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Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.

Lovrić i Vlahek kroz 18 poglavlja i na 180 stranica knjige vješto obrađuju sva bitna područja trail trčanja uz veliki broj fotografija koje vizualno prate samu tematiku knjige i čitateljima omogućuju kvalitetnije razumijevanje ove aktivnosti.

Physical fitness is the capacity to perform different activities involved in everyday life. Aim of Study. The main goal of this study was to investigate gender differences among second graders in the physical activity level, physical fitness and fundamental movement skills. Material and Methods. In doing so, a sample of 78 children (35 girls, 43 boys, overall mean 7.34 ± 0.53 years) was measured using NPAQ (Netherland Physical Activity Questionnaire), FMS-Polygon, BOT-2 (Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency), F3 test and BMI. Results. The between-subject t-test was applied to determine whether a significant difference exists between the genders. Differences were found between boys and girls in applied physical fitness tests in two tests: F3 (t = 3.05 ; p = 0.003) and FMS-Polygon (t = –2.7 ; p = 0.007), while no significant differences were observed for BOT-2, physical activity (KA), sedentary activity (SA) and BMI. Conclusions. The applied between-subject t-test showed significant differences between the genders. Such differences were found between boys and girls in applied physical fitness tests in two tests F3 (t = 3.05 ; p = 0.003) and FMS-Polygon (t = –2.7 ; p = 0.007), while no significant differences were observed for BOT-2, physical activity (KA), sedentary activity (SA) and BMI.

The Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) conceptualises the manifestation of behaviours as the result of intention and perceived and actual behavioural control as factors that may attenuate or support the behavioural manifestation of intention. However, another relevant theoretical and empirical question is which constructs may mediate the relationships between intention and behavioural control, consequently increasing and decreasing the likelihood of behaviour manifestation. Thus, this research aimed to explore the mediating role of mental toughness in the relationship between the intention to be physically active with perceived and actual behavioural control. One hundred and twenty-five active runners aged 18 to 52 years (Mage = 31.06 (3.70) ; Nmale = 73, Nfemale = 52) completed online questionnaires within the preliminary phase of the project: Physical activity and psychological well-being: from habit to identity. As suggested by the TPB, we constructed operationalisations of constructs within the theoretical model according to the research aim (Intention, Perceived behavioural control and Perceived internal and external barriers to being physically active as indicators of Actual behavioural control). In addition, we measured mental toughness using the Mental toughness index. We performed three mediation models with the intention to be physically active as the predictor, mental toughness as the mediator and perceived behavioural control, and perceived internal and external barriers to being physically active as criteria. Results showed that mental toughness fully mediated the relationship between the intention to be physically active with perceived behavioural control and external barriers to being physically active. Higher intention predicted higher mental toughness, which predicted higher behavioural control and less pronounced external barriers to being physically active. Furthermore, results showed a direct negative effect (approaching significance) of intention to be physically active on internal barriers to being physically active. However, the partial mediating role of mental toughness predicting less pronounced internal barriers to being physically active was also found. We discuss the results of the preliminary phase of the project regarding the application of TPB in sport and exercise psychology, as well as possible adjustments and extensions of the model by including relevant constructs.

Parents seek to involve their children in various leisure activities as they believe this will enable them to acquire specific and better skills. Among them are various physical activities that are globally perceived as important. This paper sought to examine how important physical activity is perceived by parents, and what activities do they give priority when choosing content in which their child will engage in in their spare time. The aim of the study was to determine the parents' attitudes about the physical activities of their children in their leisure time. The study was conducted on a sample of 207 participants and examined the parents' perceptions of the importance of physical activities of their children and the relation of physical activities to educational ones. The results showed that parents find physical activities more useful than educational. The results are interesting and reveal new dimensions that will be explored by further research, such as a statistically significant difference between the perceived usefulness of team and individual sports.

Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja je konstrukcija i validacija bilateralnih kinezioloških testova za procjenu razine lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja kod sedmogodišnjaka. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavalo je 78 djece (35 djevojčica i 43 dječaka) kronološke dobi 7 godina (+/- 6 mjeseci). Na svim ispitanicima primijenjena je skupina od 6 novokonstruiranih bilateralnih testova: tri za procjenu lokomotornih motoričkih znanja, i tri za procjenu manipulativnih motoričkih znanja. Analizirane su morfološke karakteristike, bazične motoričke vještine, sposobnost manipuliranja lijevom i desnom stranom tijela, posturalni status, kineziološki aktivitet i sedentarne aktivnosti. Novokonstruirani lokomotorni i manipulativni testovi primijenjeni su kroz tri točke mjerenja u tri mjeseca. Za utvrđivanje postavljenih ciljeva i ispitivanje hipoteza istraživanja utvrđene u metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranih testova (osjetljivost, homogenost, pouzdanost), te su korištene sljedeće metode obrade podataka: T-test, multipla regresijska analiza, kanonička korelacijska analiza, te korelacijska analiza. Prema analiziranim rezultatima: (1) Dobiveni su metrijski zadovoljavajući testovi za procjenu lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja kod sedmogodišnjaka; (2) Razlike između dječaka i djevojčica evidentirane su samo kod testova za procjenu manipulativnih motoričkih znanja; (3) Nije utvrđena značajna povezanost morfoloških karakteristika, skupa varijabli za procjenu tjelesnog držanja te rezultata testova na Pegboard testu sa novokonstruiranim testovima; (4) Utvrđena je značajna povezanost nekih novokonstruiranih testova sa motoričkim vještinama; (5) postoji značajna povezanost gotovo svih novokonstruiranih testova sa kineziološkim aktivitetom. U konačnici, bez obzira da li se kao trenažni cilj postavlja lokomotorna i motorno manipulativna dominacija jedne ili jednakost obiju strana tijela, novokonstruirani testovi imaju svoju praktičnu primjenu. Kao dijagnostički, i testovi tranzitivnih promjena, kao indikator programiranja trenažnog procesa, te pri usmjeravanju djece u sportske aktivnosti. Dobivene razlike po spolu u izvedbi manipulativnih znanja u korist dječaka upućuju na važnost koedukacije, i rada u homogeniziranim grupama te potrebu kineziološki utemeljenog planiranja i programiranja u nastavi TZK već u dobi od sedam godina. Ukupan neorganizirani kineziološki aktivitet djece utječe na razinu izvođenja lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja, pa tako i na ukupnu motoričku ambidekstriju kod djece u dobi od sedam godina. The main objective of this study is a design and validation of bilateral kinesiology tests to assess the level of locomotor and manipulative motor skills in seven year olds. The sample consisted of 78 children (35 girls and 43 boys) aged 7 years (+/- 6 months). For all subjects we applied a set of six newly designed bilateral tests: three to assess the locomotor motor skills, and three for the assessment of manipulative motor skills. We analyzed morphological features, fundamental motor skills, the ability to manipulate left and right side of the body, postural status, physical and sedentary activities. Newly designed locomotor and manipulative tests were monitored through a three-point measuring within three months. In order to determine the objectives and testing of the study hypothesis, we used the following methods of data processing: the metric characteristics (sensitivity, homogeneity, and reliability), T-test, multiple regression analysis, canonical correlation analysis and correlation analysis. According to the results analyzed: (1) satisfactory metrically satisfying tests to assess the locomotor and manipulative motor skills in seven year olds were obtained; (2) differences between boys and girls were recorded only in tests for manipulative motor skill assessment; (3) there was no significant correlation between morphological features, set of variables for body posture assessment, nor the results of Pegboard test with newly designed tests; (4) Significant correlation of some newly designed tests and motor skills was determined; (5) there is a significant correlation between almost all newly designed tests and physical activity. Ultimately, regardless of whether the training objective was locomotor and motor manipulative domination of one or the equality of both sides of the body, newly constructed tests have their practical use as diagnostic and tests of transitive changes, they are applicable as an indicator of the training process programming and in guiding children into sport activities. The differences by gender in the performance of manipulative skills in favor of boys indicate the importance of coeducation and work in homogenized groups and the need OF kinesiology-based planning and programming in the teaching of physical education yet in the age of seven. Totally unorganized physical activity of children affects the level of performance of locomotor and manipulative motor skills, including the overall motor ambidexterity in seven year old children.

Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja je konstrukcija i validacija bilateralnih kinezioloških testova za procjenu razine lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja kod sedmogodišnjaka. Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavalo je 78 djece (35 djevojčica i 43 dječaka) kronološke dobi 7 godina (+/- 6 mjeseci). Na svim ispitanicima primijenjena je skupina od 6 novokonstruiranih bilateralnih testova: tri za procjenu lokomotornih motoričkih znanja, i tri za procjenu manipulativnih motoričkih znanja. Analizirane su morfološke karakteristike, bazične motoričke vještine, sposobnost manipuliranja lijevom i desnom stranom tijela, posturalni status, kineziološki aktivitet i sedentarne aktivnosti. Novokonstruirani lokomotorni i manipulativni testovi primijenjeni su kroz tri točke mjerenja u tri mjeseca. Za utvrđivanje postavljenih ciljeva i ispitivanje hipoteza istraživanja utvrđene u metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranih testova (osjetljivost, homogenost, pouzdanost), te su korištene sljedeće metode obrade podataka: T-test, multipla regresijska analiza, kanonička korelacijska analiza, te korelacijska analiza. Prema analiziranim rezultatima: (1) dobiveni su metrijski zadovoljavajući testovi za procjenu lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja kod sedmogodišnjaka ; (2) razlike između dječaka i djevojčica evidentirane su samo kod testova za procjenu manipulativnih motoričkih znanja ; (3) nije utvrđena značajna povezanost morfoloških karakteristika, skupa varijabli za procjenu tjelesnog držanja te rezultata testova na Pegboard testu sa novokonstruiranim testovima ; (4) Utvrđena je značajna povezanost nekih novokonstruiranih testova sa motoričkim vještinama ; (5) postoji značajna povezanost gotovo svih novokonstruiranih testova sa kineziološkim aktivitetom. U konačnici, bez obzira da li se kao trenažni cilj postavlja lokomotorna i motorno manipulativna dominacija jedne ili jednakost obiju strana tijela, novokonstruirani testovi imaju svoju praktičnu primjenu. Kao dijagnostički, i testovi tranzitivnih promjena, kao indikator programiranja trenažnog procesa, te pri usmjeravanju djece u sportske aktivnosti. Dobivene razlike po spolu u izvedbi manipulativnih znanja u korist dječaka upućuju na važnost koedukacije, i rada u homogeniziranim grupama te potrebu kineziološki utemeljenog planiranja i programiranja u nastavi TZK već u dobi od sedam godina. Ukupan neorganizirani kineziološki aktivitet djece utječe na razinu izvođenja lokomotornih i manipulativnih motoričkih znanja, pa tako i na ukupnu motoričku ambidekstriju kod djece u dobi od sedam godina.

The study was conducted in order to determine the appropriateness of assessment of the level of fundamental movement skill development of six- year-old children by using an obstacle polygon. In accordance with the aim of the study, a sample of 78 six-year-old pupils (39 boys and 39 girls) was used. Through high inter-item correlation and high Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the results clearly indicate excellent reliability of the measuring instrument. Furthermore, normality of the distribution clearly points to the good discriminative power of the polygon. The t-test showed no differences between boys and girls in both the applied polygon and morphological features. The results of the multiple regression analysis with two predictors showed no impact of the used morphological features on the performance of fundamental movement skill assessment manifested through the obstacle polygon. The obtained results clearly point to a very high applicability of the polygon in the physical education curriculum as an instrument for assessment and verification of fundamental movement skills among six-year-old children.

The aim of this study is to compare experimentally four different criteria for choosing number of principal components in exploratory factor analysis (EFA): Guttman-Kaiser (GK), Plum-Brandy (PB), Scree Plot (SP) and Parallel analysis - Monte Carlo (PAMC) via selected kinesiological research. Results clearly indicate that usage different extraction methods will, in general, give different number of latent dimensions. In accordance with obtained results, it is obvious that scientist or researcher in field of kinesiology have to be completely aware of advantages and problems in usage of each abovementioned FA extraction method criteria. Further researches of this type should be focused on analytical and experimental comparisons of results obtained by different criteria but on the sets of measured variables of well known latent structure.

The aim of this research was to determine variation in opinions of female handball players about motivation, engagement, commitment, dedication and accomplishments in handball, i.e. professionalism in handball, as well as opinions about characteristics and status of handball as a sport, among female handball players of different levels of performance. The research was conducted on the sample of 99 female handball players acting in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The correlation analysis indicated that, generally, there is no significant correlation between allegations contained in a questionnaire. After applying Kruskal-Wallis's test, statistically significant difference was noted in only two allegations on the basis of quality criteria determined by the average number of goals scored during the season. According to the results obtained we could conclude that female handball players have a similar approach to handball regardless of the level of their performance, i.e. their opinions about characteristics and status of handball as a sport, do not vary significantly

Na uzorku od 400 učenika gimanzija u Hercegovini od I do IV razreda provedeno je istraživanje u prostoru slobodnog vremena. Podaci su prikupljeni anketom sa 60 indikatora. Inicijalni rezultati su podvrgnuti transformaciji podataka normalizacijom, te zatim podvrgnuti faktorskoj analizi s rotacijom u varimax poziciju. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji realno šest latentnih dimenzija koje opisuju: a) spoznaja o vrijednosti vježbanja u slobodnom vremenu, b) educiranost, c) pasivnost, d) aktivitet, e) spoznaja o resursima, i f) nazaintersiranost. Na temelju ovih pokazatelja može se razložno pretpostaviti kako je struktura slobodnog vremena mladih osoba muškog spola - gimanzijalaca uzrasta 15- 19 godina dosta kompleksna, iako se mogu locirati četiri načelno pozitivna skupa stavova a, b, d, i e, dok pasivnost (c) i nezainteresiranost (f) treba dodatno istražiti, kako bi se iskoristile mogućnosti aktivacije tjelesnim vježbanjem. Za zaključiti je da su mladi ljudi muškog spola u srednjoj školi (gimanzijalci) uvelike usvojili buduća ponašanja, te je za očekivati da će u vrlo skoro vrijeme te stavove prenositi dalje u svoje socijalne sredine. Kako se radi o gimanzijalcima, za očekivati je i da će mnogi od njih nastaviti školovanje u pravcu fakulteta te je dio njihovih stavova o slobodnom vremenu sigurno usmjeren i prema budućim nositeljima temeljnih sustavnih vrijednosti. U tom smislu bi trebalo na znanstveno objektivan način utvrditi što je sve utjecalo na stvavove o slobodnom vremenu i jesu li baš onakvi kakve očekujemo.

Ovo istraživanje imalo je svrhu utvrđivanja sociološke diferencijacije srednjoškolaca u skladu s procjenom njihovih upravljačkih tendencija. Takvo definiranje mogućih potencijalnih menadžera može imati krajnju poslijedicu u identifikaciji njihovog potencijalnog budućeg menadžerskog statusa u široj društvenoj zajednici. Za potrebe rješavanja problema korišten je uzorak entiteta od 400 učenika od prvog do četvrtog razreda gimnazije opisan sa 48 varijabli sociološkog karaktera i 4 varijable upravljačkog tipa koje su poslužile za formiranje grupa. Podaci su prikupljeni 2009. anketom i primarno obrađeni. Temeljem četiri varijable upravljačkog tipa formirane su tri grupe: upravljački superiorni, upravljački neutralni i upravljački inferiorni. Provedena je univarijantna analiza (ANOVA) i klasična multivarijantna diskriminativna analiza. Rezultati su pokazali da se grupe značajno razlikuju naročito po varijablama ekonomskog statusa, mjesta boravka te varijablama koje definiraju mikrosociološke oporbene i regulativne klike. Prema rezultatima, utvrđeno je i da sazrijevanje unutar srednje škole ne igra posebnu ulogu u formiranju izraženih socioloških stavova.

Na uzorku od 400 učenika gimanzija u Hercegovini od I do IV razreda provedeno je istraživanje u prostoru sociološkog statusa. Podaci su prikupljeni anketom sa 52 indikatora. Inicijalni rezultati su podvrgnuti transformaciji podataka normalizacijom, te zatim podvrgnuti faktorskoj analizi s rotacijom u varimax poziciju. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji realno šest latentnih dimenzija koje opisuju: a) materijani status, b) upravljački status, c) obrazovni status, d) politički status, e) karakteristike mjesta rođenja, i f) rezidencijalni status. Na temelju ovih pokazatelja može se razložno pretpostaviti kako je struktura socioloških dimenzija uzorka relativno stabilna i već u uzrastima 15-19 godina odražava jedan veliki dio općih elemenata sustava vrijednosti danas. Iako se može opravdano dvojiti u stvarnu vrijednost nekih elemenata u toj strukturi, za zaključiti je da su mladi ljudi muškog spola u srednjoj školi (gimanzijalci) uvelike usvojili buduća sociološka ponašanja, te je za očekivati da će u vrlo skoro vrijeme te stavove prenositi dalje u svoje socijalne sredine. Kako se radi o gimanzijalcima, za očekivati je i da će mnogi od njih nastaviti školovanje u pravcu fakulteta te je dio njihovih stavova sigurno usmjeren i prema budućim nositeljima temeljnih sustavnih vrijednosti. U tom smislu bi trebalo na znanstveno objektivan način utvrditi što je sve utjecalo na postojeću strukturu stvavova i je li ona baš onakva kakvu očekujemo sutra u široj socijalnoj zajednici.

Problem rada je rada je utvrđivanje razlika socioloških indikatora učenica i učenika gimnazije u cilju spoznavanja njihovih stavova vezanih za institucionalni, rezidencijalni, sankcijski te upravljački status, kako bi se eventualno ponudili neki zaključci te shodno tome i adekvatni prijedlozi te kako bi različite odgojne i druge institucije imale lakši pristup toj populaciji. Za potrebe rješavanja problema korišten je uzorak entiteta od 647 učenica i 400 učenika od prvog do četvrtog razreda gimnazije opisan sa 52 varijable. Podaci su prikupljeni anketom. Nakon normalizacije i osnovne statistike izvršena je univarijantna analiza varijance kako bi se utvrdile razlike između dviju skupina. Rezultati su pokazali kako djevojke žele ostati kod kuće, vole sigurnost i više su altruisti i fatalisti dok bi se momci više kretali, uvažavali modu, upravljali i školovali se te žele nagrade za svoje djelovanje. Ovi rezultati upućuju na postojanje tradicionalnog shvaćanja muškog-ženskih odnosa u kojem su djevojke mirnije i vezane za kuću dok su muškarci aktivni i idu za svojim ciljevima. Postavlja se pitanje koliko je to zapravo prirodno a koliko je produkt okoline neovisno o pojedincu. Stoga se i predlaže detaljnije proučavanje tog problema u budućnosti.