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Cholesterol granuloma is the result of foreign body type response to the deposition of cholesterol crystals in the tissues. It is usually associated with chronic middle ear diseases and the middle ear and mastoid antrum are the most common location for this lesion. Histopathological findings are accumulation of cholesterol clefts, ghost cells, chronic inflammatory cells, and giant cells in a fibrous granulation tissue. Cases of cholesterol granuloma have been recently reported in the jaws but still they are few in the literature of dentistry. This article presents a unique case of cholesterol granuloma occurring in the lower lip secondary to a history of trauma

Objectives: Oral mucoceles are most frequently encountered on the lower lip. A variety of treatment options are currently employed, including surgical excision, pharmacological injections, and laser therapy. However, each of these approaches may introduce risks and potential complications. Clinical practice has demonstrated a potential for self-healing in lower lip mucoceles, making a conservative observational approach more appealing. This research is a prospective study aimed at evaluating the self-healing capacity of lower lip mucoceles. Methods: In this prospective study, patients with mucoceles were encouraged to intentionally delay medical intervention and to wait for self-healing. Disappearance of the mucocele for at least 3 months was defined as self-healing. Results: Thirty patients with lower lip mucoceles were included. With no intervention, 24 patients (80%) reported self-healing of lower lip mucoceles. The mean natural duration of the mucoceles was 3.63 (± 4.7; 1–24) months. After self-healing of the mucocele, the patients were followed up for 17.21 (± 9.45; 2–30) months and there were no reported recurrences. Conclusions: Lower lip mucoceles have a high potential for self-healing and patients may be routinely encouraged to wait for self-healing. Clinical relevance: The high self-healing rate observed in this study suggests that a conservative, non-interventional approach might be considered as the first-line management for lower lip mucoceles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Reconstruction of large lower lip defects remains challenging in terms of aesthetics, function and safety. The aim of this study is to explore a modified nasolabial flap to repair large lower lip defects. Methods: The full‐thickness nasolabial facial artery flap was used for reconstruction of defects in lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients after tumor ablation. The postoperative recovery of patients was obtained through clinical review and follow‐up in the first and sixth month. Results: There were four LSCC patients who received tumor ablation at the Beijing Stomatological Hospital of Capital Medical University from November 2022 to March 2023, were included in our study. All patients did not suffer from postoperative infection, orocutaneous fistula, flap necrosis, and flap loss. One patient had the trapdoor deformity. These patients achieved better lip closure function. One patient developed cervical lymph node metastasis 2 months after surgery. Conclusions: The modified nasolabial flap could achieve good outcomes in terms of aesthetics, function, and safety. It provided a supplementary strategy for the using of nasolabial flap in larger defects of lower lip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol granuloma is the result of foreign body type response to the deposition of cholesterol crystals in the tissues. It is usually associated with chronic middle ear diseases and the middle ear and mastoid antrum are the most common location for this lesion. Histopathological findings are accumulation of cholesterol clefts, ghost cells, chronic inflammatory cells, and giant cells in a fibrous granulation tissue. Cases of cholesterol granuloma have been recently reported in the jaws but still they are few in the literature of dentistry. This article presents a unique case of cholesterol granuloma occurring in the lower lip secondary to a history of trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemangioma is one of the most common tumors in children. Hemangiomas can occur in any organ or tissue of the body, but are more common on the skin or subcutaneous tissue and mucous membranes of the oral cavity and lips. To report the diagnosis and management of a case of hemangioma of the pediatric lower lip. A 9-year-old child came with his mother to the hospital with a chief complaint of painless swelling of the reddish-colored mucosa of the right lip. The patient complained of impaired eating, speaking and aesthetic function. The patient was diagnosed with hemagioma of the lower lip, after which full excision was perfomed. The definitive diagnosis was obtained from histopathologic examination. The patient's hemangioma of the lower lip was successfully treated with surgical excision procedure and no post-operative recurrence was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis theniensis Karupp. and Bharath (Acanthaceae), a new species from the Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary of the southern Western Ghats, is described and illustrated here. A detailed description, illustration, color photographs, a table of comparisons to allied species, an identification key and IUCN conservation status are provided here for easy recognition of the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwannoma is a slow-growing benign neural tumor commonly found in the head and neck region, and intraoral occurrence of this tumor is rare. Lower lip schwannomas are rarely encountered in pediatric patients. In the literature review on the prevalence of lower lip schwannomas, only three cases were reported among the pediatric population. A 11-year-old female was referred, complaining of "painless lesion on lower lip" which began after traumatic injury on lower lip at the age of 7 years. Intraoral examination revealed a painless nodule of normal color, smooth surface, and hard consistency. An excisional biopsy under local anesthesia was performed and histopathological findings showed encapsulated tumor with a predominantly arranged Antoni A cell pattern. Hence, the diagnosis of schwannoma was established. The recommended treatment modality for this tumor is surgical excision, and when appropriately excised, recurrence is rare. During surgical excision, a clear margin of surrounding tissue should be aimed to reduce the chances of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A localized vascular dilatation frequently involving sun-exposed skin is the source of the common vascular tumor known as the venous lake of the lip. Venous lakes are sometimes known as phlebectasias or senile hemangiomas. Deterioration of the connective tissue in the vascular adventitia and dermis plays a pivotal role in the development of the lesion. In older adults, they are frequently placed over the lower lip. It is seen as a smooth-surfaced, round or oval, soft, dark blue-to-dark purple nodule with sharply defined edges. Venous lakes can exhibit cosmetic damage or bleaching following local trauma, despite the fact that they are typically asymptomatic and of varying size.

Several dental operations, including local anaesthetic administrations, wisdom teeth procedures, orthognathic surgical treatments, ablative operations, implantation, and root canal therapy, can cause numbness and tingling of the inferior alveolar nerve. The present case report explains a case report of lower lip paresthesia arising due to carious mandibular premolar.

Background: Lower lip reconstruction aims to maintain facial subunit function and aesthetics. We present a minor modification of the McGregor flap technique, in which depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle is separately elevated as a chimeric flap together to investigate the outcomes for reconstructing lower lip defects using various functional parameters. Methods: The study included patients who underwent surgical repair of lower lip defects using a McGregor fan flap with or without DAO muscle chimeric flap between January 2018 and May 2021. The patients were divided into our modified technique with DAO chimeric flap (study group) and conventional McGregor (control group). The primary outcomes were functional evaluation of oral competency, speech intelligibility, and tactile sensation of reconstructed lip outcomes. The functional satisfaction and Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) were analyzed. Results: A total of 20 patients were enrolled (10 patients for each group). Excellent oral competence was present in 12 patients, favorably significant in patients with DAO chimeric flap (n = 8/10, p = 0.018). All patients had intelligible speech with insignificant differences between the two groups. No patients demonstrated differences to light touch from baseline sensation at 1 year. Patients in the study group reported more lip function satisfaction (p = 0.049). The POSAS score indicates satisfaction with the appearance of all patients. Conclusion: McGregor fan technique combined with DAO muscle chimeric flap offers a good choice by maintaining sensory and motor functions. Our minor modification can ensure the integrity of the oral sphincter, leading to improved lower lip function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the tumours occurring in minor salivary glands are malignant with only 18% being benign. Among the benign tumours, pleomorphic adenoma is the most common. Although it presents more commonly in the parotid and submandibular glands, it can occur at any site where salivary glands reside. Only 6.4% of cases of pleomorphic adenoma occur in minor salivary glands, e.g. palate, cheeks, lips, para-pharyngeal space, etc. It occurs in females in the fourth or fifth decade. It presents as an asymptomatic and slow-growing mass. The treatment of choice is wide local excision due to the high rate of recurrence and malignant potential. We present rare case reports of two patients. The first case is of a young 18 years female presenting with recurrent neck (anterior triangle) swelling and the second case is of a 46-year-old female presenting with lower lip swelling. In both cases, it was a slow-growing mass and asymptomatic. Cytological examination of the lesion revealed the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. It was completely excised with no post-operative complication. Pleomorphic adenoma, although a common benign neoplasm of major salivary glands, should always be kept as a possibility at the locations of minor salivary glands. As pleomorphic adenoma can transform into a malignant counterpart, therefore early diagnosis and treatment of the lesion can prevent further complications. The prognosis of pleomorphic adenoma is excellent. However, a close follow-up of the patient is required due to the high rate of recurrence.

The lymphangioma is a benign hamartomatous, uncommon, hyperplasia of lymphatic system. It is common in head and neck but rarely found in oral cavity. In oral cavity, it occurs mostly in tongue. In this article, we will report a case of lymphangioma circumscriptum of lip in a young male which is unusual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sebaceous carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive, malignant tumor arising in the adnexal epithelium of the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous carcinoma in the oral cavity is extremely rare, with only 14 cases reported in literature. We reported the fourth case of sebaceous carcinoma involving the lip Case presentation A 71-year-old Caucasian male smoker presented an ulcerated lesion in the lateral region of the lower lip. The patient stated that the lesion had been present for 1 year. The past medical history was unremarkable. Extraoral examination revealed a markedly ulcerated, exophytic, irregularly shaped, indurated mass of the lower right labial region, measuring 1.8 cm in size. The nodular lesion, located at the point of transition between mucosa and skin, showed a central ulceration. No other intraoral lesions were identified. The clinical differential diagnosis included squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation, and salivary gland neoplasms. Operation was performed under local anesthesia. On histopathological examination, the tumor was composed by nodules or sheet of cells separated by a fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic tissue was deeply infiltrating, involving the submucosa and even the underlying muscle. Neoplastic cells showed a range of sebaceous differentiation with finely vacuolated rather than clear cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells were positive for S-100 protein and epithelial membrane antigen, but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma of the lower lip was rendered. Conclusion The histogenesis, differential diagnosis, and clinicopathological conditions of this disease according to literature are reviewed. Sebaceous carcinoma should be distinguished from other tumors full of vacuolated clear cells. A periodic acid-Schiff stain and immunohistochemical stain for Ki-67, P53, cytokeratin, S-100, epithelial membrane antigen, and androgen receptor can be useful for the diagnosis.

Oral melanoacanthoma is an uncommon reactive lesion, characterized by basal and prickle cell keratinocyte proliferation surrounded by pigment-laden dendritic melanocytes. Plasma cell cheilitis (PCC) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, microscopically presenting a dense plasma cell infiltrate. Most PCC cases affect the lower lip. Langerhans cell hyperplasia (LCHyp), a non-neoplastic counterpart of the LC proliferations, has been reported in association with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we present an unusual association of melanoacanthoma, PCC and LCHyp on the lower lip in a 59-old-year male, expanding the clinicopathological spectrum of these uncommon lesions. The dendritic melanocytes were highlighted by Fontana–Masson stain and HMB-45, whereas S100, CD1a and CD207 evidenced numerous LCs. MUM1/IRF4, EMA, and CD138 highlighted sheets of polyclonal plasma cells, with an IgG4+/IgG+ ratio of 24%. FTA-ABS test for syphilis was negative.

Schwannoma is an uncommon benign tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region, and development of schwannoma in the lower lip is rare. Herein, we present the case of a 68-year-old woman who visited Nihon University Itabashi Hospital complaining of a painless mass in the lower lip. The lesion was surgically resected under local anesthesia. On histopathological examination, the resected specimen was a mixture of Antoni types A and B schwannoma. No recurrence has been seen over a postoperative follow-up period of 58 months. In the schwannoma of the lower lip, the mean tumor volume was compared for type A and the mixed type, which tended to be larger in the mixed type. No previous reports have described the relationship between the size of schwannoma in the lower lip and Antoni classification. Therefore, this report discusses the possibility of a relationship between tumor size and Antoni classification for schwannomas in the lower lip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines a systematic workflow for the clinical management of lip swellings, ensuring an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. The process involves a thorough clinical examination and necessary diagnostic investigations such as imaging and biopsy, which will guide treatment decisions. Depending on the findings, treatment may range from conservative management to surgical excision. Further, we have covered a range of potential conditions including benign lesions such as fibroma, hemangioma, and pyogenic granuloma, as well as malignant neoplasms such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. This comprehensive approach will ensure that both common and serious causes of lip swellings are addressed in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kannan et al.)

We report a case of mucocele of the lower lip in a 17-year-old female patient. She complained of a painless swelling on her lower lip for the last one month. The patient also gave a history of lip-biting. Upon clinical inspection, a soft, round, dome-shaped bluish lesion with a pearly appearance was identified on the right lower labial mucosa. On palpation, the lesion was mobile and non-adherent to the underlying tissues. An excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia, and the excised sample was sent for histopathological evaluation. Histopathology revealed mucus pooling, surrounded by compressed connective tissue stroma and areas of chronic inflammation indicative of a mucocele. The post-excisional review was done after 10 days, and the patient's healing was satisfactory. The patient had no signs of recurrence after two years of follow-up., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kannan et al.)

Lower lip reconstruction following oral and neck oncosurgery presents significant challenges in maintaining function and esthetics. This case report describes a novel application of the digastric tendon for repairing the soft tissue of the lower lip in a patient undergoing wide excision of a lesion, bilateral modified radical neck dissection, segmental mandibulectomy, and free fibula flap repair. This innovative approach aims to maintain oral competence, strengthen the flap, and enhance esthetics. The digastric tendon was chosen due to its accessibility and effectiveness in strengthening the lower lip., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khan et al.)

Oral melanoacanthoma is an uncommon reactive lesion, characterized by basal and prickle cell keratinocyte proliferation surrounded by pigment-laden dendritic melanocytes. Plasma cell cheilitis (PCC) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, microscopically presenting a dense plasma cell infiltrate. Most PCC cases affect the lower lip. Langerhans cell hyperplasia (LCHyp), a non-neoplastic counterpart of the LC proliferations, has been reported in association with chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we present an unusual association of melanoacanthoma, PCC and LCHyp on the lower lip in a 59-old-year male, expanding the clinicopathological spectrum of these uncommon lesions. The dendritic melanocytes were highlighted by Fontana–Masson stain and HMB-45, whereas S100, CD1a and CD207 evidenced numerous LCs. MUM1/IRF4, EMA, and CD138 highlighted sheets of polyclonal plasma cells, with an IgG4+/IgG+ ratio of 24%. FTA-ABS test for syphilis was negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune entity typically affecting the skin, oral and genital mucosa, and skin appendages, with an underlying malignant potential. Oral lichen planus (OLP) represents the mucosal counterpart of the cutaneous LP and exhibits episodes of exacerbation and remissions. OLP typically manifests as bilateral symmetrical lesions on the buccal mucosa, followed by tongue, and gingiva. However, the occurrence of LP lesions solely on the lip is rarely reported in the literature. The altered clinical appearance of the lip lesions poses a diagnostic threat and raises the possibility of a misdiagnosis. Our aim was to report an unusual case of isolated lower lip LP, and also to carry out a literature review about isolated lip LP lesions, thus, emphasizing the demographic, clinicopathologic attributes, and therapeutic regimen. We report an uncommon occurrence of an isolated lichen planus on the lower lip in a 53-year-old male patient. Clinical evaluation revealed a diffuse erosive crusted lesion bordered by peripheral lacy radiating streaks on the lower lip. After a confirmed OLP histopathology, the patient was treated with low potency topical steroids and Vaseline therapy, with almost completely resolved lesions after 2 months of therapy. We report a rare case of isolated lip LP, and our detailed review revealed 44 reported cases of lip LP till date. The majority of the cases were seen on the lower lip and exhibited an age and gender affinity (mostly in middle-aged males). Significant healing was observed after topical steroid therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sebaceous carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive, malignant tumor arising in the adnexal epithelium of the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous carcinoma in the oral cavity is extremely rare, with only 14 cases reported in literature. We reported the fourth case of sebaceous carcinoma involving the lip CASE PRESENTATION: A 71-year-old Caucasian male smoker presented an ulcerated lesion in the lateral region of the lower lip. The patient stated that the lesion had been present for 1 year. The past medical history was unremarkable. Extraoral examination revealed a markedly ulcerated, exophytic, irregularly shaped, indurated mass of the lower right labial region, measuring 1.8 cm in size. The nodular lesion, located at the point of transition between mucosa and skin, showed a central ulceration. No other intraoral lesions were identified. The clinical differential diagnosis included squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation, and salivary gland neoplasms. Operation was performed under local anesthesia. On histopathological examination, the tumor was composed by nodules or sheet of cells separated by a fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic tissue was deeply infiltrating, involving the submucosa and even the underlying muscle. Neoplastic cells showed a range of sebaceous differentiation with finely vacuolated rather than clear cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells were positive for S-100 protein and epithelial membrane antigen, but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma of the lower lip was rendered.Conclusion: The histogenesis, differential diagnosis, and clinicopathological conditions of this disease according to literature are reviewed. Sebaceous carcinoma should be distinguished from other tumors full of vacuolated clear cells. A periodic acid-Schiff stain and immunohistochemical stain for Ki-67, P53, cytokeratin, S-100, epithelial membrane antigen, and androgen receptor can be useful for the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the tumours occurring in minor salivary glands are malignant with only 18% being benign. Among the benign tumours, pleomorphic adenoma is the most common. Although it presents more commonly in the parotid and submandibular glands, it can occur at any site where salivary glands reside. Only 6.4% of cases of pleomorphic adenoma occur in minor salivary glands, e.g. palate, cheeks, lips, para-pharyngeal space, etc. It occurs in females in the fourth or fifth decade. It presents as an asymptomatic and slow-growing mass. The treatment of choice is wide local excision due to the high rate of recurrence and malignant potential. We present rare case reports of two patients. The first case is of a young 18 years female presenting with recurrent neck (anterior triangle) swelling and the second case is of a 46-year-old female presenting with lower lip swelling. In both cases, it was a slow-growing mass and asymptomatic. Cytological examination of the lesion revealed the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. It was completely excised with no post-operative complication. Pleomorphic adenoma, although a common benign neoplasm of major salivary glands, should always be kept as a possibility at the locations of minor salivary glands. As pleomorphic adenoma can transform into a malignant counterpart, therefore early diagnosis and treatment of the lesion can prevent further complications. The prognosis of pleomorphic adenoma is excellent. However, a close follow-up of the patient is required due to the high rate of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucocele is one of the most common minor salivary gland disorders which can arise due to the accumulation of mucous secretion due to trauma or any aberrant oral habit. Primarily of two types – extravasation and retention type based on histopathological features. Mucocele can appear at any site in oral cavity in association with minor salivary glands such as lip, cheeks, and the floor of the mouth but most commonly found in lower lip. It can affect patients of any age group but young population are most frequently affected. Mucocele is usually diagnosed based on its clinical findings. Surgical removal is the most common treatment of choice.

Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm that originates from the neural sheath of Schwann cells. Although extracranial schwannomas are commonly observed in the head and neck region, only 1% are found in the intraoral cavity. This article describes the first case in the Eastern Mediterranean region of a lower lip schwannoma in a 17-year-old male patient.

Background: The perioral region is the most important area for facial expression, after the periocular structures. For the reconstructions of this region, an aesthetic outcome is as important as functional results in terms of the patient's social life. The purpose of this study was to discuss the functional and aesthetic outcomes achieved with transversely advanced V–Y flaps in reconstructions of the perioral region. Methods : The study included 17 patients in whom transverse V–Y advancement flaps were used to repair full-thickness perioral defects resulting from malignant tumor resection. The patients were evaluated in terms of functional and aesthetic outcomes, complications, and need for revision surgery. To evaluate postoperative outcomes, a control group with no history of surgical interventions to the lips or perioral region was selected. Measurements of the lower and upper lips, mouth opening height, and mouth opening width were obtained from the controls and postoperatively from the patients. Results: Lower lip reconstruction was performed in 13 patients (76.4%) and upper lip reconstruction was performed in 4 patients (23.5%). Total lower lip reconstruction was performed in 3 patients. Postoperative measurements were statistically equivalent to those of individuals with no surgical history. No cosmetic deformity formation or microstomia which require surgical treatment were observed in any of our patients. Conclusions: This technique is a simple, useful, functional method with short procedure time and satisfying aesthetic outcomes for patients with total or partial lower and upper lip defects. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Midline clefts of mandible and lower lip are rare congenital facial deformities. Non-union of bone in the symphysis of the mandible, median cleft of the lower lip and tongue adherence in the midline to the floor of the mouth are the principle features of the anomaly. Early surgical correction of both hard and soft tissue defects resulted in excellent function such as mastication and speech. 12-yr follow-up shows total bony fusion of the symphysis and normal growth of mandible as per the chronologic age of patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is an aggressive neoplasm that often carries a poor prognosis due to its high recurrence rate. Due to its indolent growth, it is often overlooked by the patients and early diagnosis is often challenging due to its deceptively benign clinical course. We report a case of AdCC in the lower lip and buccal mucosa of a patient with a review of the literature and added emphasis on their diagnosis and prognosis.

Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania spp. is a vector-borne disease and transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. Lip is an extremely rare site for this lesion. The lesion often begins as erythematous papules, and slowly enlarges and ulcerates. The diagnosis is usually based on clinical features and laboratory tests. Here, we reported a case of an isolated lesion of the leishmaniasis at the lower lip. The patient presented with an ulcerative lesion and initially not healed by conservative treatment such as antibiotics. Histopathological and smear examination confirmed the diagnosis. The isolated lesion of leishmaniasis at the lower lip is rare and often confusing, which challenges diagnosis. Clinicians should keep in mind about this isolated localised lesion as a differential diagnosis of chronic pathology of the lower lip so that delayed diagnosis and treatment can be avoided.

Introduction. Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a vascular inflammatory hyperplasia involving the skin and oral mucosa, often associated with local irritation or trauma, or with pregnancy. Intraoral location usually affects the gingiva, but tumoral aspect can be misleading, especially in extra-gingival locations. A thorough assessment and diagnosis are therefore important for ensuring the proper treatment. Case presentation. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented for a growing and bleeding tumour of his lower lip mucosa. The tumour was labeled as “hemangioma”. It was growing for several weeks and associated with minor, but repeated mucosal trauma. Although the anatomic location was not common, the patient history suggested a diagnosis of PG. After a dermatologic assessment, which proposed a differential diagnosis with oral papilloma, a soft tissue ultrasound sustained the clinical diagnosis. The tumour was surgically excised and the defect was closed directly with absorbable sutures. Three weeks later the mucosa had a healthy appearance, without signs of impaired healing or tumour recurrence. The histopathological exam confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Conclusions. There are several types of soft tissue solid or vascular tumours that can be mislabeled and the diagnosis of hemangioma is commonly used for various vascular anomalies. In our case, the clinical aspect, together with the tumoral growing pattern and the history of repeated trauma, led us to the correct diagnosis and treatment. Surgical excision completely removes the PG and ensures rapid and esthetically convenient healing, without complication or tumour regrowth.

Cysticercosis is a disease that occurs when humans are infected with Taenia solium larvae. The parasitic illness cysticercosis, which is common in impoverished nations, hardly ever affects the mouth. Oral cysticercosis is rare that might be challenging to diagnose clinically. This rare case report documents an oral cysticercosis case in a 38-year-old male patient who had an asymptomatic lesion in the buccal mucosa of his lower lip. A T. solium larva was identified on histopathological examination in a cystic cavity after an excisional biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De multiples approches thérapeutiques de la stabilisation et réanimation de la lèvre inférieure paralysée ont été proposées, parfois combinées mais les auteurs restent peu précis. Nous proposons à travers nos cas et la littérature un algorithme. Soixante-six patients ont été revus rétrospectivement. L'évaluation clinique statique et dynamique a été effectuée par étude de dossiers, photographies et enregistrements vidéographiques. Les différents moyens thérapeutiques utilisés ont été : (a) la toxine botulique dans le depressor labii inferioris (DLI) controlatéral (n = 66), la myectomie du DLI controlatéral (n = 1) ; (b) une bandelette de fascia lata (n = 16) soit connectée à une myoplastie d'allongement du temporal (MAT) (n = 10), soit réalisant une suspension passive par un seul vecteur (n = 4), soit réalisant une suspension passive par 2 vecteurs (n = 2) ; (c) un transfert du ventre postérieur du muscle digastrique (n = 4). Quand les muscles élévateurs sont sains, la toxine botulique (± myectomie) est proposée si la lèvre inférieure n'est pas inversée. Dans le cas contraire, une suspension par transfert du digastrique ou une suspension passive à deux vecteurs est à prévoir. Si les muscles releveurs ne sont plus fonctionnels, il faut envisager une MAT avec une suspension passive à un vecteur et si la lèvre est inversée, un transfert du muscle digastrique avec une bandelette de fascia lata ou une MAT associé à deux bandelettes de fascia lata. Cette proposition d'algorithme permet de raffiner le traitement de la stabilisation et de la réanimation de la lèvre inférieure. Several techniques for the stabilization and the reanimation of the paralyzed lower lip have been proposed, sometimes combined but the authors are rather vague. Thanks to our cases and a literature review, we suggest an algorithm. Sixty-six patients haven been reviewed. The static and dynamic clinical evaluation have been done thanks to the study of the medical files, photographs and videos samples. The different techniques we have used were: (a) botulinum toxin in the contralateral depressor labii inferioris (DLI) (n = 66), contralateral DLI myectomy (n = 1); (b) a strip of fascia lata (n = 16) either combined with a lengthening temporalis myoplasty (MAT) (n = 10) or only realizing a passive suspension thanks to one vector (n = 4), or a passive suspension with two strips (n = 2); (c) digastric muscle transfer (n = 4). When the elevator muscles are sounds, botulin toxin (± myectomy) is proposed if the lower lip is not inverted. Otherwise, a suspension thanks to a digastric muscle transfer or a passive suspension with a horizontal and a vertical strips are recommended. If the elevator muscles are no more operational, a MAT with a passive suspension with one vector is considerated and if the lower lip is inverted, a digastric muscle transfer with a fascia lata strip or a MAT with two strips is proposed. This algorithm submission allows to refine the treatment of the stabilization and the reanimation of the lower lip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The median cleft of the mandible and lower lip is an extremely rare congenital maxillofacial deformity, and the therapeutic options are controversial. To evaluate the clinical characteristics and identify a better choice of treatment modes used among us and others, we reviewed 34 relevant literature and herein describe a 17-year follow-up of a case with a median cleft of the mandible and lower lip. Based on the literature and our case with good functional and aesthetical outcomes, we propose a prospective clinical treatment: Patients of Tessier 30 cleft associated with cleft of the mandible could undergo mandibular repair after puberty in conditions of a good occlusal relationship and normal maxillofacial development, even with mild masticatory dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Recently, its incidence has been increasing worldwide. We encountered a young woman who presented with induration mimicking squamous cell carcinoma in the lower lip, without major medical conditions. Case presentation A 25-year-old Japanese woman presented with a 1-month history of a painless induration in her lower lip. Because squamous cell carcinoma was suspected, a preoperation work up was performed, including laboratory tests, an ultrasonographic examination, and a biopsy. The ultrasonography findings showed an oval-shaped 17 × 11 × 12 mm tumor-like lesion with heterogeneous internal echo and an indistinct border. A pressure test and color Doppler sonography revealed that the lesion was soft with a very abundant blood flow. These findings suggested the possibility of underlying inflammatory causes rather than a neoplastic tumor. Serology tests for syphilis, including the anti-Treponema pallidum antibody and reactive rapid plasma reagin tests, were positive. The biopsy revealed no malignancy. Finally, she was diagnosed as having primary syphilis and treated with amoxicillin for 28 days. The rapid plasma reagin value gradually decreased and the initial induration in her lower lip disappeared. Conclusion This case highlights the need for prompt examinations for possible underlying infective causes, such as syphilis, when seeing a painless induration with ulcer in the lip. Ultrasonography was helpful in the differential diagnosis of a tumor-like lesion and should be included in addition to syphilis serology tests, such as anti-Treponema pallidum antibody and rapid plasma reagin tests.

Introduction. Although squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral cancer with distribution worldwide, the giant form of the disease is extremely rare, due to its easy detection and early diagnosis. The primary goal in tumor surgery is excision with borders clear of neoplasia. The second goal is aesthetics and function retention. The specific surgical approach is chosen according to the length, the thickness and the location of the lip defect. Case presentation. We present the case of a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip. In the reported case, the full thickness defect resulting from SCC excision, which affects more than one third of the length of the lower lip, had been reconstructed with the Bernard-Webster lid. Conclusions. Although the etiologic factors for squamous cell carcinoma are well-known, new prognostic factors for tumor differentiation, such as -catenin abnormal expression, and the negative impact on patient’s demographic characteristics are considered. Poor social conditions are to be considered as a potential risk factor for the development of giant forms of SCC in addition. Improving the quality of life of these patients would be essential to minimize risk factors for the development of the disease and to improve prognosis overall.

Mucocele is a common benign cyst pathology of minor salivary glands of the oral mucosa. The most common location for these lesions is the lower lip. It mainly occurs due to chronic trauma or habit of lip biting or sucking. Such parafunctional habits lead to the alteration of minor salivary glands and mucous accumulation. This case report presents a patient with lower lip mucocele resulting from a lip-sucking habit due to the presence of maxillary central incisor midline diastema. The mucocele removal was performed with a diode laser, and the midline diastema was closed with composite in order to eliminate the parafunctional habit of lip sucking and prevent a possible relapse., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright: Youssef Amal et al.)

A mucocele is a benign cystic lesion containing clear fluid within a thin capsule, typically resulting from the disruption of minor salivary glands and leakage into surrounding tissues, most commonly on the lower lip. These lesions often arise due to traumatic injuries such as lip-sucking, biting, or trauma from orthodontic appliances. This study compares different surgical methods for mucocele removal in pediatric patients through three distinct cases. This study includes three pediatric cases of mucocele removal using different surgical methods. Case 1 involved a nine-year-old girl with a traumatic bite on the lower lip, treated with a traditional approach using a scalpel. The surgical excision resulted in adequate healing with no recurrence after six months. Case 2 described a 12-year-old boy with a lip-biting habit, who presented with a swelling on the lower left lip. He underwent diode laser treatment, which facilitated faster healing, minimal discomfort, and no scarring after 30 days. Case 3 involved a 14-year-old boy, also with a lip-biting habit, who had swelling on the lower left lip. Electrocautery was used for his treatment, resulting in minimal bleeding, effective healing after 21 days, and no recurrence at the six-month follow-up. These cases demonstrate the efficacy of different treatment modalities for mucocele removal in pediatric patients. Evaluations of pain, bleeding, and swelling indicated that minimally invasive methods like the diode laser offer significant benefits in patient comfort and recovery. These findings highlight the potential of minimally invasive techniques to enhance the management of mucoceles in pediatric patients, underscoring the need for further research to determine the long-term efficacy of various treatment modalities., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mukundan et al.)

A localized vascular dilatation frequently involving sun-exposed skin is the source of the common vascular tumor known as the venous lake of the lip. Venous lakes are sometimes known as phlebectasias or senile hemangiomas. Deterioration of the connective tissue in the vascular adventitia and dermis plays a pivotal role in the development of the lesion. In older adults, they are frequently placed over the lower lip. It is seen as a smooth-surfaced, round or oval, soft, dark blue-to-dark purple nodule with sharply defined edges. Venous lakes can exhibit cosmetic damage or bleaching following local trauma, despite the fact that they are typically asymptomatic and of varying size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucocele is a salivary gland disorder that can appear in the oral cavity, Lacrimal sac, Paranasal sinuses, Appendix, or gall bladder but lower lip is the most common site. These lesions occur due to mucous retention resulting from the alteration of minor salivary glands. Most common cause to develop mucocele is trauma or habit of lip biting. Diagnosis is mainly clinical due to its characteristic pathognomonic presentation. Treatment encompasses complete surgical excision with intact lining. Proper diagnosis and application of surgical skill leaves almost nil chances to reoccur. We report a case of mucocele lower lip in adult treated by conventional surgical excision of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucocele is a common salivary gland disorder that can appear on the dorsal surface of the tongue, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, and oral cavity. Mucocele results in alteration of the minor salivary glands due to a mucous accumulation causing limited swelling. Two histological types of mucoceles exist, namely extravasation and retention. Lower lip is the most common site of occurrence of these lesions in the oral cavity and the most probable cause is trauma or habits of lip biting. This report presented a 6½-year-old female child patient having mucocele on the inner side of her lower lip due to fall while playing, which resulted difficulty in mastication and speech. Treatment performed was conventional surgical excision followed by removal of the minor salivary glands.