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Player and fan safety should be paramount to those managing sporting events and facilities at all levels, from youth and recreational leagues up through professional sport. Facilities and event managers are tasked with providing a safe atmosphere for players and fans alike. "Fan" is short for "fanatic" for a reason; sporting events present an avenue for patrons to express their fandom in extraordinary ways. A fan may be loud, boisterous, and even aggressive. This article analyzes the case Donnelly v. University of North Carolina, in which University of North Carolina (UNC) graduate John Donnelly (Petitioner) filed a petition in North Carolina's Superior Court to review UNC's Notice of Trespass banning him from entering university athletic facilities indefinitely after UNC (Respondent) determined Donnelly had exhibited a history of harassment. Following the case analysis, suggestions for mitigating potentially dangerous situations are provided.

Purpose: This study examines the psychometric properties of the Teamwork Scale for Youth, an assessment designed to measure youths' perceptions of their teamwork competency. Methods: The Teamwork Scale for Youth was administered to a sample of 460 youths. Confirmatory factor analyses examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the scale across time. Correlations between teamwork and perceived social competence and commitment scores were also examined. Results: The revised 8-item Teamwork Scale for Youth was found to demonstrate acceptable factorial validity and measurement invariance across time. Additionally, strong reliability and concurrent and predictive validity of the scale were established. Discussion: The Teamwork Scale for Youth is a brief, easily administered, psychometrically sound tool that can be used with confidence in social work research and practice.

Adventure tourism is a rapidly growing segment of the tourism industry, which can be regarded as specific activities that are alluring for their uncertain and potentially dangerous outcomes. Risk-taking attitudes and behaviors may be common among adventure recreationists and increase the potential for litigation against recreation operators. In "Fleury v. IntraWest Winter Park Operations Corporation" (2014), delineation of an inherent danger or risk of skiing provided by the Ski Safety Act of 1979 was interpreted differently by various parties, giving rise to legal action. Because ski resort operators are typically granted immunity from damages resulting from inherent dangers of skiing, the interpretation of this statutory definition has implications for the liability attributed to the skier versus the resort operator and sets precedent for similar circumstances. This paper analyzes the aforementioned case and provides recommendations for adventure recreation operators in terms of risk management.

Objective: This study examines the psychometric properties of the revised Perceived Social Competence Scale (PSCS), a brief, user-friendly tool used to assess social competence among youth. Method: Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) examined the factor structure and invariance of an enhanced scale (PSCS-II), among a sample of 420 youth. Correlations between PSCS-II and self-reported social skill scores were examined. A longitudinal CFA tested the invariance of the factor structure over time with a different sample of 451 youth. Results: The revised 5-item PSCS-II demonstrated acceptable factorial validity, factorial invariance across time and gender as well as strong predictive validity. Conclusion: The PSCS-II was supported as a strengthened version of the PSCS to measure social competence in social work research and practice.

Part-time student employees fulfill vital roles for the university, while also gaining valuable work experience that direct perceptions and opportunities for future employment. This study examined the direct effect of organizational culture types on affective commitment of part-time student employees of college recreation departments. Specifically, using the Competing Values Framework (CVF), four major forms of organizational culture types (i.e., hierarchy, market, clan and adhocracy) were examined. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationships. The findings from 442 part-time student employees revealed clan and adhocracy cultures were significant positive predictor variables of affective commitment in recreational sport organizations. These findings are practically relevant given the flexible state of life students experience while working in college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the continued growth of the Olympic Games (OG), the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) has received minimal attention from mainstream media since its introduction in 2010. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare event awareness and consumption intention for the 2012 Winter YOG to two international sport events occurring in the same year. A survey instrument was utilized to examine and compare event awareness, consumption intention, and logo identification for three international sport events within a millennial generation sample. The study showed significant differences in personal and public awareness between the three sport events, with personal (r = .313, p = .001) and public (r = .331, p = .001) awareness for the YOG demonstrating a positive correlation with consumption intention. This study is an important assessment of the YOG event awareness that can be utilized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to better understand and engage their participants and audience. Successful promotion of the YOG may require a transformation of the current marketing strategies that are utilized. The YOG has great opportunity for success in the global sport market to leave behind the status of the best kept secret in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined recreational sports, with a focus on a comparative analysis of the overall, social, intellectual, and fitness perceived benefits associated with participation in three separate recreational program areas: group fitness, intramural sport, and sport clubs. A survey instrument, based upon the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Quality and Importance of Recreational Services (QIRS) perceived benefit scale, was administered to 1,176 students at a postsecondary institution. Results revealed a significant difference in perceived benefits between recreational program areas, with sport clubs reporting the greatest mean in all four perceived benefit groups (overall, social, intellectual, fitness). The study also found a significant positive correlation between all perceived benefit groups. These findings have implications for practitioners in terms of perceived benefit differences, suggesting advantages of the sport club program structure and the potential multiple effects of enhancing a perceived benefit group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 7, 2015, Larry Ball was cited for trespassing by the Lincoln Police Department when passing out religious leaflets outside the Pinnacle Bank Arena. Ball brought action against the City of Lincoln, Nebraska along with Pinnacle Bank/Spectator Management Group ("SMG"), alleging a violation of his First Amendment rights. More specifically, he claimed SMG violated his constitutional rights by denying his exercise of free speech based upon the premise that public property is a nonpublic forum. The District Court was tasked with evaluating Pinnacle Bank Arena's Exterior Access and Use Policy to determine whether Ball's First Amendment rights were violated. Many questions came into play when evaluating the legal issues of this case. Were Larry Ball's First Amendment rights violated? How are the rights of the individual weighed against the needs of the public? What are considered public and nonpublic areas? What are traditional public forums? Upon consideration of the aforementioned legal issues and the evidence presented, the U.S. District Court for the District of Nebraska denied Ball's motion for injunctive relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Former National Hockey League ("NHL") player Derek Boogaard passed away on May 13, 2011 of a drug overdose. On Boogaard's behalf, his parents brought action against the NHL, its Board of Governors, and league Commissioner Gary Bettman, alleging the NHL acted negligently by allowing Boogaard to become addicted to pain killers, breached their voluntarily undertaken duty to monitor his addiction, negligently failed to protect him from brain trauma, and breached their voluntarily undertaken duty to protect his health. In response, the NHL moved to dismiss the case, which was later converted to a motion for summary judgment. Stating preemption by Section 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act ("LMRA") and a need to interpret the Collective Bargaining Agreement, the district court granted summary judgement in favor of the NHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collegiate recreational sports (CRS) provide an avenue for students to engage in diverse sport programs. While research has confirmed the health benefits associated with participation in CRS activities, an optimal degree of involvement is unknown. The current study examined the point of diminishing returns with respect to health and wellness outcomes associated with CRS involvement. A secondary analysis of data from the 2013 NASPA Assessment and Knowledge Consortium was conducted, including 33,522 college students from 38 institutions across the United States. Findings indicate that students experienced significant increases in health and wellness outcomes from CRS involvement up to four times per week (depth of involvement). Additionally, health and wellness outcomes significantly increased from CRS involvement up to six activities per week (breadth of involvement). Results from this study support the notion of a point of diminishing returns in CRS, which has implications for research, policy development, and sport management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collegiate recreational sports facilitate critical achievement-oriented activities that contribute to student development on college campuses. Achievement goal theory serves as a framework for understanding the motivation that guides one's behavior towards desired achievement-related outcomes (LeUnes, 2008). The 3x2 achievement goal model postulates six distinct goals (task-approach, task-avoidance, self-approach, self-avoidance, other-approach, other-avoidance; Elliot, Murayama, & Pekrun, 2011). As achievement goals have been associated with both positive and negative outcomes of sport (Gucciardi, Mahoney, Jalleh, Donovan, & Parkes, 2012; Kavussanu, White, Jowett, & England, 2011), further investigation through a more precise measure of achievement goals is warranted. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the relationships between achievement goals and perceived benefits of recreational sport participation, using the 3x2 model. A questionnaire was administered to 907 recreational sport participants at a post-secondary institution in the United States. Using structural equation modeling, the researchers found the task-approach goal to have a positive, significant relationship with perceived benefits of recreational sport participation (i.e., social, intellectual, fitness). Conversely, all other achievement goals indicated a non-significant relationship with perceived benefits. The findings demonstrate the utility of the 3x2 achievement goal model in recreational sport and help inform intentional programming and staff practices to enhance student development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of recreational sports in the wholistic development of the student. Topics covered include healthy lifestyle engagement and involvement for a diversified student body, and its program areas such as group fitness, intramural sports and sports clubs. It also mentions the Likert-type scale for sports involvement.