pharmacology ,Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ,Chemistry, Physical ,DNA replication ,RNA ,Biological activity ,General Medicine ,DNA ,Small molecule ,chemistry ,Nucleic acid ,Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor - Abstract
The biological activity of many low molecular weight antitumor compounds appear to be related to their mode and specificity of interaction with particular DNA sequences. Such small molecules are of considerable interest in chemistry, biology and medicine. Most of the anticancer drugs employed clinically exert their antitumor effect by inhibiting nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or protein synthesis. Inhibition can occur for example through cross-linking of bases in DNA or binding to and inactivation of enzymes necessary for the synthetic processes. It is evident that DNA is an important cellular target for many anticancer agents. Much information has been obtained from molecular genetics, i.e. replication of DNA and its transcription to RNA, which provides the template for protein synthesis. DNA is a well-characterized intracellular target but its large size and sequential nature makes it an elusive target for selective drug action. Binding of low molecular weight ligands to DNA causes a wide variety of potential biological responses. In this context PBDs (pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines), a group of potent naturally occurring antitumor antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species, are one of the most promising types of lead compounds. They differ in the number, type and position of substituent in both their aromatic A-ring and Py C-rings, and in the degree of saturation of the C-rings which can be either fully saturated or unsaturated at either C2-C3 (endocyclic) or C2 (exocyclic). There is either an imine or carbinolamine methyl ether at the N10-C11 position. This latter is an electrophilic center responsible for alkylating DNA. In the search for compounds with better antitumor selectivity and DNA sequence specificity many PBD analogues have been synthesized in an attempt to increase their potency against tumor cells. We review here recent progress on pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBDs) analogues and their conjugates, also the progress and developments of PBD conjugates with polyamides (information reading molecules in the minor groove of DNA). For example, the cross-linking efficiency of PBD dimers is much greater than that of other cross linkers including cisplatin and melphalan. A large number of PBD dimers and polyamide conjugates with varying linker lengths and bearing different heterocycles at different positions in the PBD ring synthesized in our group and their pharmacological properties have been reviewed.
- Published
- 2003
12. Amide isosteres of lexitropsins: synthesis, DNA binding characteristics and sequence selectivity of thioformyldistamycin
- Author
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Zimmermann J, Sapse Am, Lown Jw, Rao Ke, and T. Joseph
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Molecular model ,Stereochemistry ,Isostere ,Lexitropsin ,Molecular Sequence Data ,EcoRI ,Molecular Conformation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Poly dA-dT ,Structural Biology ,Amide ,Moiety ,Computer Simulation ,Molecular Biology ,Thioamide ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Binding Sites ,biology ,Base Sequence ,Hydrolysis ,Distamycins ,General Medicine ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,DNA ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,chemistry ,biology.protein - Abstract
The synthesis and properties of an amide isostere of the antibiotic distamycin, thioformyldistamycin 3 is described. Compound 3 exists predominantly in the E conformation of the thioamide group in freshly prepared DMSO solution but is converted into the Z form, predicted by molecular mechanics to be more stable, on standing for 24 h. The coalescence temperature in DMSO is 110 degrees C by 1H-NMR. The thioformyl moiety of 3 is resistant to both peptidase action and acid treatment. Complementary strand MPE footprinting on a EcoRI/Hind III restriction fragment of pBR322 DNA demonstrated that either E or Z forms of 3 give a single set of footprints very similar to that of the parent antibiotic with strongest protection at TAAG and TATTAT with moderately strong protection at ATTT and AAAA. The strength of binding of 3 and distamycin from delta Tm measurements to either poly.d(AT) or calf thymus DNA is comparable. Molecular modeling predicted a preferred conformation for 3 wherein the C = S bond has a torsional angle of 110 degrees with the pyrrole ring. The energy difference between this conformation and the E form is less than 1 kcal/mole. In contrast the E-form has an energy 17.3 kcal/mole greater than the Z and a value of 26.3 kcal/mole was calculated for the energy barrier between the two isomers.
- Published
- 1991
13. Molecular recognition between ligands and nucleic acids: DNA binding characteristics of analogues of Hoechst 33258 designed to exhibit altered base and sequence recognition
- Author
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Lown Jw and K E Rao
- Subjects
Circular dichroism ,Base Sequence ,Base pair ,Stereochemistry ,Circular Dichroism ,Osmolar Concentration ,RNA ,General Medicine ,DNA ,Benzoxazole ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Molecular recognition ,Polydeoxyribonucleotides ,chemistry ,Poly dA-dT ,Nucleic acid ,Bisbenzimidazole ,Molecule ,Nucleic Acid Conformation - Abstract
The DNA binding characteristics of new analogues (2-8) of Hoechst 33258 (1), containing pyridine and benzoxazole units and designed for altered base specificity, were evaluated using UV, fluorescence, and circular dichroism studies. Like Hoechst 33258 the new analogues also bind through the minor groove of B-DNA in a nonintercalative fashion. The interaction of the compounds with poly(dA-dT) is salt independent. The studies with poly(dA-dT), ct DNA, and poly(dG-dC) indicated a decrease in the relative binding strength of the new analogues to DNAs compared with the parent molecule, Hoechst 33258. Compounds 5 and 7 showed acceptance of GC bases adjacent to AT base pairs. None of the compounds studied exhibited affinity for A-DNA, double-stranded RNA, or Z-DNA. Structure-DNA binding relationships of the new analogues compared with their parent molecule, Hoechst 33258, are discussed.
- Published
- 1991
14. Defining GC-specificity in the minor groove: side-by-side binding of the di-imidazole lexitropsin to C-A-T-G-G-C-C-A-T-G
- Author
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Kopka, Mary L, primary, Goodsell, David S, additional, Han, Gye Won, additional, Chiu, Thang Kien, additional, Lown, JW, additional, and Dickerson, Richard E, additional
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Synthesis, determination of sequence selective DNA minor groove binding and biological evaluation of hybrid bithiazole-linked netropsin derivatives
- Author
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Mrani, D, primary, Gosselin, G, additional, Bailly, C, additional, Houssin, R, additional, Rao, KE, additional, Zimmermann, J, additional, Balzarini, J, additional, De Clercq, E, additional, Hénichart, JP, additional, Imbach, JL, additional, and Lown, JW, additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Synthesis and properties of bithiazole-linked netropsin derivatives
- Author
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D Mrani, J.-L. Imbach, E. De Clercq, Lown Jw, E Rao, R. Houssin, Jan Balzarini, G. Gosselin, J.P. Hénichart, Christian Bailly, and J. Zimmermann
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Stereochemistry ,Chemistry ,Netropsin ,Virology ,Lexitropsin - Published
- 1991
17. Structure and Conformation of the Branch Core Triribonucleotide Containing 2′-5′ and 3′-5′ Phosphodiester Linkages (A2′p5′G3′p5′C) in Solution, Essential for Yeast mRNA Splicing, Deduced from1H-NMR
- Author
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Hartley Ja, Lown Jw, Sophie Huss, Jean-Louis Imbach, Gilles Gosselin, and M Lee
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Oligoribonucleotides ,Aqueous solution ,Guanine ,Stereochemistry ,RNA Splicing ,Stacking ,RNA, Fungal ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,General Medicine ,Solutions ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,chemistry ,Structural Biology ,Ribose ,Phosphodiester bond ,Carbohydrate Conformation ,Proton NMR ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,RNA, Messenger ,Molecular Biology ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Vicinal - Abstract
The non-exchangeable 1H-NMR signals of the branch core trinucleotide of the lariat branch site (A2'p5'G3'p5'C, 1) and its derivatives 2 and 3 are completely assigned using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques including NOE, COSY, NOESY, 1H-1H INADEQUATE and 2D-J-resolved spectroscopy. From the vicinal coupling constants in the individual ribose rings, NOE data and T1 measurements, the following properties of the trimers are deduced. (i) The unique stacking behavior of the trimers is S2'N3'N, and the sugar rings exist predominantly in the N-conformation (3'-endo-2'-exo). (ii) The sugar-base orientations appear to be anti. (iii) The branched trimers exist in solution as single-stranded right-handed conformations resembling A-RNA with stacking between the adenine and guanine residues in aqueous solution at 21 degrees C and pH 7.2. (iv) The calculated values for the torsion angles epsilon t and gamma+ for the trimers are 201-203 degrees and 71-86%, respectively, while the percent beta t values are higher for the guanine (87-92%) than the cytosine residues (73-77%). The computer generated depiction of the triribonucleotide 1 is also shown. These subtle structural features may act as recognition signals for this critical lariat branch site which is essential for the second step in yeast mRNA splicing.
- Published
- 1987
18. Structure and Conformation of the Duplex Consensus 5′-Splice Site d [(CpApGpGpTpApApGpT) (ApCpTpTpApCpCpTpG)] Deduced from High Field1H-NMR of the Non-Exchangeable and Imino Protons
- Author
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Bernard Rayner, M Lee, Ding-Kwo Chang, Lown Jw, Françoise Debart, Jean-Louis Imbach, and Pon Rt
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,Coupling constant ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Proton ,Chemistry ,Base pair ,RNA Splicing ,Analytical chemistry ,DNA ,General Medicine ,Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ,Random coil ,Crystallography ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Deoxyribose ,Structural Biology ,Genes, Synthetic ,Proton NMR ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Molecular Biology ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Vicinal - Abstract
The complementary consensus donor exon intron junction d(ApCpTpTpApCpCpTpG) has been synthesized by a solid phase procedure. The non-exchangeable proton assignments were obtained using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques including NOE, COSY, NOESY and 1H-1H-INADEQUATE. The non self-complementary nonamer exists as a random coil form in aqueous buffer at 21 degrees C as evidenced by the temperature variable 1H-NMR and NOE measurements. The nonamer was annealed to the primary consensus donor junction d(CpApGpGpTpApApGpT) and confirmation of complete annealing was obtained by detection and assignment of base pair imino protons in D2O/H2O mixtures. Application of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques permitted the complete assignment of all the non-exchangeable protons in the duplex nonamer. These data, together with determination of vicinal coupling constants in the individual deoxyribose moieties, permits the following conclusions on the structure and conformation of the consensus donor junction: (i) it exists in aqueous solution in a conformation that belongs to the B family (ii) the sugar-base orientations are anti (iii) the deoxyribose units exist predominantly in the S conformation (2'-endo-3'-exo) (iv) the contiguous A.T base pairs d[T(5)-A(6)-A(7)].d[T(12)-T(13)-A(14)], two positions removed downstream from the splice site (5'-CAG decreases GTAAGT-3'), are uniquely propeller twisted. The propeller twisting occurs in the region in which there is partial complementarity with the branch site splice signal TACTAAC. The cross-correlation rates were used to derive the interproton distances between adjacent AH2 protons of 4.00 A in the T(5)-A(6).T(13)-A(14) step and of 3.87 A in the A(6)-A(7).T(12)-T(13) step. This structural and conformational feature if carried over into the primary RNA transcripts may serve as a recognition signal for this critical site in the genome.
- Published
- 1987
19. α-DNA-V. Parallel annealing, handedness and conformation of the duplex of the unnatural α-hexadeoxyribonucleotide α-[d(CpApTpGpCpG)] with its β-complement β-[d(GpTpApCpGpC)] deduced from high field1H-NMR
- Author
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Bernard Rayner, François Morvan, Jean-Louis Imbach, Ding-Kwo Chang, John A. Hartley, M Lee, and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Base Composition ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Base Sequence ,Proton ,DNA ,Biology ,Random hexamer ,Antiparallel (biochemistry) ,Random coil ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Biochemistry ,Deoxyribose ,chemistry ,Duplex (building) ,Genetics ,Proton NMR ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Thermodynamics ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Hydrogen - Abstract
The beta-complementary hexamer, beta-d[GTACGC], to the alpha-sequence, alpha-d[CATGCG], was synthesized by the phosphotriester method. The non-exchangeable proton assignments were obtained using 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, including NOE, COSY and NOESY. The beta-strand exists as a random coil at 21 degrees C; however, at 4 degrees C, it forms an antiparallel self-recognition duplex annealing at positions 1-4. The beta-strand was annealed to the alpha-strand, and confirmation of complete annealing was obtained by detection and assignment of the six base pair imino protons in H2O/D2O solution at 21 degrees C. 1D-NOE experiments of the alpha, beta duplex d[alpha-(CATGCG) X beta-(GTACGC)] reveal that (i) it exists in aqueous solution in a conformation that belongs to the B family, (ii) it is 70 +/- 10% right-handed, (iii) the sugar-base orientations of the beta-strand are anti, and the deoxyribose units exist predominantly in the 2'-endo-3'-exo conformation. NOE measurements of the imino proton signals in the alpha, beta duplex reveal that the duplex exhibits parallel polarity.
- Published
- 1987
20. α-DNA I. Synthesis, characterization by high field1H-NMR, and base-pairing properties of the unnatural hexadeoxyribonudeotide α-[d(CpCpTpTpCpC)] with its complement β-[d(GpGpApApGpG)]
- Author
-
Bernard Rayner, Jean-Louis Imbach, Lown Jw, François Morvan, and Ding-Kwo Chang
- Subjects
Models, Molecular ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Chemical Phenomena ,Stereochemistry ,Hyperchromicity ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Cytidine ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Biology ,Furanose ,Thymine ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Deoxyribonucleotide ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Deoxyribose ,Nucleic Acid Renaturation ,Genetics ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Cytosine - Abstract
The novel deoxyribonucleotide alpha-[d(CpCpTpTpCpC)] and its complement beta-[d(GpGpApApGpG)] were synthesized by the phosphotriester method. 1H-NMR-NOE examination of the alpha-hexamer revealed that the cytosine and thymine bases appear to adopt anti conformations in this strand. In addition the deoxyribose of the thymidine moieties may adopt average conformations approximating to C3'-endo while the cytidine furanose groups are close to C2'-endo conformations. Both hyperchromicity in thermal melting and detection of base paired imino protons in 1H-NMR studies in H2O provide evidence for the annealing of alpha-d[CCTTCC] with its complement beta-d[GGAAGG] in potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.1 containing 10 mM magnesium chloride. Under these conditions thermal melting begins at 38 degrees C and its complete at approximately 45 degrees C. NOE experiments do not permit a decision on the polarity of annealing (predicted to be parallel) for this particular pair of sequences.
- Published
- 1986
21. High Field1H-NMR Analysis of the 1:1 Intercalation Complex of the Antitumor Agent Mitoxantrone and the DNA Duplex [d(CpGpCpG)]2
- Author
-
Hanstock Cc and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Base pair ,Stereochemistry ,Intercalation (chemistry) ,General Medicine ,Oligomer ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Tetramer ,Structural Biology ,Duplex (building) ,Side chain ,Proton NMR ,Methylene ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
Complete 1H-nmr assignment has been achieved of the stoichiometric 1:1 complex of the antitumor agent mitoxantrone with the duplex oligomer [d(CpGpCpG)]2. The techniques used included 2D-COSY, 1D-NOE and 2D-HH-INADEQUATE. Comparisons of 1H and 13C chemical shift changes upon addition of drug suggest symmetrical intercalative binding to the center of the tetramer. NOE difference measurements and 31P studies suggest binding of the terminal OH groups of the side chains to the central phosphate groups such that the methylene groups are proximate to C(3)6, C(3)6 and G(4)8 base protons all in the major groove. The data suggest that the side chains bind to the neighboring base pairs from the intercalation site. This is in accord with independent evidence of G,C base preference for binding from spectroscopic and electron microscopy studies.
- Published
- 1985
22. Studies related to antitumor antibiotics. Part V. Reactions of mitomycin C with DNA examined by ethidium fluorescence assay
- Author
-
Johnson D, Lown Jw, Morgan Ar, and Begleiter A
- Subjects
Intercalation (chemistry) ,Thymus Gland ,Alkylation ,Mitomycins ,Endonuclease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ethidium ,Animals ,Binding Sites ,Deoxyribonucleases ,biology ,Chemistry ,Mitomycin C ,DNA ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Endonucleases ,Molecular biology ,Fluorescence ,Kinetics ,Spectrometry, Fluorescence ,Duplex (building) ,biology.protein ,Depurination ,Cattle ,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet - Abstract
The cytotoxic action of the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C occurs primarily at the level of DNA. Using highly sensitive fluorescence assays which depend on the enhancement of ethidium fluorescence only when it intercalates duplex regions of DNA, three aspects of mitomycin C action on DNA have been studied: (a) cross-linking events, (b) alkylation without necessarily cross-linking, and (c) strand breakage. Cross-linking of DNA is determined by the return of fluorescence after a heat denaturation step at alkaline pH's. Under these conditions denatured DNA gives no fluorescence. The cross-linking was independently confirmed by St-endonuclease (EC 3.1.4.–) digestion. At relatively high concentrations of mitomycin the suppression of ethidium fluorescence enhancement was shown not to be due to depurination but rather to alkylation, as a result of losses in potential intercalation sites. A linear relationship exists between binding ratio for mitomycin and loss of fluorescence. The proportional decrease in fluorescence with pH strongly suggests that the alkylation is due to the aziridine moiety of the antibiotic under these conditions. A parallel increase in the rate and overall efficiency of covalent cross-linking of DNA with lower pH suggests that the cross-linking event, to which the primary cytotoxic action has been linked, occurs sequentially with alkylation by aziridine and then by carbamate. Mitomycin C, reduced chemically, was shown to induce single strand cleavage as well as monoalkylation and covalent cross-linking in PM2 covalently closed circular DNA. The inhibition of this cleavage by superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and by free radical scavengers suggests that the degradation of DNA observed to accompany the cytotoxic action of mitomycin C is largely due to the free radical [Formula: see text]. In contrast to the behavior of the antibiotic streptonigrin, mitomycin C does not inactivate the protective enzymes superoxide dismutase or catalase. Lastly, mitomycin C is able to cross-link DNA in the absence of reduction at pH 4. This is consistent with the postulated cross-linking mechanisms.
- Published
- 1976
23. Structural and dynamic aspects of binding of a prototype lexitropsin to the decadeoxyribonucleotide d(CGCAATTGCG)2 deduced from high-resolution proton NMR studies
- Author
-
Richard T. Pon, John A. Hartley, Lown Jw, Krzysztof Krowicki, Ding-Kwo Chang, and M Lee
- Subjects
NMR spectra database ,Stereochemistry ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemical shift ,Lexitropsin ,Proton NMR ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Nuclear Overhauser effect ,Biochemistry ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Abstract
Structural and dynamic properties of the self-complementary decadeoxyribonucleotide d(CGCAATTGCG)2 and the interaction between a prototype lexitropsin, or information-reading oligopeptide, and the decadeoxyribonucleotide are deduced by using high-resolution 1H NMR techniques. The nonexchangeable and imino proton resonances of d(CGCAATTGCG)2 have been completely assigned by two-dimensional NMR studies. The decadeoxyribonucleotide exists as a right-handed B-DNA. In the 1H NMR spectrum of the 1:1 complex, the selective chemical shifts and removal of degeneracy of AH2(4), AH2(5), T-CH3(6), and T-CH3(7) due to the anisotropy effects of the heterocyclic moieties of the ligand, and with lesser effects at the flanking base sites C(3) and G(8), locate the drug centrally in the decadeoxyribonucleotide. This conclusion is supported by plots of individual chemical shift changes across the decadeoxyribonucleotide. Similarly, imino protons IV and V experience larger shifts and II and III smaller shifts in accord with this conclusion while drug complexation permits the detection of imino proton I. Strong nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) between pyrrole H5 and AH2(5), and weaker NOEs to AH1'(5), TH3'(6), and AH2'(5), firmly locate the ligand in the minor groove. Intraligand NOEs between the adjacent heterocyclic moieties indicate that the lexitropsin is subject to propeller twisting about the N6-C9 bond in both the bound and free forms. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and correlated spectroscopy (COSY) experiments also indicate that the removal of degeneracy of the C16 methylene protons upon complexation may arise from restricted rotation about the C15-N9, C15-C16, and C16-C17 bonds. Specific hydrogen bonds between amide NH groups on the concave face of the ligand (N4H, N6H, N9H) and adenine N3 or thymine O2 on the floor of the minor groove are in accord with displacement of the hydration shell by the drug. NOE measurements on the decadeoxyribonucleotide in the 1:1 complex confirm it exists as a right-handed helix and belongs to the B family. Exchange NMR effects permit an estimate of a rate of approximately equal to 44 s-1 for the two-site exchange of the lexitropsin between two equivalent sites on the decamer with delta G++ approximately equal to 70 +/- 5 kJ mol-1 at 294 K. Alternative mechanisms for this exchange process are considered.
- Published
- 1988
24. 1H and31P-NMR Assignments of the Non-exchangeable Protons of the Consensus Acceptor Exon: Intron Junction d(CpTpApCpApGpGpT)
- Author
-
Lown Jw, Bernard Rayner, Ding-Kwo Chang, Françoise Debart, and J.L. Imbach
- Subjects
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Molecular Structure ,Proton ,Chemistry ,Chemical shift ,Exons ,General Medicine ,Acceptor ,Introns ,Random coil ,Base (group theory) ,Crystallography ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Structural Biology ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Molecule ,Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy ,Protons ,Molecular Biology ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Abstract
The consensus acceptor exon:intron junction d(CpTpApCpApGpGpT) has been synthesized by a modified phosphotriester method. The non-self complementary octamer exists in the single strand form in aqueous buffer at 20 degrees C as evidenced by temperature variable {sup 1}H-NMR and NOE measurements. The non-exchangeable proton assignments were secured using a combination of techniques including two-dimensional COSY, NOESY and the double quantum technique {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H-INADEQUATE as well as inversion recovery T1 experiments. The new technique of {sup 31}P-1H shift correlation is particularly valuable in removing certain ambiguities in the sugar proton assignments. Characteristic chemical shifts for the base protons which are determined by their immediate molecular environments are also useful in assignments. The consensus acceptor exon:intron junction adopts a random coil conformation in solution under the experimental conditions employed.
- Published
- 1986
25. 1H-NMR Assignment of Single Strand and Duplex Splice Domain of the Consensus Donor Exon:Intron Junction
- Author
-
Jean-Louis Imbach, Bernard Rayner, Christopher C. Hanstock, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, R. C. Bleackley, and Lown Jw
- Subjects
Exon ,Chemistry ,Duplex (building) ,Domain (ring theory) ,Genetics ,Proton NMR ,Intron ,splice ,Computational biology ,Exon intron ,Biochemistry ,Molecular biology ,Single strand - Abstract
The high field 1H-NMR assignments of a single strand consensus donor exon: intron junction and that of the duplex splice domain has been achieved using 2D-NMR and additional techniques.
- Published
- 1985
26. Structure and conformation of the duplex consensus acceptor exon:intron junction d[(CpTpApCpApGpGpT). (ApCpCpTpGpTpApG)] deduced from high-field 1H-NMR of non-exchangeable and imino protons
- Author
-
Lown Jw, Bernard Rayner, Ding-Kwo Chang, Françoise Debart, and Jean-Louis Imbach
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Base Composition ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Molecular Structure ,Chemistry ,Population ,General Medicine ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,DNA ,Exons ,Acceptor ,Random coil ,Introns ,Crystallography ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Structural Biology ,Duplex (building) ,Consensus sequence ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,Computer Simulation ,Histone octamer ,education ,Molecular Biology ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Abstract
The complementary consensus acceptor exon:intron junction d(ApCpCpTpGpTpApG) has been synthesized by a modified phosphotriester method. The non self-complementary octamer exists in the random coil form in aqueous buffer at 20 degrees C as evidenced by temperature variable 1H-NMR and NOE measurements. The non-exchangeable proton assignments were secured using a combination of techniques including two-dimensional COSY, NOESY and 1H-1H-INADEQUATE. The octamer was annealed with the primary consensus sequence d(CpTpApCpApGpGpT). Confirmation of complete duplex formation was confirmed by detection and assignment of imino protons in D2O:H2O mixtures. Assignment of the non-exchangeable proton signals in the duplex consensus junction was then secured by a combination of two-dimensional COSY correlations, NOESY and NOE experiments. Determination of individual vicinal coupling constants in the component deoxyribose moieties permitted deduction of the population of S conformations in this sequence. It is concluded that the consensus acceptor junction exists in solution in a conformation belonging to the B family, and that the bases are oriented anti. In addition the deoxyribose moieties in the 5' regions exist predominantly in the S form (2'endo-3'exo) whereas those residues on or adjacent to the junction on the primary strand show more N character (2'exo-3'endo). The contiguous bases A5-G6 (adjacent to the junction) and A15-G16 are stacked more closely than the other neighbor bases in this duplex sequence. These subtle structural and conformational differences in the exon:intron junction may serve as recognition signals for these critical sites in the genome.
- Published
- 1986
27. ChemInform Abstract: Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel Oligopeptide Antiviral and Antitumor Agents Related to Netropsin and Distamycin
- Author
-
K Krowicki, Lown Jw, E. De Clercq, and Jan Balzarini
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oligopeptide ,Chemistry ,Netropsin ,Stereochemistry ,Structure–activity relationship ,Distamycin ,General Medicine ,Amino acid - Published
- 1986
28. Deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage specificity of a series of acridine- and acodazole-iron porphyrins as functional bleomycin models
- Author
-
Sham M. Sondhi, Ong Cw, Andrew Skorobogaty, Lown Jw, James C. Dabrowiak, and Kishikawa H
- Subjects
Base pair ,DNA damage ,Stereochemistry ,Metalloporphyrins ,Iron ,Molecular Conformation ,Biochemistry ,Restriction fragment ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bleomycin ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Bond cleavage ,biology ,Imidazoles ,DNA ,Porphyrin ,chemistry ,Acridine ,DNA, Viral ,biology.protein ,Aminoquinolines ,Acridines ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Binding domain ,DNA Damage - Abstract
A series of metalloporphyrins linked through basic chains to certain DNA interactive groups has been synthesized. Several of these agents reproduce the characteristic properties of the antitumor glycopeptide bleomycin, including the oxygen-mediated scission of DNA in the presence of thiols, antibiobic activity under aerobic conditions, and activity against human and animal tumor models. Initial screening by scission of PM2-CCC-DNA identified six of the compounds, including those bearing acridine and acodazole intercalating groups, as the most active. The specificity of the oxygen-mediated scission of a 139 base pair HindIII/NciI restriction fragment of pBR322 by these six selected agents was then determined and compared with the action of pancreatic DNase by densitometric scans. All six of these compounds produce uniform base and sequence neutral cleavage of the restriction fragment at each base site. The six active compounds bear either of two types of intercalators, 6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine or acodazole, and with linkages to the ferric binding domain of -NH(CH2)2-, -NH(CH2)3-, -NH(CH2)4-, or -NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3- and either porphyrin or deuteroporphyrin moieties. Comparison of the Kassoc values for binding to calf thymus DNA suggests that the enhanced binding observed with the linker -NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3- contributes to the efficiency of sequence neutral DNA scission and may be a factor in the relative anticancer activities of these agents. The iron porphyrins give no evidence of the production of base propenals in DNA degradation, and the autoradiograms clearly indicate that a phosphate group is attached to the 5' end of the oligomer. The scission is partially suppressible by catalase and superoxide dismutase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1986
29. High-field 1H and 31P NMR studies on the binding of the anticancer agent mitoxantrone to d[CpGpApTpCpG]2
- Author
-
Lown Jw, George Kotovych, and Tong Jp
- Subjects
Mitoxantrone ,Base Composition ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Molecular Structure ,Stereochemistry ,Chemical shift ,Intercalation (chemistry) ,Water ,Phosphorus ,General Medicine ,DNA ,Oligomer ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Structural Biology ,medicine ,Proton NMR ,High field ,Molecular Biology ,Software ,medicine.drug ,Hydrogen - Abstract
A high-field 1H and 31P-NMR study of the oligomer d[CpGp ApTpCpG]2 was carried out in H22O and water signal suppression was employed in all 1H NMR acquisitions. Particular attention was given to imino proton and 31P assignments. Two dimensional 31P-1H shift correlation contours were particularly useful in 31P assignments and confirming previous 1H assignments. Titrimetric addition of aliquots of the anticancer agent mitoxantrone resulted in selective and progressive chemical shifts with critical changes at stoichiometrics of 1:1 and 2:1 drug to DNA ratios. The results indicate ultimate intercalative binding of the drug at both C.G termini of the oligomer in accord with the previously determined C.G preference and with non-nearest neighbor intercalation.
- Published
- 1986
30. Sequence specific molecular recognition by a monocationic lexitropsin of the decadeoxyribonucleotide d-[CATGGCCATG]2: structural and dynamic aspects deduced from high field 1H-NMR studies
- Author
-
John A. Hartley, Krzysztof Krowicki, Lown Jw, Richard T. Pon, and M Lee
- Subjects
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Stereochemistry ,Base pair ,Hydrogen bond ,Macromolecular Substances ,Lexitropsin ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Netropsin ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Biology ,Guanidines ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Motion ,Molecular recognition ,Models, Chemical ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Intramolecular force ,Genetics ,Proton NMR ,Computer Simulation ,Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Protein Binding - Abstract
All 1H-NMR resonances of d-[CATGGCCATG]2 and the 1:1 complex of lexitropsin 1 and the DNA were assigned by the NOE difference, COSY and NOESY methods. Addition of 1 causes the base and imino protons for the sequence 5'-CCAT to undergo the most marked drug-induced chemical shift changes, thereby indicating that 1 is located in this base pair sequence. NOEs confirmed the location and orientation of the drug in the 1:1 complex, with the amino terminus oriented to C(6). The van der Waals interaction between H12a,b of 1 and AH2(8) may be responsible for reading of the 3' A.T base pair in the 5'-CCAT sequence. Exchange NMR effects allow an estimate of approximately equal to 62 s-1 for the intramolecular "slide-swing" exchange of the lexitropsin between two equivalent binding sites with delta G = 58 +/- 5 kJ mol-1 at 301 degrees K.
- Published
- 1988
31. ChemInform Abstract: Structure of the Adduct Formed between 3-Aminocarbazole and the Apurinic Site Oligonucleotide Model d(Tp(Ap)pT)
- Author
-
Jean-Louis Imbach, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Bernard Rayner, M Lee, Lown Jw, Sunita. Verma, Ding-Kwo Chang, and James A. McCloskey
- Subjects
Oligonucleotide ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,AP site ,General Medicine ,Adduct - Published
- 1988
32. Novel DNA groove binding alkylators: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
- Author
-
Lown Jw, R A Newman, Jan Balzarini, K Krowicki, and E. De Clercq
- Subjects
Oligopeptide ,Alkylating Agents ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Distamycins ,Biological activity ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Netropsin ,DNA ,Antiviral Agents ,In vitro ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,Drug Discovery ,Molecular Medicine ,DNA Groove Binding ,Structure–activity relationship ,Animals ,Humans ,Oligopeptides - Abstract
A group of oligopeptides has been synthesized that are structurally related to the natural antiviral antitumor agents netropsin and distamycin but which bear alkylating functions. Cytostatic activity against both human and murine tumor cell lines as well as their in vitro activity against a range of viruses is reported. The biological activity of these agents is discussed both in terms of their alkylating reactivity and of their structural differences. The incorporation of alkylating moieties into these minor groove DNA binders results in up to 45-fold increase in cytostatic activity compared with netropsin and up to 18 times the activity of distamycin.
- Published
- 1988
33. α-DNA. Synthesis, Characterization and Base-Pairing Properties of Unnatural α-Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Author
-
Bernard Rayner, Ding-Kwo Chang, Lown Jw, Jean-Louis Imbach, and P. Morvan
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Anomer ,DNA synthesis ,Base pair ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Genetics ,Nucleic acid ,Glycosidic bond ,Nucleic acid structure ,Biochemistry ,Protein secondary structure ,Characterization (materials science) - Abstract
The novel hexadeoxyribonucleotides α-d(CpCpTpTpCpC) and α-d(CpApTpGpCpG), in which each glycosidic linkage exhibit the anomeric α-configuration, were synthesized by the phosphotriester method. 1H-NMR and thermal denaturation studies provided evidence for these a-oligonucleotides to exhibit a secondary structure similar to that of the natural nucleic acids.
- Published
- 1987
34. DNA Apurinic Sites: Synthesis of a Model Compound and Study of its Reactivity with 3-Aminocarbazole
- Author
-
Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Jean-Louis Imbach, Bernard Rayner, S. Verla, James A. McCloskey, Ding-Kwo Chang, and Lown Jw
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biochemistry ,Oligonucleotide ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Genetics ,Reactivity (chemistry) ,AP site ,DNA - Abstract
The mechanism of breakage of apurinic DNA with 3-aminocarbazole was determinated on a short oligonucleotide model. The results founded contrast with those reported in the literature.1
- Published
- 1987
35. Two-Dimensional1H-N.M.R. Assignment of Short Duplex Oligodeoxyribo-Nucleotides Which May Be Used as Potential Targets for Anticancer Drugs
- Author
-
Bernard Rayner, Christopher C. Hanstock, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Lown Jw, Jean-Louis Imbach, and R. C. Bleackley
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Duplex (building) ,Stereochemistry ,Chemistry ,Genetics ,Nucleotide ,Biochemistry ,Combinatorial chemistry - Abstract
High-field NMR, methods have been developed for assigning proton resonances of duplex oligodeoxyribonucleotides which may be applied to the analysis of their complexes with anticancer agents.
- Published
- 1985
36. Design, synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic studies of novel bis-pyrrolo[2,1][1,4] benzodiazepine-pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates.
- Author
-
Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Benzodiazepines, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival drug effects, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Imidazoles, Nylons, Pyrroles, Structure-Activity Relationship, Antineoplastic Agents chemical synthesis, Drug Design
- Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolo [2,1][1,4] benzodiazepine (PBD) dimers 38-43 linked with pyrrole and imidazole polyamides from either side by a flexible methylene chain of variable length are described, which involved mercuric chloride mediated cyclization of the corresponding amino diethyl thioacetals. The compounds were prepared with varying numbers of pyrrole and imidazole containing polyamides to determine the structural requirements for optimal in vitro antitumor activity. These compounds were tested against a panel of 60 human cancer cells by the National Cancer Institute, and demonstrated that, of the compounds bis-PBD-pyrrole polyamides (38-40) and bis-PBD-imidazole polyamides (41-43) certain of the bis-PBD-pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates are active for individual cancer cell lines (Table 1). However, this study found that bis-PBD-pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates 38-43 in general are potent against many human cancer cell lines.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of novel L-tryptophan-polyamide conjugates and L-tryptophan dimers linked with aliphatic chains and polyamides.
- Author
-
Kumar R, Rai D, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Cell Death drug effects, Cell Line, Tumor, Dimerization, Humans, Molecular Structure, Nylons chemical synthesis, Antineoplastic Agents chemical synthesis, Antineoplastic Agents toxicity, Nylons chemistry, Nylons toxicity, Tryptophan chemistry
- Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel L-tryptophan pyrrole, imidazole polyamide conjugates (16-21), L-tryptophan-glycosylated pyrrole polyamide conjugates (28-30), L-tryptophan dimers (37-42) with straight carbon links of varying length, and L-tryptophan dimers (68-73) linked with pyrrole and imidazole polyamide from both sides by a flexible methylene chain of variable length are described. The compounds were prepared with varying numbers of pyrrole- and/or imidazole-containing polyamides and glycosylated pyrrole polyamides to determine the structural requirements for optimal in vitro antitumor activity. The compounds listed in Table 1 have been evaluated in a three cell line, one dose primary anticancer assay. The compounds listed in Table 2 have been evaluated against nine panels of 60 human cancer cell lines including leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. It is observed from the initial cytotoxic data (Table 1) that compounds 16-19, 28-30, 68-69, and 71-73 have varying cytotoxic potencies against the three cancer cell lines. It is also observed, from the biological data from Table 2 for compounds 20-21, 37-42, and 70 against the 60 different tumor cells, that the L-tryptophan dimers 37-42 linked by a different number of carbon chains are more active than the L-tryptophan dimers linked by pyrrole or imidazole polyamides. The cytotoxic potency in tryptophan dimers, linked by a different number of carbon atoms increased the number of carbons between the two L-tryptophan rings.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Design, synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of novel pyrrolo [2,1][1,4] benzodiazepine-glycosylated pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates.
- Author
-
Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Benzodiazepines toxicity, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival drug effects, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Glycosylation, Humans, Molecular Structure, Benzodiazepines chemistry, Benzodiazepines pharmacology, Drug Design, Imidazoles chemistry, Nylons chemistry, Pyrroles chemistry
- Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolo [2,1][1,4] benzodiazepine-water insoluble 31-38 and water soluble 39-46 glycosylated pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates are described that involved mercuric chloride mediated cyclization of the corresponding amino diethyl thioacetals. The compounds were prepared with varying numbers of pyrrole and imidazole containing polyamides and incorporating glucose moieties in order to improve the water solubility of PBD-polyamide conjugates and probe the structural requirements for optimal in vitro antitumor activity. These compounds were tested against a panel of 60 human cancer cells by the National Cancer Institute, and demonstrated that the water soluble PBD-polyamide compounds exhibited a higher level of cytotoxic activity than the existing natural and synthetic pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepines. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds dramatically increase after hydrolysis of their acetylated counterparts. The activity data summarized in Table 1 and Table 2 show that the solubility of the PBD-polyamides and also the type of heterocycle play important roles influencing the cytotoxic activity of the PBD-polyamide conjugates. The PBD-glycosylated polyamide (water soluble) conjugates 39-46 are highly cytotoxic against many human cancer cell lines in comparison with the PBD-polyamide (water insoluble version) conjugates.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel C7-c7, C7-N3 and N3-N3 dimers of 1-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indole (seco-CBI) with pyrrole and imidazole polyamide conjugates.
- Author
-
Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Dimerization, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Indoles chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Imidazoles chemistry, Indoles pharmacology, Pyrroles chemistry, Pyrroles pharmacology
- Abstract
The C7-C7, C7-N3 and N3-N3 dimers of 1-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indole (seco-CBI) with pyrrole and imidazole polyamides were synthesized and preliminary anti-cancer evaluation carried out by NCI against three types of cancer cells.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Recent developments in novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates: synthesis and biological evaluation.
- Author
-
Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic chemistry, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic therapeutic use, Benzodiazepines chemistry, Benzodiazepines therapeutic use, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Physical, DNA drug effects, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Models, Molecular, Neoplasms drug therapy, Pyrroles chemistry, Pyrroles therapeutic use, RNA drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic chemical synthesis, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic pharmacology, Benzodiazepines chemical synthesis, Benzodiazepines pharmacology, Pyrroles chemical synthesis, Pyrroles pharmacology
- Abstract
The biological activity of many low molecular weight antitumor compounds appear to be related to their mode and specificity of interaction with particular DNA sequences. Such small molecules are of considerable interest in chemistry, biology and medicine. Most of the anticancer drugs employed clinically exert their antitumor effect by inhibiting nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or protein synthesis. Inhibition can occur for example through cross-linking of bases in DNA or binding to and inactivation of enzymes necessary for the synthetic processes. It is evident that DNA is an important cellular target for many anticancer agents. Much information has been obtained from molecular genetics, i.e. replication of DNA and its transcription to RNA, which provides the template for protein synthesis. DNA is a well-characterized intracellular target but its large size and sequential nature makes it an elusive target for selective drug action. Binding of low molecular weight ligands to DNA causes a wide variety of potential biological responses. In this context PBDs (pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines), a group of potent naturally occurring antitumor antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species, are one of the most promising types of lead compounds. They differ in the number, type and position of substituent in both their aromatic A-ring and Py C-rings, and in the degree of saturation of the C-rings which can be either fully saturated or unsaturated at either C2-C3 (endocyclic) or C2 (exocyclic). There is either an imine or carbinolamine methyl ether at the N10-C11 position. This latter is an electrophilic center responsible for alkylating DNA. In the search for compounds with better antitumor selectivity and DNA sequence specificity many PBD analogues have been synthesized in an attempt to increase their potency against tumor cells. We review here recent progress on pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBDs) analogues and their conjugates, also the progress and developments of PBD conjugates with polyamides (information reading molecules in the minor groove of DNA). For example, the cross-linking efficiency of PBD dimers is much greater than that of other cross linkers including cisplatin and melphalan. A large number of PBD dimers and polyamide conjugates with varying linker lengths and bearing different heterocycles at different positions in the PBD ring synthesized in our group and their pharmacological properties have been reviewed.
- Published
- 2003
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41. Synthesis and antitumor cytotoxicity evaluation of novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine imidazole containing polyamide conjugates.
- Author
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Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor methods, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mice, Nylons chemical synthesis, Nylons toxicity, Tumor Cells, Cultured drug effects, Tumor Cells, Cultured physiology, Benzodiazepines chemical synthesis, Benzodiazepines toxicity, Imidazoles chemical synthesis, Imidazoles toxicity, Pyrroles chemical synthesis, Pyrroles toxicity
- Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel C-8 linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD)-imidazole polyamide conjugates (1-5) are described that involve mercuric chloride-mediated cyclization of the corresponding amino diethyl thioacetals. The compounds were prepared with varying numbers of imidazole- and pyrrole-containing polyamides in order to probe the structural requirements for optimal in vitro antitumor activity. These compounds were tested against a panel of human cancer cells by the National Cancer Institute, demonstrating that the compounds exhibited a higher level of cytotoxic activity than the existing natural and synthetic pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines. The data presented show that the length of the polyamides and also the type of heterocycle play important roles in this series of compounds for anticancer activity. Compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 have significant cytotoxic activity against the various types of cancer cell lines. It appears that cytotoxic activity is related to both the length and the heterocycles of the polyamides. Compound 1 exhibited a wide spectrum of anticancer activities against all cell lines in nine cancer panels and was especially effective against colon cancer, melanoma, and renal cancer and breast cancer, however, compound 4 did not exhibit any significant anticancer activity. This study found that PBD-imidazole polyamide conjugates are highly cytotoxic against many human cancer cell lines in comparison with the PBD-pyrrole polyamide conjugates.
- Published
- 2003
42. Inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication by DNA binding polyamides.
- Author
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Sharma SK, Billaud JN, Tandon M, Billet O, Choi S, Kopka ML, Phillips TR, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Acetylation, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Astrocytes drug effects, Astrocytes virology, Cats, Cell Line, Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase analysis, Cloning, Molecular, Drug Design, Fetus, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline physiology, Neuroglia drug effects, Neuroglia metabolism, Neuroglia virology, Nylons chemical synthesis, Nylons metabolism, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins physiology, DNA, Viral metabolism, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline drug effects, Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline metabolism, Nylons pharmacology, Virus Replication drug effects
- Abstract
Two DNA minor-groove binding polyamides 1 and 2 were designed and synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of FIV-34TF10 replication. Both 1 and 2 decreased the replication of FIV-34TF10 by 75% by acting at the level of the virus but outside of the LTR or env region.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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43. DNA sequence recognition of thiazole-containing cross-linked polyamides can be favored.
- Author
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Burckhardt G, Simon H, Birch-Hirschfeld E, Kittler L, Sharma SK, Lown JW, and Zimmer C
- Subjects
- AT Rich Sequence physiology, Animals, Binding Sites, Cattle, DNA genetics, Ligands, DNA metabolism, Nylons metabolism, Thiazoles metabolism
- Abstract
The binding ability of cross-linked thiazolated polyamides (containing the base sequence-reading elements thiazole(Th)-pyrrole(Py)-pyr-role(Py) and thiazole(Th)-imidazole(Im)-pyrrol(Py) to various DNA dodecamers has been investigated. CD titration experiments at high salt concentration demonstrate that the dimers with a heptanediyl linker (C7 dimer) show a significantly higher sequence specificity than their corresponding monomers. The dimer of Th-Py-Py primarily prefers binding to pure AT sequences and that of Th-Im-Py to the dodecamer sequences containing a GC pair within the central sequence (e.g. AACGTT). Surprisingly, the sequence binding ability is strongly influenced by the presence of a T-A step: e.g. Th-Py-Py has a similar affinity to the sequences TTTAAA and ATCGTA; likewise Th-Im-Py shows a preference for these sequences. The CD results correlate with footprinting data. Related biochemical studies on the effect of polyamides on DNA gyrase activity in vitro show that the C7 dimers most effectively inhibit the enzyme activity compared with the monomers and the natural reference minor groove binder distamycin. The highest inhibitory potency is observed for the Th-Py-Py-dimer. The role of the T-A step in binding of the cross-linked dimer to the minor groove is discussed in light of the sequence recognition of the TATA box binding protein.
- Published
- 2002
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44. Design and synthesis of bis 1-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-1,2- dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole (seco-CBI)-pyrrole polyamide conjugates.
- Author
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Kumar R and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Acetylene chemistry, Aldehydes chemistry, Animals, Benzaldehydes chemistry, Drug Design, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Humans, Indicators and Reagents, Kinetics, Mice, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Acetylene analogs & derivatives, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating chemical synthesis, Indoles chemistry, Pyrroles chemistry
- Abstract
[carbohydrate structure: see text] The design and synthesis of bis 1-chloromethyl-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole (seco-CBI)-pyrrole polyamide conjugates (13, 17) as DNA minor groove binding agents are described.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Heterocyclic compounds as inflammation inhibitors.
- Author
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Sondhi SM, Singhal N, Johar M, Reddy BS, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Acridines chemical synthesis, Acridines pharmacology, Alkanes chemical synthesis, Alkanes pharmacology, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal adverse effects, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal chemistry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal pharmacology, Benzimidazoles chemical synthesis, Benzimidazoles pharmacology, Carboxylic Acids chemical synthesis, Carboxylic Acids pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Diseases chemically induced, Heterocyclic Compounds adverse effects, Heterocyclic Compounds chemistry, Heterocyclic Compounds pharmacology, Humans, Imidazoles chemical synthesis, Imidazoles pharmacology, Pyrimidines chemical synthesis, Pyrimidines pharmacology, Thiazoles chemical synthesis, Thiazoles pharmacology, Thiourea analogs & derivatives, Thiourea chemical synthesis, Thiourea pharmacology, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal chemical synthesis, Heterocyclic Compounds chemical synthesis
- Abstract
Clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with significant toxicity particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. Various approaches such as formulation co-administration (of agents to protect the stomach), chemical manipulation and synthesis of new safer anti-inflammatory drugs reported in the literature to overcome the toxicity of NSAIDs have been summarized. As far as synthesis of new more effective and safer anti-inflammatory drugs is concerned, we have reported recent findings in the area of synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines, imidazole, benzimidazole, thiazole, thiazolidine, acridine, thiourea, alkanoic acid derivatives and other related heterocyclic compounds and their role as inflammation inhibitors.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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46. A new all-season passive sampling system for monitoring H2S in air.
- Author
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Tang H, Sandeluk J, Lin L, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Environmental Monitoring methods, Humidity, Reproducibility of Results, Seasons, Sensitivity and Specificity, Temperature, Wind, Air Pollutants analysis, Environmental Monitoring instrumentation, Hydrogen Sulfide analysis
- Abstract
A new Maxxam All-Season Passive Sampling system for monitoring H2S in air has been developed. This passive sampling system employs the same approaches as the Maxxam All-Season Passive Sampling Systems for monitoring SO2, NO2, and O3 reported previously. This system has been extensively tested in the lab (temperature from -20 to 20 degrees C, relative humidity from 30 to 84%, and wind speed from 0.5 to 150 cm/s) and validated in field studies. Comparing measurements obtained with the use of the new passive sampling system with equivalent measurement with the use of an active filter pack H2S sampler yielded an accuracy of greater than 85%. The new H2S passive sampling system can be used to measure ambient H2S concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 7 ppb based on a 1-month exposure period. There is no significant interference found from other sulfur compounds in air. This system has been used in many air monitoring projects.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. DNA sequence recognition in the minor groove by crosslinked polyamides: The effect of N-terminal head group and linker length on binding affinity and specificity.
- Author
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O'Hare CC, Mack D, Tandon M, Sharma SK, Lown JW, Kopka ML, Dickerson RE, and Hartley JA
- Subjects
- Binding Sites, Cross-Linking Reagents pharmacology, Deoxyribonuclease I chemistry, Deoxyribonuclease I metabolism, Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen Bonding, Kinetics, Methane chemistry, Models, Chemical, Models, Statistical, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Nylons chemistry, Protein Binding, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, DNA chemistry, DNA-Binding Proteins chemistry, Methane analogs & derivatives
- Abstract
Development of sequence-reading polyamides or "lexitropsins" with comparable DNA-binding affinities to cellular proteins raises the possibility of artificially regulated gene expression. Covalent linkage of polyamide ligands, with either a hairpin motif or crosslinking methylene bridge, has greatly improved binding affinity by ensuring their side-by-side register. Whereas hairpin polyamides have been investigated extensively, the optimized structure of crosslinked polyamides remains to be determined. This study examines a series of thiazole-imidazole-pyrrole (TIP) monomers and crosslinked dimers to evaluate the effects on selectivity and binding affinity of different N-terminal head groups attached to the leading thiazole ring and differing methylene linker lengths. Quantitative footprinting of a DNA sequence, containing potential match and mismatch sites for both maximum overlap and one-residue stagger binding modes, allowed measurement of binding constants at each putative site. Within an N-terminal amino TIP series, C7 and C8-linked compounds bound most strongly to these sites, whereas maximum binding affinity was observed for a C6 linker with a formyl head group. A C5 linker gave weak binding with either head group. A hydrogen or acetyl head group abrogated binding. Binding was confirmed by gel shift analyses. The highest specificity for the maximum overlap site over the one-residue stagger was observed with TIP-C7-amino. Selectivity of the leading thiazole was modulated by the head group, with N-terminal formyl TIP exhibiting up to 3-fold specificity for AGT over TGT, suggesting that N-formyl-thiazole may provide sequence discrimination of adenine over thymine. Moreover, the leading head group and methylene linker length significantly influences the binding characteristics of crosslinked polyamides.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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48. Ab initio studies of the reaction of hydrogen transfer from DNA to the calicheamicinone diradical.
- Author
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Sapse AM, Rothchild R, Kumar R, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Computer Simulation, Free Radicals, Models, Chemical, Thermodynamics, Aminoglycosides, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, DNA chemistry, Hydrogen chemistry
- Abstract
Background: The biological activity of enediyne chemotherapeutic (anti-cancer) agents is attributed to their ability to cleave duplex DNA. Part of the reaction of cleavage is the abstraction of hydrogens from the deoxyribose moiety of DNA by the biradical formed via a Bergman rearrangement., Methods: The mechanism of the reaction of abstraction of two hydrogen atoms from two deoxyribophosphate molecules by the calicheamicinone biradical is studied with ab initio calculations at Hartree-Fock and post-Hartree-Fock level. The Titan program is used to perform the calculations., Results: It is found that the reactions are exothermic and thus thermodynamically reasonable., Conclusions: The mechanism of DNA cleavage by the enediyne-containing drugs is likely to proceed by the abstraction of the hydrogens from deoxyribose by the biradical formed by the drug. Further studies should determine in which way the modification of the drug's structure would make this reaction even more exothermic and, thus, more likely to occur.
- Published
- 2001
49. Novel cyclopropylindole conjugates and dimers: synthesis and anti-cancer evaluation.
- Author
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Sharma SK, Jia G, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Cyclopropanes chemistry, Dimerization, Drug Evaluation, Humans, Indoles chemistry, Neoplasms metabolism, Quinolones chemistry, Cyclopropanes chemical synthesis, Cyclopropanes pharmacology, Indolequinones, Indoles chemical synthesis, Indoles pharmacology, Neoplasms drug therapy, Quinolones chemical synthesis, Quinolones pharmacology
- Abstract
There is a considerable interest currently in the development of DNA sequence specific or selective agents for genetic targeting for the control of gene expression, for application in diagnosis or ultimately in therapy. In this context CC-1065 is one of the most impressive lead compounds isolated in trace quantities from the culture of Streptomyces zelensis at Upjohn in 1978. The unique structure was confirmed by single X-ray in 1981. However CC-1065 cannot be used in humans because it was found that it caused delayed deaths in experimental animals. In the search for compounds with better antitumor selectivity and DNA sequence specificity many CC-1065 analogs have been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the undesired side effects while retaining its potency against tumor cells. Two successful attempts in the modification in the active moiety of the parent natural product 1,2,8,8a-tetrahydro-7-methylcyclopropa[3,2-e]indole-4-one (CPI) and 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indole-4-one (CBI) have been made. We review here recent progress with the analogs of CPI and CBI and their conjugates both by solution and solid phase, also the progress and development of CPI and CBI conjugates with polyamides (information reading molecules in the minor groove of DNA). Since CPI-CPI dimers are significantly more potent than CC-1065 in vitro and in vivo, a large number of CBI-CBI dimers with varying linkers lengths and positions synthesized in our group and their pharmacological properties have been reviewed.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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50. Recent developments in sequence selective minor groove DNA effectors.
- Author
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Reddy BS, Sharma SK, and Lown JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthraquinones chemistry, Anthraquinones metabolism, Anthraquinones pharmacology, Benzimidazoles chemistry, Benzimidazoles pharmacology, Bisbenzimidazole chemistry, Bisbenzimidazole metabolism, Bleomycin chemistry, Bleomycin metabolism, Bleomycin pharmacology, Cross-Linking Reagents chemistry, DNA drug effects, Distamycins chemistry, Distamycins metabolism, Distamycins pharmacology, Duocarmycins, Humans, Indoles chemistry, Indoles metabolism, Indoles pharmacology, Leucomycins chemistry, Leucomycins metabolism, Leucomycins pharmacology, Ligands, Netropsin chemistry, Netropsin metabolism, Netropsin pharmacology, Urea chemistry, Urea metabolism, Urea pharmacology, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical trends, DNA chemistry, DNA metabolism, Drug Design, Netropsin analogs & derivatives, Urea analogs & derivatives
- Abstract
DNA is a well characterized intracellular target but its large size and sequential nature make it an elusive target for selective drug action. Binding of low molecular weight ligands to DNA causes a wide variety of potential biological responses. In this respect the main consideration is given to recent developments in DNA sequence selective binding agents bearing conjugated effectors because of their potential application in diagnosis and treatment of cancers as well as in molecular biology. Recent progress in the development of cross linked lexitropsin oligopeptides and hairpins, which bind selectively to the minor groove of duplex DNA, is discussed. Bis-distamycins and related lexitropsins show inhibitory activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 integrases at low nanomolar concentrations. Benzoyl nitrogen mustard analogs of lexitropsins are active against a variety of tumor models. Certain of the bis-benzimidazoles show altered DNA sequence preference and bind to DNA at 5'CG and TG sequences rather than at the preferred AT sites of the parent drug. A comparison of bifunctional bizelesin with monoalkylating adozelesin shows that it appears to have an increased sequence selectivity such that monoalkylating compounds react at more than one site but bizelesin reacts only at sites where there are two suitably positioned alkylation sites. Adozelesin, bizelesin and carzelesin are far more potent as cytotoxic agents than cisplatin or doxorubicin. A new class of 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclo-propa[c]benz[e]indole-4-one (CBI) analogs i.e., CBI-lexitropsin conjugates arising from the latter leads are also discussed.A number of cyclopropylpyrroloindole (CPI) and CBI-lexitropsin conjugates related to CC-1065 alkylate at the N3 position of adenine in the minor groove of DNA in a sequence specific manner, and also show cytotoxicities in the femtomolar range. The cross linking efficiency of PBD dimers is much greater than that of other cross linkers including cisplatin, and melphalan. A new class of PBD-lexitropsin conjugates is also discussed. Certain functional models of the bleomycins (BLMs) show outstanding DNA cleavage activity comparable with that of and positionally distinct from natural BLM.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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