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1. The potential benefit of using forest biomass data in addition to carbon and water flux measurements to constrain ecosystem model parameters: Case studies at two temperate forest sites

Author: Thum, T., MacBean, N., Peylin, P., Bacour, C., Santaren, D., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., and Ciais, P.
Published: 2017
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2. CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database

Author: LUYSSAERT, S, INGLIMA, I, JUNG, M, RICHARDSON, AD, REICHSTEIN, M, PAPALE, D, PIAO, SL, SCHULZE, E‐D, WINGATE, L, MATTEUCCI, G, ARAGAO, L, AUBINET, M, BEER, C, BERNHOFER, C, BLACK, KG, BONAL, D, BONNEFOND, J‐M, CHAMBERS, J, CIAIS, P, COOK, B, DAVIS, KJ, DOLMAN, AJ, GIELEN, B, GOULDEN, M, GRACE, J, GRANIER, A, GRELLE, A, GRIFFIS, T, GRÜNWALD, T, GUIDOLOTTI, G, HANSON, PJ, HARDING, R, HOLLINGER, DY, HUTYRA, LR, KOLARI, P, KRUIJT, B, KUTSCH, W, LAGERGREN, F, LAURILA, T, LAW, BE, LE MAIRE, G, LINDROTH, A, LOUSTAU, D, MALHI, Y, MATEUS, J, MIGLIAVACCA, M, MISSON, L, MONTAGNANI, L, MONCRIEFF, J, MOORS, E, MUNGER, JW, NIKINMAA, E, OLLINGER, SV, PITA, G, REBMANN, C, ROUPSARD, O, SAIGUSA, N, SANZ, MJ, SEUFERT, G, SIERRA, C, SMITH, M‐L, TANG, J, VALENTINI, R, VESALA, T, and JANSSENS, IA
Subjects: Climate Action, carbon cycle, CO2, forest ecosystems, global database, gross primary productivity, net ecosystem productivity, net primary productivity, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology
Abstract: Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome-specific carbon budgets; to re-examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 °C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome-specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non-CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Published: 2007

3. Carbon Balance Gradient in European Forests: Should We Doubt 'Surprising' Results? A Reply to Piovesan & Adams

Author: Jarvis, P. G., Dolman, A. J., Matteucci, G., Kowalski, A. S., Ceulemans, R., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Granier, A., Gross, P., Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Grünwald, T., Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Rannik, Ü., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guðmundson, J., Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., and Valentini, R.
Published: 2001

4. Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown

Author: Tang, A. C. I., Flechard, C. R., Arriga, N., Papale, D., Stoy, P. C., Buchmann, N., Cuntz, M., Douros, J., Fares, S., Knohl, A., Sigut, L., Simioni, G., Timmermans, R., Grunwald, T., Ibrom, A., Loubet, B., Mammarella, I., Belelli Marchesini, L., Nilsson, M., Peichl, M., Rebmann, C., Schmidt, M., Bernhofer, C., Berveiller, D., Cremonese, E., El-Madany, T. S., Gharun, M., Gianelle, D., Hortnagl, L., Roland, M., Varlagin, A., Fu, Z., Heinesch, B., Janssens, I., Kowalska, N., Dusek, J., Gerosa, Giacomo Alessandro, Molder, M., Tuittila, E. -S., Loustau, D., Gerosa G. (ORCID:0000-0002-5352-3222), Tang, A. C. I., Flechard, C. R., Arriga, N., Papale, D., Stoy, P. C., Buchmann, N., Cuntz, M., Douros, J., Fares, S., Knohl, A., Sigut, L., Simioni, G., Timmermans, R., Grunwald, T., Ibrom, A., Loubet, B., Mammarella, I., Belelli Marchesini, L., Nilsson, M., Peichl, M., Rebmann, C., Schmidt, M., Bernhofer, C., Berveiller, D., Cremonese, E., El-Madany, T. S., Gharun, M., Gianelle, D., Hortnagl, L., Roland, M., Varlagin, A., Fu, Z., Heinesch, B., Janssens, I., Kowalska, N., Dusek, J., Gerosa, Giacomo Alessandro, Molder, M., Tuittila, E. -S., Loustau, D., and Gerosa G. (ORCID:0000-0002-5352-3222)
Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SWin) − the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices. Based on data collected from 44 European ecosystem-scale CO2 flux monitoring stations, we observed significant changes in spring GPP at 34 sites during 2020 compared to 2015–2019. Among these, 14 sites showed an increase in GPP associated with higher SWin, 10 sites had lower GPP linked to atmospheric and soil dryness, and seven sites were subjected to management practices. The remaining three sites exhibited varying dynamics, with one experiencing colder and rainier weather resulting in lower GPP, and two showing higher GPP associated with earlier spring melts. Analysis using the regional atmospheric chemical transport model (LOTOS-EUROS) indicated that the ozone (O3) concentration remained relatively unchanged at the research sites, making it unlikely that O3 exposure was the dominant factor driving the primary production anomaly. In contrast, SWin increased by 9.4 % at 36 sites, suggesting enhanced GPP possibly due to reduced aerosol optical depth and cloudiness. Our findings indicate that air pollution and cloudiness may weaken the terrestrial carbon sink by up to 16 %. Accurate and continuous ground-based observations are crucial for detecting and attributing subtle changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning in response to environmental and anthropogenic drivers.
Published: 2023

5. Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown

Author: Tang, A.C.I., Flechard, C.R., Arriga, N., Papale, D., Stoy, P.C., Buchmann, N., Cuntz, M., Douros, J., Fares, S., Knohl, A., Šigut, L., Simioni, G., Timmermans, R., Grünwald, T., Ibrom, A., Loubet, B., Mammarella, I., Marchesini, L.B., Nilsson, M., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Schmidt, M., Bernhofer, C., Berveiller, D., Cremonese, E., El-Madany, T.S., Gharun, M., Gianelle, D., Hörtnagl, L., Roland, M., Varlagin, A., Fu, Z., Heinesch, B., Janssens, I., Kowalska, N., Dušek, J., Gerosa, G., Mölder, M., Tuittila, E.-S., Loustau, D., Tang, A.C.I., Flechard, C.R., Arriga, N., Papale, D., Stoy, P.C., Buchmann, N., Cuntz, M., Douros, J., Fares, S., Knohl, A., Šigut, L., Simioni, G., Timmermans, R., Grünwald, T., Ibrom, A., Loubet, B., Mammarella, I., Marchesini, L.B., Nilsson, M., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Schmidt, M., Bernhofer, C., Berveiller, D., Cremonese, E., El-Madany, T.S., Gharun, M., Gianelle, D., Hörtnagl, L., Roland, M., Varlagin, A., Fu, Z., Heinesch, B., Janssens, I., Kowalska, N., Dušek, J., Gerosa, G., Mölder, M., Tuittila, E.-S., and Loustau, D.
Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SWin) − the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices. Based on data collected from 44 European ecosystem-scale CO2 flux monitoring stations, we observed significant changes in spring GPP at 34 sites during 2020 compared to 2015–2019. Among these, 14 sites showed an increase in GPP associated with higher SWin, 10 sites had lower GPP linked to atmospheric and soil dryness, and seven sites were subjected to management practices. The remaining three sites exhibited varying dynamics, with one experiencing colder and rainier weather resulting in lower GPP, and two showing higher GPP associated with earlier spring melts. Analysis using the regional atmospheric chemical transport model (LOTOS-EUROS) indicated that the ozone (O3) concentration remained relatively unchanged at the research sites, making it unlikely that O3 exposure was the dominant factor driving the primary production anomaly. In contrast, SWin increased by 9.4 % at 36 sites, suggesting enhanced GPP possibly due to reduced aerosol optical depth and cloudiness. Our findings indicate that air pollution and cloudiness may weaken the terrestrial carbon sink by up to 16 %. Accurate and continuous ground-based observations are crucial for detecting and attributing subtle changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning in response to environmental and anthropogenic drivers.
Published: 2023

6. Transpiration of a 64-Year Old Maritime Pine Stand in Portugal. 2. Evapotranspiration and Canopy Stomatal Conductance Measured by an Eddy Covariance Technique

Author: Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., and Pereira, J. S.
Published: 1996

7. Transpiration of a 64-Year-Old Maritime Pine Stand in Portugal. 1. Seasonal Course of Water Flux through Maritime Pine

Author: Loustau, D., Berbigier, P., and Pereira, J. S.
Published: 1996

8. Validation of a Regional Scale Remote Sensing Forced Pinus Pinaster Model, with Eddy Covariance Measurements

Author: Veroustraete, F., Loustau, D., Mohren, G. M. J., editor, Kramer, K., editor, and Sabaté, S., editor
Published: 1997
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9. Sensitivity of the Water Balance of South-Western France Maritime Pine Forests to Climate

Author: Loustau, D., Berbigier, P., Kramer, K., Mohren, G. M. J., editor, Kramer, K., editor, and Sabaté, S., editor
Published: 1997
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10. Agroforesterie et services écosystémiques en zone tropicale

Author: Acuña Vargas, R., Agbossou, E., Albrecht, A., Allies, A., Allinne, C., Assigbetse, K., Aucante, M., Avelino, J., Awessou Kohomlan, G.-B., Babin, R., Badiane Ndour, N.Y., Badji, M., Bagny Beilhe, L., Balaya, R., Baranger, M., Barquero, A., Barthès, B., Benegas, L., Bidou, J.-É., Bihina, M.A., Binam, J.-N., Blanchet, A., Bogie, N., Bonifazi, M., Bonnefond, J.-M., Borgonovo, C., Bouambi, E., Boudrot, A., Brévault, T., Bright, M.B., Camara Baba, A., Cambou, A., Cappelaere, B., Carrière, S.-M., Chapuis-Lardy, L., Charbonnier, F., Chazarin, J.-P., Chevallier, T., Clément-Vidal, A., Clermont-Dauphin, C., Coly, L., Constanty, M., Cournac, L., Dauzat, J., Debenport, S., Defrenet, E., Degbé, M., Delay, C., Demarty, J., Devresse, Bruno, De Melo, E., de Melo Virginio Filho, E., Dhorne, S., Diakhaté, S., Diatta, Y., Dick, R.P., Diédhiou, I., Diop, M., Do, F., Dorgans-Cadilhac, J., Dreyer, E., Droy, I., Duthoit, M., Eberling, B., Eitel, J., Essobo, J.-D., Ferrand, N., Fonseca, C., Founoune-Mboup, H., Freguin-Gresh, S., Gay, F., Ghezzehei, T., Gidoin, C., Gomez-Delgado, F., Granados, E., Guidat, F., Gutiérrez Montes, I., Harmand, J.-M., Harmand, Jean-Michel, Humbert, Pascal, Isaac, M., Issoufou Bil-Assanou, H., Jagoret, P., Jara, M., Jourdan, C., Kim, J., Kinoshita, R., Koukpéré, A., Laffourcade, R., Lehner, P., Levang, P., Le Bissonnais, Y., Le Coq, J.-F., Le Maire, G., Loustau, D., Madsen, M., Mages, C., Maïnassara, I., Mallet, Bernard, Malmer, A., Manga Essouma, F., Martin, Adam, Mc Spadden Gardener, B., Merle, I., Michel, I., Moisy, C., Motisi, N., Moussa, R., Moussa Moumouni, R., Mvondo Sakouma, K., Nespoulous, J., Ngono, F., Ngo Bieng, M.A., Oï, M., Pédelahore, P., Pérez-Molina, J.-P., Peugeot, C., Picart, D., Pico, J., Priemé, A., Prieto, I., Ramirez, G., Rançon, F., Rapidel, B., Robelo, A., Robelo, D., Rocheteau, A., Roumet, C., Roupsard, O., Saint-André, L., Saj, S., Sambou, D.M., Sanchez-Murillo, R., Sanogo, D., Schnabel, F., Seghieri, J., Seghieri, Josiane, Séguis, L., Sibelet, N., Soma, M., Soti, V., Stokes, A., Taugourdeau, S., Ten Hoopen, G.M., Todem-Ngogue, H., Vaast, P., Valentin, C., van den Meersche, K., Velluet, C., Vézy, R., Vierling, L., Vonthron, S., Welsh, K., Seghieri, Josiane, and Harmand, Jean-Michel
Subjects: Afrique, Geography, économie, cacao, forêt, tropique, développement durable, café, Amérique latine, développement économique, environnement, agriculture
Abstract: Respectueux de l’environnement et garantissant une sécurité alimentaire soutenue par la diversification des productions et des revenus qu’ils procurent, les systèmes agroforestiers apparaissent comme un modèle prometteur d’agriculture durable dans les pays du Sud les plus vulnérables aux changements globaux. Cependant, ces systèmes agroforestiers ne peuvent être optimisés qu’à condition de mieux comprendre et de mieux maîtriser les facteurs de leurs productions. L’ouvrage présente un ensemble de connaissances récentes sur les mécanismes biophysiques et socio-économiques qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement et la dynamique des systèmes agroforestiers. Il concerne, d’une part les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cultures pérennes, telles que cacaoyers et caféiers, de régions tropicales humides en Amérique du Sud, en Afrique de l’Est et du Centre, d’autre part les parcs arborés et arbustifs à base de cultures vivrières, principalement de céréales, de la région semi-aride subsaharienne d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Il synthétise les dernières avancées acquises grâce à plusieurs projets associant le Cirad, l’IRD et leurs partenaires du Sud qui ont été conduits entre 2012 et 2016 dans ces régions. L’ensemble de ces projets s’articulent autour des dynamiques des systèmes agroforestiers et des compromis entre les services de production et les autres services socio-écosystémiques que ces systèmes fournissent.
Published: 2021

11. Chapitre 2 - Suivi des services écosystémiques dans un observatoire de caféiers agroforestiers. Recommandations pour la filière du café

Author: Roupsard, O., Allinne, C., van den Meersche, K., Vaast, P., Rapidel, B., Avelino, J., Jourdan, C., Le Maire, G., Bonnefond, J.-M., Harmand, J.-M., Dauzat, J., Albrecht, A., Chevallier, T., Barthès, B., Clément-Vidal, A., Gomez-Delgado, F., Charbonnier, F., Benegas, L., Welsh, K., Kinoshita, R., Vézy, R., Pérez-Molina, J.-P., Kim, J., Taugourdeau, S., Defrenet, E., Nespoulous, J., Rançon, F., Guidat, F., Cambou, A., Soma, M., Mages, C., Schnabel, F., Prieto, I., Picart, D., Duthoit, M., Rocheteau, A., Do, F., de Melo Virginio Filho, E., Moussa, R., Le Bissonnais, Y., Valentin, C., Sanchez-Murillo, R., Roumet, C., Stokes, A., Vierling, L., Eitel, J., Dreyer, E., Saint-André, L., Malmer, A., Loustau, D., Isaac, M., Martin, Adam, Priemé, A., Eberling, B., Madsen, M., Robelo, A., Robelo, D., Borgonovo, C., Lehner, P., Ramirez, G., Jara, M., Acuña Vargas, R., Barquero, A., Fonseca, C., and Gay, F.
Subjects: Afrique, Geography, économie, cacao, forêt, tropique, développement durable, café, Amérique latine, développement économique, environnement, agriculture
Abstract: Huit ans de travaux de recherche sur les services écosystémiques dans une grande ferme caféière du Costa Rica (observatoire collaboratif Coffee-Flux, en système agroforestier à base de caféiers sous de grands arbres d’Erythrina poeppigiana, surface projetée de couronne de l’ordre de 16 %) ont suggéré plusieurs applications pour les agriculteurs et les décideurs. Il est apparu que de nombreux services écosystémiques dépendaient des propriétés du sol (ici des Andisols), en particulier de l’érosion, de l’infiltration, de la capacité de stockage de l’eau et des éléments nutritifs. Nous confirmons qu’il est essentiel de lier les services hydrologiques et de conservation au type de sol en présence. Une densité adéquate d’arbres d’ombrage (plutôt faible ici) permet de réduire la sévérité des maladies foliaires avec, en perspective, une réduction de l’usage de pesticides-fongicides. Un simple inventaire de la surface basale au collet des caféiers permet d’estimer la biomasse souterraine et la moyenne d’âge d’une plantation de caféiers, ce qui permet d’évaluer sa valeur marchande ou de planifier son remplacement. Le protocole de calcul actuel pour la neutralité carbone des systèmes agroforestiers ne prend en compte que les arbres d’ombrage, pas la culture intercalaire. Dans la réalité, si on inclut les caféiers, on se rapproche très probablement de la neutralité. Des évaluations plus complètes, incluant les arbres, les caféiers, la litière, le sol et les racines dans le bilan en carbone du système agroforestier sont proposées. Les arbres d’ombrage offrent de nombreux servies écosystémiques s’ils sont gérés de manière adéquate dans le contexte local. Par rapport aux parcelles en plein soleil, nous montrons qu’ils réduisent l’érosion laminaire d’un facteur 2, augmentent la fixation de l’azote (N2) atmosphérique et le pourcentage d’azote recyclé dans le système, réduisant ainsi les besoins en engrais. Ils réduisent aussi la sévérité des maladies foliaires, augmentent la séquestration de carbone, améliorent le microclimat et atténuent substantiellement les effets des changements climatiques. Dans notre étude de cas, aucun effet négatif sur le rendement n’a été enregistré. Eight years of studying coffee ecophysiology and monitoring ecosystem services (ES) in a large coffee farm in Costa Rica revealed several practical recommendations for farmers and policy makers. The cropping system studied within our collaborative observatory (Coffee-Flux) corresponds to a coffee-based agroforestry system (AFS) under the shade of large trees of Erythrina poeppigiana (16 % of canopy cover). A lot of ES and disservices depend on local soil properties (here Andisols), especially erosion/infiltration, water/carbon and nutrient storage capacity. Therefore, for ES assessment, the type of soil is crucial. An adequate density of shade trees (rather low here) reduced the severity of leaf diseases with the prospect of reducing pesticide-fungicide use. A simple inventory of the basal area at collar of the coffee plants allowed estimating the belowground biomass and the average age of the plantation, to judge of its market value and to decide when to replace it. Coffee farms are probably much closer to C neutrality than predicted by the current C-Neutral protocol, which only considers shade trees. More comprehensive assessments, including trees, coffee, litter, soil, and roots in the C balance of the AFS are proposed. Shade trees offer many ES if they are adequately managed in the local context. As compared to full sun conditions, shade trees may (i) reduce laminar erosion by a factor of 2, (ii) increase N2 fixation and the % of N recycled into the system, thus reducing fertilizer requirements, (iii) reduce the severity of leaf diseases, (iv) increase C sequestration, (v) improve the microclimate, and (vi) substantially reduce the effects of climate change. In our case study, no negative effect on coffee yield was found.
Published: 2021

12. Towards an integrated scientific approach for carbon accounting in forestry. COST E21 Workshop. Contribution of forests and forestry to mitigate greenhouse effects. Joensuu (Finland). 28-30 Sep 2000

Author: Karjalainen T., Laitat E., Loustau D., and Lindner M.
Subjects: forest-trees, forest-inventories, greenhouse-effect, carbon, land-use, forest-management, research-projects, research-networks, forest-ecology, carbon-dioxide, biomass, source-sink-relations, european-union, ecology, elements, international-agreements, international-organizations, international-relations, nonmetals, organization-of-research, oxides, plant-physiology, research, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: In the COST E21-Action ""Contribution of Forests and Forestry to Mitigate Greenhouse Effects"", emphasis is put on the quantification of carbon storage in the forest ecosystems and on the understanding of linkages between human activities and climate change, particularly the role of forests and forestry. COST E21 integrates natural, socio-economic as well as methodological aspects relevant for reporting under the unitéd Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as decision-making at the European level in the context of carbon mitigation in forest ecosystems. This Action is a pioneering attempt to co-ordinate research: to exchange experience and knowledge towards standardised greenhouse gas inventory accounting for forests over Europe. It will match, within four years (1999-2003), both scientific and political agendas. This paper gives a background presentation of the COST E21-Action, its work plan and its clearing house. It finally gives the outline of country specific information to the COST E21 as presented in this issue in a standard format.
Published: 2000

13. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data (vol 7, 225, 2020)

Author: Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brummer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grunwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hortnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Luers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brummer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grunwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hortnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Luers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D
Abstract: A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9.
Published: 2021

14. Method comparison of indirect assessments of understory leaf area index (LAIu): A case study across the extended network of ICOS forest ecosystem sites in Europe

Author: George, J.-P., Yang, W., Kobayashi, H., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, G., Grünwald, T., Hase, Jan Niklas, Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Limousin, J.-M., Loustau, D., Lukeš, P., Marzuoli, R., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Schmidt, M., Lopez Serrano, F.R., Soudani, K., Vincke, C., Pisek, J., George, J.-P., Yang, W., Kobayashi, H., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, G., Grünwald, T., Hase, Jan Niklas, Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Limousin, J.-M., Loustau, D., Lukeš, P., Marzuoli, R., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Schmidt, M., Lopez Serrano, F.R., Soudani, K., Vincke, C., and Pisek, J.
Abstract: Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecological indicator for describing the structure of canopies and for modelling energy exchange between atmosphere and biosphere. While LAI of the forest overstory can be accurately assessed over large spatial scales via remote sensing, LAI of the forest understory (LAIu) is still largely ignored in ecological studies and ecosystem modelling due to the fact that it is often too complex to be destructively sampled or approximated by other site parameters. Additionally, so far only few attempts have been made to retrieve understory LAI via remote sensing, because dense canopies with high LAI are often hindering retrieval algorithms to produce meaningful estimates for understory LAI. Consequently, the forest understory still constitutes a poorly investigated research realm impeding ecological studies to properly account for its contribution to the energy absorption capacity of forest stands. This study aims to compare three conceptually different indirect retrieval methodologies for LAIu over a diverse panel of forest understory types distributed across Europe. For this we carried out near-to-surface measurements of understory reflectance spectra as well as digital surface photography over the extended network of Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) forest ecosystem sites. LAIu was assessed by exploiting the empirical relationship between vegetation cover and light absorption (Beer-Lambert- Bouguer law) as well as by utilizing proposed relationships with two prominent vegetation indices: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR). Retrievals from the three methods were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.63–0.99, RMSE = 0.53–0.72), but exhibited also significant bias depending on the LAI scale. The NDVI based retrieval approach most likely overestimates LAI at productive sites when LAIu > 2, while the simple ratio algorithm overestimat
Published: 2021

15. Retrieval and validation of forest background reflectivity from daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data across European forests

Author: Pisek, J., Erb, A., Korhonen, L., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, G., Grünwald, T., Hase, Jan Niklas, Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kobler, J., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Leppänen, L., Limousin, J.-M., Lopez Serrano, F.R., Loustau, D., Lukeš, P., Lundin, L., Marzuoli, R., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Rubio, E., Santos-Reis, M., Schaaf, C., Schmidt, M., Simioni, G., Soudani, K., Vincke, C., Pisek, J., Erb, A., Korhonen, L., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, G., Grünwald, T., Hase, Jan Niklas, Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kobler, J., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Leppänen, L., Limousin, J.-M., Lopez Serrano, F.R., Loustau, D., Lukeš, P., Lundin, L., Marzuoli, R., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Rubio, E., Santos-Reis, M., Schaaf, C., Schmidt, M., Simioni, G., Soudani, K., and Vincke, C.
Abstract: Information about forest background reflectance is needed for accurate biophysical parameter retrieval from forest canopies (overstory) with remote sensing. Separating under- and overstory signals would enable more accurate modeling of forest carbon and energy fluxes. We retrieved values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the forest understory with the multi-angular Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)/albedo data (gridded 500 m daily Collection 6 product), using a method originally developed for boreal forests. The forest floor background reflectance estimates from the MODIS data were compared with in situ understory reflectance measurements carried out at an extensive set of forest ecosystem experimental sites across Europe. The reflectance estimates from MODIS data were, hence, tested across diverse forest conditions and phenological phases during the growing season to examine their applicability for ecosystems other than boreal forests. Here we report that the method can deliver good retrievals, especially over different forest types with open canopies (low foliage cover). The performance of the method was found to be limited over forests with closed canopies (high foliage cover), where the signal from understory becomes too attenuated. The spatial heterogeneity of individual field sites and the limitations and documented quality of the MODIS BRDF product are shown to be important for the correct assessment and validation of the retrievals obtained with remote sensing.
Published: 2021

16. The Integrated Carbon Observation System in Europe

Author: Heiskanen, J., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Calfapietra, C., Chen, H., Gielen, B., Gkritzalis, T., Hammer, S., Hartman, S., Herbst, M., Janssens, I.A., Jordan, A., Juurola, E., Karstens, U., Kasurinen, V., Kruijt, B., Lankreijer, H., Levin, I., Linderson, M.-L., Loustau, D., Merbold, L., Lund Myhre, C., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Pilegaard, K., Ramonet, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, J., Rivier, L., Saltikoff, E., Sanders, R., Steinbacher, M., Steinhoff, T., Watson, A., Vermeulen, A.T., Vesala, T., Vítková, G., Kutsch, W., Heiskanen, J., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Calfapietra, C., Chen, H., Gielen, B., Gkritzalis, T., Hammer, S., Hartman, S., Herbst, M., Janssens, I.A., Jordan, A., Juurola, E., Karstens, U., Kasurinen, V., Kruijt, B., Lankreijer, H., Levin, I., Linderson, M.-L., Loustau, D., Merbold, L., Lund Myhre, C., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Pilegaard, K., Ramonet, M., Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, J., Rivier, L., Saltikoff, E., Sanders, R., Steinbacher, M., Steinhoff, T., Watson, A., Vermeulen, A.T., Vesala, T., Vítková, G., and Kutsch, W.
Abstract: Since 1750, land use change and fossil fuel combustion has led to a 46 % increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, causing global warming with substantial societal consequences. The Paris Agreement aims to limiting global temperature increases to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Increasing levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in the atmosphere are the primary cause of climate change. Approximately half of the carbon emissions to the atmosphere is sequestered by ocean and land sinks, leading to ocean acidification but also slowing the rate of global warming. However, there are significant uncertainties in the future global warming scenarios due to uncertainties in the size, nature and stability of these sinks. Quantifying and monitoring the size and timing of natural sinks and the impact of climate change on ecosystems are important information to guide policy-makers’ decisions and strategies on reductions in emissions. Continuous, long-term observations are required to quantify GHG emissions, sinks, and their impacts on Earth systems. The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) was designed as the European in situ observation and information system to support science and society in their efforts to mitigate climate change. It provides standardized and open data currently from over 140 measurement stations across 12 European countries. The stations observe GHG concentrations in the atmosphere and carbon and GHG fluxes between the atmosphere, land surface and the oceans. This article describes how ICOS fulfills its mission to harmonize these observations, ensure the related long-term financial commitments, provide easy access to well-documented and reproducible high-quality data and related protocols and tools for scientific studies, and deliver information and GHG-related products to stakeholders in society and policy.
Published: 2021

17. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author: Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardö, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brümmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D’Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrêne, E, Dunn, A, Dušek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grünwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hörtnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janouš, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, López-Ballesteros, A, López-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lüers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, Ü, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sánchez-Cañete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlák, P, Serrano-Ortíz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Šigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Reichstein, M, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Vuichard, N, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardö, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Brümmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D’Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrêne, E, Dunn, A, Dušek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Grünwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hörtnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janouš, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, López-Ballesteros, A, López-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lüers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, Ü, Raz-Yaseef, N, Rebmann, C, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sánchez-Cañete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlák, P, Serrano-Ortíz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Šigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D
Abstract: The following authors were omitted from the original version of this Data Descriptor: Markus Reichstein and Nicolas Vuichard. Both contributed to the code development and N. Vuichard contributed to the processing of the ERA-Interim data downscaling. Furthermore, the contribution of the co-author Frank Tiedemann was re-evaluated relative to the colleague Corinna Rebmann, both working at the same sites, and based on this re-evaluation a substitution in the co-author list is implemented (with Rebmann replacing Tiedemann). Finally, two affiliations were listed incorrectly and are corrected here (entries 190 and 193). The author list and affiliations have been amended to address these omissions in both the HTML and PDF versions.
Published: 2021

18. Method comparison of indirect assessments of understory leaf area index (LAIu): A case study across the extended network of ICOS forest ecosystem sites in Europe

Author: George, J. -P., Yang, W., Kobayashi, H., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, Giacomo Alessandro, Grunwald, T., Hase, N., Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Limousin, J. -M., Loustau, D., Lukes, P., Marzuoli, Riccardo, Molder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, C., Schmidt, M., Serrano, F. R. L., Soudani, K., Vincke, C., Pisek, J., Gerosa G. (ORCID:0000-0002-5352-3222), Marzuoli R. (ORCID:0000-0001-5946-9530), George, J. -P., Yang, W., Kobayashi, H., Biermann, T., Carrara, A., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Fares, S., Gerosa, Giacomo Alessandro, Grunwald, T., Hase, N., Heliasz, M., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Kruijt, B., Lange, H., Limousin, J. -M., Loustau, D., Lukes, P., Marzuoli, Riccardo, Molder, M., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Peichl, M., Rebmann, C., Schmidt, M., Serrano, F. R. L., Soudani, K., Vincke, C., Pisek, J., Gerosa G. (ORCID:0000-0002-5352-3222), and Marzuoli R. (ORCID:0000-0001-5946-9530)
Abstract: Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecological indicator for describing the structure of canopies and for modelling energy exchange between atmosphere and biosphere. While LAI of the forest overstory can be accurately assessed over large spatial scales via remote sensing, LAI of the forest understory (LAIu) is still largely ignored in ecological studies and ecosystem modelling due to the fact that it is often too complex to be destructively sampled or approximated by other site parameters. Additionally, so far only few attempts have been made to retrieve understory LAI via remote sensing, because dense canopies with high LAI are often hindering retrieval algorithms to produce meaningful estimates for understory LAI. Consequently, the forest understory still constitutes a poorly investigated research realm impeding ecological studies to properly account for its contribution to the energy absorption capacity of forest stands. This study aims to compare three conceptually different indirect retrieval methodologies for LAIu over a diverse panel of forest understory types distributed across Europe. For this we carried out near-to-surface measurements of understory reflectance spectra as well as digital surface photography over the extended network of Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) forest ecosystem sites. LAIu was assessed by exploiting the empirical relationship between vegetation cover and light absorption (Beer-Lambert- Bouguer law) as well as by utilizing proposed relationships with two prominent vegetation indices: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR). Retrievals from the three methods were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.63–0.99, RMSE = 0.53–0.72), but exhibited also significant bias depending on the LAI scale. The NDVI based retrieval approach most likely overestimates LAI at productive sites when LAIu > 2, while the simple ratio algorithm overestimates LAIu at sites with sparse understory vegetation and pre
Published: 2021

19. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author: Sutton, M.A., Flechard, C.R., Ibrom, A., Skiba, U.M., De Vries, W., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D.R., DIse, N.B., Korhonen, J.F.J., Buchmann, N., Legout, A., Simpson, D., Sanz, M.J., Aubinet, M., Loustau, D., Montagnani, L., Neirynck, J., Janssens, I.A., Pihlatie, M., Kiese, R., European Commission, ABBA COST, Academy of Sciences, Atmospheric Environment Expert Ltd., CNR-ISAFOM, ECLAIRE, Geosciences and Environmental research, IGE, INRAE, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Netherlands 31Institut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, NitroEurope Integrated Project, UK Natural Environment Research Council, IRD, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, and European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme
Subjects: Europe, ecosystem modeling, greenhouse gas, vegetation type, organic nitrogen, environmental modeling, soil-vegetation interaction, forest ecosystem, carbon sequestration
Abstract: The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC∕dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO−3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from −70 to 826 g C m−2 yr−1 at total wet + dry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m−2 yr−1 and from −4 to 361 g C m−2 yr−1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m−2 yr−1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO−3 were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of Ndep at sites with Ndep 3 g N m−2 yr−1. Such large levels of Nr loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with Nr deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m−2 yr−1, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP ∕ GPP ratio). At elevated Ndep levels (> 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1), where inorganic Nr losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate Ndep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between Ndep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC∕dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. Ndep. Financial support. This research has been supported by the Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Commission through the two FP6 integrated projects CarboEurope Integrated Project (project no. GOCE-CT-2003-505572) and NitroEurope Integrated Project (project no. 017841), the FP7 ECLAIRE project (grant agreement no. 282910), and the ABBA COST Action ES0804. We are also thankful for funding from the French GIP-ECOFOR consortium under the F-ORE-T forest observation and experimentation network, as well as from the MDM-2017-0714 Spanish grant. We are grateful to Christian Bernhofer, Robert Clement, Han Dolman, Axel Don, Eric Dufrêne, Damiano Gianelle, Ruediger Grote, Anders Lindroth, John Moncrieff, Dario Papale, Corinna Rebmann and Alex Vermeulen for the data they provided, as well as to Klau-dia Ziemblińska for her comments on the paper. Computer time for EMEP model runs was supported by the Research Council of Norway through the NOTUR project EMEP (NN2890K). Finalization of the paper was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering national capability. We also wish to thank two anonymous referees for their constructive criticism of the paper.
Published: 2020

20. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author: Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Bruemmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Gruenwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hoertnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lueers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tiedemann, F, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, Papale, D, Pastorello, G, Trotta, C, Canfora, E, Chu, H, Christianson, D, Cheah, Y-W, Poindexter, C, Chen, J, Elbashandy, A, Humphrey, M, Isaac, P, Polidori, D, Ribeca, A, van Ingen, C, Zhang, L, Amiro, B, Ammann, C, Arain, MA, Ardo, J, Arkebauer, T, Arndt, SK, Arriga, N, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Baldocchi, D, Barr, A, Beamesderfer, E, Marchesini, LB, Bergeron, O, Beringer, J, Bernhofer, C, Berveiller, D, Billesbach, D, Black, TA, Blanken, PD, Bohrer, G, Boike, J, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bonnefond, J-M, Bowling, DR, Bracho, R, Brodeur, J, Bruemmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burban, B, Burns, SP, Buysse, P, Cale, P, Cavagna, M, Cellier, P, Chen, S, Chini, I, Christensen, TR, Cleverly, J, Collalti, A, Consalvo, C, Cook, BD, Cook, D, Coursolle, C, Cremonese, E, Curtis, PS, D'Andrea, E, da Rocha, H, Dai, X, Davis, KJ, De Cinti, B, de Grandcourt, A, De Ligne, A, De Oliveira, RC, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Di Bella, CM, di Tommasi, P, Dolman, H, Domingo, F, Dong, G, Dore, S, Duce, P, Dufrene, E, Dunn, A, Dusek, J, Eamus, D, Eichelmann, U, ElKhidir, HAM, Eugster, W, Ewenz, CM, Ewers, B, Famulari, D, Fares, S, Feigenwinter, I, Feitz, A, Fensholt, R, Filippa, G, Fischer, M, Frank, J, Galvagno, M, Gharun, M, Gianelle, D, Gielen, B, Gioli, B, Gitelson, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Goldstein, AH, Gough, CM, Goulden, ML, Graf, A, Griebel, A, Gruening, C, Gruenwald, T, Hammerle, A, Han, S, Han, X, Hansen, BU, Hanson, C, Hatakka, J, He, Y, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Hinko-Najera, N, Hoertnagl, L, Hutley, L, Ibrom, A, Ikawa, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, M, Janous, D, Jans, W, Jassal, R, Jiang, S, Kato, T, Khomik, M, Klatt, J, Knohl, A, Knox, S, Kobayashi, H, Koerber, G, Kolle, O, Kosugi, Y, Kotani, A, Kowalski, A, Kruijt, B, Kurbatova, J, Kutsch, WL, Kwon, H, Launiainen, S, Laurila, T, Law, B, Leuning, R, Li, Y, Liddell, M, Limousin, J-M, Lion, M, Liska, AJ, Lohila, A, Lopez-Ballesteros, A, Lopez-Blanco, E, Loubet, B, Loustau, D, Lucas-Moffat, A, Lueers, J, Ma, S, Macfarlane, C, Magliulo, V, Maier, R, Mammarella, I, Manca, G, Marcolla, B, Margolis, HA, Marras, S, Massman, W, Mastepanov, M, Matamala, R, Matthes, JH, Mazzenga, F, McCaughey, H, McHugh, I, McMillan, AMS, Merbold, L, Meyer, W, Meyers, T, Miller, SD, Minerbi, S, Moderow, U, Monson, RK, Montagnani, L, Moore, CE, Moors, E, Moreaux, V, Moureaux, C, Munger, JW, Nakai, T, Neirynck, J, Nesic, Z, Nicolini, G, Noormets, A, Northwood, M, Nosetto, M, Nouvellon, Y, Novick, K, Oechel, W, Olesen, JE, Ourcival, J-M, Papuga, SA, Parmentier, F-J, Paul-Limoges, E, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Pendall, E, Phillips, RP, Pilegaard, K, Pirk, N, Posse, G, Powell, T, Prasse, H, Prober, SM, Rambal, S, Rannik, U, Raz-Yaseef, N, Reed, D, de Dios, VR, Restrepo-Coupe, N, Reverter, BR, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Sachs, T, Saleska, SR, Sanchez-Canete, EP, Sanchez-Mejia, ZM, Schmid, HP, Schmidt, M, Schneider, K, Schrader, F, Schroder, I, Scott, RL, Sedlak, P, Serrano-Ortiz, P, Shao, C, Shi, P, Shironya, I, Siebicke, L, Sigut, L, Silberstein, R, Sirca, C, Spano, D, Steinbrecher, R, Stevens, RM, Sturtevant, C, Suyker, A, Tagesson, T, Takanashi, S, Tang, Y, Tapper, N, Thom, J, Tiedemann, F, Tomassucci, M, Tuovinen, J-P, Urbanski, S, Valentini, R, van der Molen, M, van Gorsel, E, van Huissteden, K, Varlagin, A, Verfaillie, J, Vesala, T, Vincke, C, Vitale, D, Vygodskaya, N, Walker, JP, Walter-Shea, E, Wang, H, Weber, R, Westermann, S, Wille, C, Wofsy, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Wolf, S, Woodgate, W, Zampedri, R, Zhang, J, Zhou, G, Zona, D, Agarwal, D, Biraud, S, Torn, M, and Papale, D
Abstract: The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.
Published: 2020

21. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author: Pastorello, G. (Gilberto), Trotta, C. (Carlo), Canfora, E. (Eleonora), Chu, H. (Housen), Christianson, D. (Danielle), Cheah, Y.-W. (You-Wei), Poindexter, C. (Cristina), Chen, J. (Jiquan), Elbashandy, A. (Abdelrahman), Humphrey, M. (Marty), Isaac, P. (Peter), Polidori, D. (Diego), Ribeca, A. (Alessio), van Ingen, C. (Catharine), Zhang, L. (Leiming), Amiro, B. (Brian), Ammann, C. (Christof), Arain, M. A. (M. Altaf), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arkebauer, T. (Timothy), Arndt, S. K. (Stefan K.), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Aubinet, M. (Marc), Aurela, M. (Mika), Baldocchi, D. (Dennis), Barr, A. (Alan), Beamesderfer, E. (Eric), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bergeron, O. (Onil), Beringer, J. (Jason), Bernhofer, C. (Christian), Berveiller, D. (Daniel), Billesbach, D. (Dave), Black, T. A. (Thomas Andrew), Blanken, P. D. (Peter D.), Bohrer, G. (Gil), Boike, J. (Julia), Bolstad, P. V. (Paul V.), Bonal, D. (Damien), Bonnefond, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Bowling, D. R. (David R.), Bracho, R. (Rosvel), Brodeur, J. (Jason), Bruemmer, C. (Christian), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Burban, B. (Benoit), Burns, S. P. (Sean P.), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Cale, P. (Peter), Cavagna, M. (Mauro), Cellier, P. (Pierre), Chen, S. (Shiping), Chini, I. (Isaac), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Cleverly, J. (James), Collalti, A. (Alessio), Consalvo, C. (Claudia), Cook, B. D. (Bruce D.), Cook, D. (David), Coursolle, C. (Carole), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curtis, P. S. (Peter S.), D'Andrea, E. (Ettore), da Rocha, H. (Humberto), Dai, X. (Xiaoqin), Davis, K. J. (Kenneth J.), De Cinti, B. (Bruno), de Grandcourt, A. (Agnes), De Ligne, A. (Anne), De Oliveira, R. C. (Raimundo C.), Delpierre, N. (Nicolas), Desai, A. R. (Ankur R.), Di Bella, C. M. (Carlos Marcelo), di Tommasi, P. (Paul), Dolman, H. (Han), Domingo, F. (Francisco), Dong, G. (Gang), Dore, S. (Sabina), Duce, P. (Pierpaolo), Dufrene, E. (Eric), Dunn, A. (Allison), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eamus, D. (Derek), Eichelmann, U. (Uwe), ElKhidir, H. A. (Hatim Abdalla M.), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewenz, C. M. (Cacilia M.), Ewers, B. (Brent), Famulari, D. (Daniela), Fares, S. (Silvano), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Feitz, A. (Andrew), Fensholt, R. (Rasmus), Filippa, G. (Gianluca), Fischer, M. (Marc), Frank, J. (John), Galvagno, M. (Marta), Gharun, M. (Mana), Gianelle, D. (Damiano), Gielen, B. (Bert), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Gitelson, A. (Anatoly), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Goldstein, A. H. (Allen H.), Gough, C. M. (Christopher M.), Goulden, M. L. (Michael L.), Graf, A. (Alexander), Griebel, A. (Anne), Gruening, C. (Carsten), Gruenwald, T. (Thomas), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Han, S. (Shijie), Han, X. (Xingguo), Hansen, B. U. (Birger Ulf), Hanson, C. (Chad), Hatakka, J. (Juha), He, Y. (Yongtao), Hehn, M. (Markus), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Hinko-Najera, N. (Nina), Hoertnagl, L. (Lukas), Hutley, L. (Lindsay), Ibrom, A. (Andreas), Ikawa, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Janous, D. (Dalibor), Jans, W. (Wilma), Jassal, R. (Rachhpal), Jiang, S. (Shicheng), Kato, T. (Tomomichi), Khomik, M. (Myroslava), Klatt, J. (Janina), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Knox, S. (Sara), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Koerber, G. (Georgia), Kolle, O. (Olaf), Kosugi, Y. (Yoshiko), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kowalski, A. (Andrew), Kruijt, B. (Bart), Kurbatova, J. (Julia), Kutsch, W. L. (Werner L.), Kwon, H. (Hyojung), Launiainen, S. (Samuli), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Law, B. (Bev), Leuning, R. (Ray), Li, Y. (Yingnian), Liddell, M. (Michael), Limousin, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Lion, M. (Marryanna), Liska, A. J. (Adam J.), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lopez-Ballesteros, A. (Ana), Lopez-Blanco, E. (Efren), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Loustau, D. (Denis), Lucas-Moffat, A. (Antje), Lueers, J. (Johannes), Ma, S. (Siyan), Macfarlane, C. (Craig), Magliulo, V. (Vincenzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Marcolla, B. (Barbara), Margolis, H. A. (Hank A.), Marras, S. (Serena), Massman, W. (William), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Matamala, R. (Roser), Matthes, J. H. (Jaclyn Hatala), Mazzenga, F. (Francesco), McCaughey, H. (Harry), McHugh, I. (Ian), McMillan, A. M. (Andrew M. S.), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Meyer, W. (Wayne), Meyers, T. (Tilden), Miller, S. D. (Scott D.), Minerbi, S. (Stefano), Moderow, U. (Uta), Monson, R. K. (Russell K.), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moore, C. E. (Caitlin E.), Moors, E. (Eddy), Moreaux, V. (Virginie), Moureaux, C. (Christine), Munger, J. W. (J. William), Nakai, T. (Taro), Neirynck, J. (Johan), Nesic, Z. (Zoran), Nicolini, G. (Giacomo), Noormets, A. (Asko), Northwood, M. (Matthew), Nosetto, M. (Marcelo), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Novick, K. (Kimberly), Oechel, W. (Walter), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Ourcival, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Papuga, S. A. (Shirley A.), Parmentier, F.-J. (Frans-Jan), Paul-Limoges, E. (Eugenie), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pendall, E. (Elise), Phillips, R. P. (Richard P.), Pilegaard, K. (Kim), Pirk, N. (Norbert), Posse, G. (Gabriela), Powell, T. (Thomas), Prasse, H. (Heiko), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Rambal, S. (Serge), Rannik, U. (Ullar), Raz-Yaseef, N. (Naama), Reed, D. (David), de Dios, V. R. (Victor Resco), Restrepo-Coupe, N. (Natalia), Reverter, B. R. (Borja R.), Roland, M. (Marilyn), Sabbatini, S. (Simone), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Saleska, S. R. (Scott R.), Sanchez-Canete, E. P. (Enrique P.), Sanchez-Mejia, Z. M. (Zulia M.), Schmid, H. P. (Hans Peter), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Schneider, K. (Karl), Schrader, F. (Frederik), Schroder, I. (Ivan), Scott, R. L. (Russell L.), Sedlak, P. (Pavel), Serrano-Ortiz, P. (Penelope), Shao, C. (Changliang), Shi, P. (Peili), Shironya, I. (Ivan), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Sigut, L. (Ladislav), Silberstein, R. (Richard), Sirca, C. (Costantino), Spano, D. (Donatella), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Stevens, R. M. (Robert M.), Sturtevant, C. (Cove), Suyker, A. (Andy), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Takanashi, S. (Satoru), Tang, Y. (Yanhong), Tapper, N. (Nigel), Thom, J. (Jonathan), Tiedemann, F. (Frank), Tomassucci, M. (Michele), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Urbanski, S. (Shawn), Valentini, R. (Riccardo), van der Molen, M. (Michiel), van Gorsel, E. (Eva), van Huissteden, K. (Ko), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Verfaillie, J. (Joseph), Vesala, T. (Timo), Vincke, C. (Caroline), Vitale, D. (Domenico), Vygodskaya, N. (Natalia), Walker, J. P. (Jeffrey P.), Walter-Shea, E. (Elizabeth), Wang, H. (Huimin), Weber, R. (Robin), Westermann, S. (Sebastian), Wille, C. (Christian), Wofsy, S. (Steven), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Wolf, S. (Sebastian), Woodgate, W. (William), Li, Y. (Yuelin), Zampedri, R. (Roberto), Zhang, J. (Junhui), Zhou, G. (Guoyi), Zona, D. (Donatella), Agarwal, D. (Deb), Biraud, S. (Sebastien), Torn, M. (Margaret), Papale, D. (Dario), Pastorello, G. (Gilberto), Trotta, C. (Carlo), Canfora, E. (Eleonora), Chu, H. (Housen), Christianson, D. (Danielle), Cheah, Y.-W. (You-Wei), Poindexter, C. (Cristina), Chen, J. (Jiquan), Elbashandy, A. (Abdelrahman), Humphrey, M. (Marty), Isaac, P. (Peter), Polidori, D. (Diego), Ribeca, A. (Alessio), van Ingen, C. (Catharine), Zhang, L. (Leiming), Amiro, B. (Brian), Ammann, C. (Christof), Arain, M. A. (M. Altaf), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arkebauer, T. (Timothy), Arndt, S. K. (Stefan K.), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Aubinet, M. (Marc), Aurela, M. (Mika), Baldocchi, D. (Dennis), Barr, A. (Alan), Beamesderfer, E. (Eric), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bergeron, O. (Onil), Beringer, J. (Jason), Bernhofer, C. (Christian), Berveiller, D. (Daniel), Billesbach, D. (Dave), Black, T. A. (Thomas Andrew), Blanken, P. D. (Peter D.), Bohrer, G. (Gil), Boike, J. (Julia), Bolstad, P. V. (Paul V.), Bonal, D. (Damien), Bonnefond, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Bowling, D. R. (David R.), Bracho, R. (Rosvel), Brodeur, J. (Jason), Bruemmer, C. (Christian), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Burban, B. (Benoit), Burns, S. P. (Sean P.), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Cale, P. (Peter), Cavagna, M. (Mauro), Cellier, P. (Pierre), Chen, S. (Shiping), Chini, I. (Isaac), Christensen, T. R. (Torben R.), Cleverly, J. (James), Collalti, A. (Alessio), Consalvo, C. (Claudia), Cook, B. D. (Bruce D.), Cook, D. (David), Coursolle, C. (Carole), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curtis, P. S. (Peter S.), D'Andrea, E. (Ettore), da Rocha, H. (Humberto), Dai, X. (Xiaoqin), Davis, K. J. (Kenneth J.), De Cinti, B. (Bruno), de Grandcourt, A. (Agnes), De Ligne, A. (Anne), De Oliveira, R. C. (Raimundo C.), Delpierre, N. (Nicolas), Desai, A. R. (Ankur R.), Di Bella, C. M. (Carlos Marcelo), di Tommasi, P. (Paul), Dolman, H. (Han), Domingo, F. (Francisco), Dong, G. (Gang), Dore, S. (Sabina), Duce, P. (Pierpaolo), Dufrene, E. (Eric), Dunn, A. (Allison), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eamus, D. (Derek), Eichelmann, U. (Uwe), ElKhidir, H. A. (Hatim Abdalla M.), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewenz, C. M. (Cacilia M.), Ewers, B. (Brent), Famulari, D. (Daniela), Fares, S. (Silvano), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Feitz, A. (Andrew), Fensholt, R. (Rasmus), Filippa, G. (Gianluca), Fischer, M. (Marc), Frank, J. (John), Galvagno, M. (Marta), Gharun, M. (Mana), Gianelle, D. (Damiano), Gielen, B. (Bert), Gioli, B. (Beniamino), Gitelson, A. (Anatoly), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Goldstein, A. H. (Allen H.), Gough, C. M. (Christopher M.), Goulden, M. L. (Michael L.), Graf, A. (Alexander), Griebel, A. (Anne), Gruening, C. (Carsten), Gruenwald, T. (Thomas), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Han, S. (Shijie), Han, X. (Xingguo), Hansen, B. U. (Birger Ulf), Hanson, C. (Chad), Hatakka, J. (Juha), He, Y. (Yongtao), Hehn, M. (Markus), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Hinko-Najera, N. (Nina), Hoertnagl, L. (Lukas), Hutley, L. (Lindsay), Ibrom, A. (Andreas), Ikawa, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. (Marcin), Janous, D. (Dalibor), Jans, W. (Wilma), Jassal, R. (Rachhpal), Jiang, S. (Shicheng), Kato, T. (Tomomichi), Khomik, M. (Myroslava), Klatt, J. (Janina), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Knox, S. (Sara), Kobayashi, H. (Hideki), Koerber, G. (Georgia), Kolle, O. (Olaf), Kosugi, Y. (Yoshiko), Kotani, A. (Ayumi), Kowalski, A. (Andrew), Kruijt, B. (Bart), Kurbatova, J. (Julia), Kutsch, W. L. (Werner L.), Kwon, H. (Hyojung), Launiainen, S. (Samuli), Laurila, T. (Tuomas), Law, B. (Bev), Leuning, R. (Ray), Li, Y. (Yingnian), Liddell, M. (Michael), Limousin, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Lion, M. (Marryanna), Liska, A. J. (Adam J.), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lopez-Ballesteros, A. (Ana), Lopez-Blanco, E. (Efren), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Loustau, D. (Denis), Lucas-Moffat, A. (Antje), Lueers, J. (Johannes), Ma, S. (Siyan), Macfarlane, C. (Craig), Magliulo, V. (Vincenzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Mammarella, I. (Ivan), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Marcolla, B. (Barbara), Margolis, H. A. (Hank A.), Marras, S. (Serena), Massman, W. (William), Mastepanov, M. (Mikhail), Matamala, R. (Roser), Matthes, J. H. (Jaclyn Hatala), Mazzenga, F. (Francesco), McCaughey, H. (Harry), McHugh, I. (Ian), McMillan, A. M. (Andrew M. S.), Merbold, L. (Lutz), Meyer, W. (Wayne), Meyers, T. (Tilden), Miller, S. D. (Scott D.), Minerbi, S. (Stefano), Moderow, U. (Uta), Monson, R. K. (Russell K.), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moore, C. E. (Caitlin E.), Moors, E. (Eddy), Moreaux, V. (Virginie), Moureaux, C. (Christine), Munger, J. W. (J. William), Nakai, T. (Taro), Neirynck, J. (Johan), Nesic, Z. (Zoran), Nicolini, G. (Giacomo), Noormets, A. (Asko), Northwood, M. (Matthew), Nosetto, M. (Marcelo), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Novick, K. (Kimberly), Oechel, W. (Walter), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Ourcival, J.-M. (Jean-Marc), Papuga, S. A. (Shirley A.), Parmentier, F.-J. (Frans-Jan), Paul-Limoges, E. (Eugenie), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pendall, E. (Elise), Phillips, R. P. (Richard P.), Pilegaard, K. (Kim), Pirk, N. (Norbert), Posse, G. (Gabriela), Powell, T. (Thomas), Prasse, H. (Heiko), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Rambal, S. (Serge), Rannik, U. (Ullar), Raz-Yaseef, N. (Naama), Reed, D. (David), de Dios, V. R. (Victor Resco), Restrepo-Coupe, N. (Natalia), Reverter, B. R. (Borja R.), Roland, M. (Marilyn), Sabbatini, S. (Simone), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Saleska, S. R. (Scott R.), Sanchez-Canete, E. P. (Enrique P.), Sanchez-Mejia, Z. M. (Zulia M.), Schmid, H. P. (Hans Peter), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Schneider, K. (Karl), Schrader, F. (Frederik), Schroder, I. (Ivan), Scott, R. L. (Russell L.), Sedlak, P. (Pavel), Serrano-Ortiz, P. (Penelope), Shao, C. (Changliang), Shi, P. (Peili), Shironya, I. (Ivan), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Sigut, L. (Ladislav), Silberstein, R. (Richard), Sirca, C. (Costantino), Spano, D. (Donatella), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Stevens, R. M. (Robert M.), Sturtevant, C. (Cove), Suyker, A. (Andy), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Takanashi, S. (Satoru), Tang, Y. (Yanhong), Tapper, N. (Nigel), Thom, J. (Jonathan), Tiedemann, F. (Frank), Tomassucci, M. (Michele), Tuovinen, J.-P. (Juha-Pekka), Urbanski, S. (Shawn), Valentini, R. (Riccardo), van der Molen, M. (Michiel), van Gorsel, E. (Eva), van Huissteden, K. (Ko), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Verfaillie, J. (Joseph), Vesala, T. (Timo), Vincke, C. (Caroline), Vitale, D. (Domenico), Vygodskaya, N. (Natalia), Walker, J. P. (Jeffrey P.), Walter-Shea, E. (Elizabeth), Wang, H. (Huimin), Weber, R. (Robin), Westermann, S. (Sebastian), Wille, C. (Christian), Wofsy, S. (Steven), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Wolf, S. (Sebastian), Woodgate, W. (William), Li, Y. (Yuelin), Zampedri, R. (Roberto), Zhang, J. (Junhui), Zhou, G. (Guoyi), Zona, D. (Donatella), Agarwal, D. (Deb), Biraud, S. (Sebastien), Torn, M. (Margaret), and Papale, D. (Dario)
Abstract: The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.
Published: 2020

22. The PROFOUND Database for evaluating vegetation models and simulating climate impacts on European forests

Author: Reyer, C.P.O., Silveyra Gonzalez, R., Dolos, K., Hartig, F., Hauf, Y., Noack, M., Lasch-Born, P., Rötzer, T., Pretzsch, H., Meesenburg, H., Fleck, S., Wagner, M., Bolte, A., Sanders, T.G.M., Kolari, P., Mäkelä, A., Vesala, T., Mammarella, I., Pumpanen, J., Collalti, A., Trotta, C., Matteucci, G., D'Andrea, E., Foltýnová, L., Krejza, J., Ibrom, A., Pilegaard, K., Loustau, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Berbigier, P., Picart, D., Lafont, S., Dietzel, M., Cameron, D., Vieno, M., Tian, H., Palacios-Orueta, A., Cicuendez, V., Recuero, L., Wiese, K., Büchner, M., Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Kim, H., Horemans, J.A., Bohn, Friedrich, Steinkamp, J., Chikalanov, A., Weedon, G.P., Sheffield, J., Babst, F., Vega del Valle, I., Suckow, F., Martel, S., Mahnken, M., Gutsch, M., Frieler, K., Reyer, C.P.O., Silveyra Gonzalez, R., Dolos, K., Hartig, F., Hauf, Y., Noack, M., Lasch-Born, P., Rötzer, T., Pretzsch, H., Meesenburg, H., Fleck, S., Wagner, M., Bolte, A., Sanders, T.G.M., Kolari, P., Mäkelä, A., Vesala, T., Mammarella, I., Pumpanen, J., Collalti, A., Trotta, C., Matteucci, G., D'Andrea, E., Foltýnová, L., Krejza, J., Ibrom, A., Pilegaard, K., Loustau, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Berbigier, P., Picart, D., Lafont, S., Dietzel, M., Cameron, D., Vieno, M., Tian, H., Palacios-Orueta, A., Cicuendez, V., Recuero, L., Wiese, K., Büchner, M., Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Kim, H., Horemans, J.A., Bohn, Friedrich, Steinkamp, J., Chikalanov, A., Weedon, G.P., Sheffield, J., Babst, F., Vega del Valle, I., Suckow, F., Martel, S., Mahnken, M., Gutsch, M., and Frieler, K.
Abstract: Process-based vegetation models are widely used to predict local and global ecosystem dynamics and climate change impacts. Due to their complexity, they require careful parameterization and evaluation to ensure that projections are accurate and reliable. The PROFOUND Database (PROFOUND DB) provides a wide range of empirical data on European forests to calibrate and evaluate vegetation models that simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. A particular advantage of this database is its wide coverage of multiple data sources at different hierarchical and temporal scales, together with environmental driving data as well as the latest climate scenarios. Specifically, the PROFOUND DB provides general site descriptions, soil, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, tree and forest stand level, and remote sensing data for nine contrasting forest stands distributed across Europe. Moreover, for a subset of five sites, time series of carbon fluxes, atmospheric heat conduction and soil water are also available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contain several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). We also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND DB is available freely as a “SQLite” relational database or “ASCII” flat file version (at https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2020.006/; Reyer et al., 2020). The data policies of the individual contributing datasets are provided in the metadata of each data file. The PROFOUND DB can also be accessed via the ProfoundData R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ProfoundData; Silveyra Gonzalez et al., 2020), which provides basic functions to explore, plot and extract the data for model set-up, calibration and evaluation.
Published: 2020

23. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials

Author: Flechard, C. R., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D. R., De Vries, W., Ibrom, A., Buchmann, N., DIse, N. B., Janssens, I. A., Neirynck, J., Montagnani, L., Varlagin, A., Loustau, D., Legout, A., Ziemblińska, K., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Drewer, J., Eugster, W., Francez, A. J., Juszczak, R., Kitzler, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lohila, A., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Moreaux, V., Neftel, A., Olejnik, J., Sanz, M. J., Siemens, J., Vesala, T., Vincke, C., Nemitz, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Skiba, U. M., Sutton, M. A., Flechard, C. R., Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D. R., De Vries, W., Ibrom, A., Buchmann, N., DIse, N. B., Janssens, I. A., Neirynck, J., Montagnani, L., Varlagin, A., Loustau, D., Legout, A., Ziemblińska, K., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B. H., Drewer, J., Eugster, W., Francez, A. J., Juszczak, R., Kitzler, B., Kutsch, W. L., Lohila, A., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Moreaux, V., Neftel, A., Olejnik, J., Sanz, M. J., Siemens, J., Vesala, T., Vincke, C., Nemitz, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Skiba, U. M., and Sutton, M. A.
Abstract: "The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (N-dep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of N-dep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of N-dep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total N-r deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition (dNEP/dN(dep)) was estimated after accounting for the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP/dN(dep) value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and N-dep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP/dN(dep) response of forest lifetime C sequestration to N-dep of the order of 40-50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus N-dep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at high N-dep levels (N-dep > 2.5-3 gNm(-2) yr(-1)) but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high N-dep levels implies that
Published: 2020

24. Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018

Author: Graf, A., Klosterhalfen, A., Arriga, N., Bernhofer, C., Bogena, H., Bornet, F., Brüggemann, N., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Chi, J., Chipeaux, C., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Dušek, J., El-Madany, T.S., Fares, S., Fischer, M., Foltýnová, L., Gharun, M., Ghiasi, S., Gielen, B., Gottschalk, P., Grünwald, T., Heinemann, G., Heinesch, B., Heliasz, M., Holst, J., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Ingwersen, J., Jurasinski, G., Klatt, J., Knohl, A., Koebsch, F., Konopka, J., Korkiakoski, M., Kowalska, N., Kremer, P., Kruijt, B., Lafont, S., Léonard, J., de Ligne, A., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Magliulo, V., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Mölder, M., Neirynck, J., Ney, P., Nilsson, M., Paul-Limoges, E., Peichl, M., Pitacco, A., Poyda, A., Rebmann, Corinna, Roland, M., Sachs, T., Schmidt, M., Schrader, F., Siebicke, L., Šigut, L., Tuittila, E.-S., Varlagin, A., Vendrame, N., Vincke, C., Völksch, I., Weber, S., Wille, C., Wizemann, H.-D., Zeeman, M., Vereecken, H., Graf, A., Klosterhalfen, A., Arriga, N., Bernhofer, C., Bogena, H., Bornet, F., Brüggemann, N., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Chi, J., Chipeaux, C., Cremonese, E., Cuntz, M., Dušek, J., El-Madany, T.S., Fares, S., Fischer, M., Foltýnová, L., Gharun, M., Ghiasi, S., Gielen, B., Gottschalk, P., Grünwald, T., Heinemann, G., Heinesch, B., Heliasz, M., Holst, J., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Ingwersen, J., Jurasinski, G., Klatt, J., Knohl, A., Koebsch, F., Konopka, J., Korkiakoski, M., Kowalska, N., Kremer, P., Kruijt, B., Lafont, S., Léonard, J., de Ligne, A., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Magliulo, V., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Mölder, M., Neirynck, J., Ney, P., Nilsson, M., Paul-Limoges, E., Peichl, M., Pitacco, A., Poyda, A., Rebmann, Corinna, Roland, M., Sachs, T., Schmidt, M., Schrader, F., Siebicke, L., Šigut, L., Tuittila, E.-S., Varlagin, A., Vendrame, N., Vincke, C., Völksch, I., Weber, S., Wille, C., Wizemann, H.-D., Zeeman, M., and Vereecken, H.
Abstract: Drought and heat events, such as the 2018 European drought, interact with the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere, potentially affecting albedo, sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as CO2 exchange. Each of these quantities may aggravate or mitigate the drought, heat, their side effects on productivity, water scarcity and global warming. We used measurements of 56 eddy covariance sites across Europe to examine the response of fluxes to extreme drought prevailing most of the year 2018 and how the response differed across various ecosystem types (forests, grasslands, croplands and peatlands). Each component of the surface radiation and energy balance observed in 2018 was compared to available data per site during a reference period 2004–2017. Based on anomalies in precipitation and reference evapotranspiration, we classified 46 sites as drought affected. These received on average 9% more solar radiation and released 32% more sensible heat to the atmosphere compared to the mean of the reference period. In general, drought decreased net CO2 uptake by 17.8%, but did not significantly change net evapotranspiration. The response of these fluxes differed characteristically between ecosystems; in particular, the general increase in the evaporative index was strongest in peatlands and weakest in croplands.
Published: 2020

25. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data.

Author: Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah Y-W, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond J-M, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, De Cinti B, de Grandcourt A, De Ligne A, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, di Tommasi P, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin J-M, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival J-M, Papuga SA, Parmentier F-J, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Reed D, de Dios VR, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tiedemann F, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen J-P, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D, Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah Y-W, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond J-M, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, De Cinti B, de Grandcourt A, De Ligne A, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, di Tommasi P, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin J-M, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival J-M, Papuga SA, Parmentier F-J, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Reed D, de Dios VR, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tiedemann F, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen J-P, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, and Papale D
Abstract: The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.
Published: 2020

26. Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003

Author: Granier, A., Reichstein, M., Bréda, N., Janssens, I.A., Falge, E., Ciais, P., Grünwald, T., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Facini, O., Grassi, G., Heinesch, B., Ilvesniemi, H., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Köstner, B., Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mateus, J., Montagnani, L., Nys, C., Moors, E., Papale, D., Peiffer, M., Pilegaard, K., Pita, G., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rebmann, C., Rodrigues, A., Seufert, G., Tenhunen, J., Vesala, T., and Wang, Q.
Published: 2007
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27. The CarboEurope regional experiment strategy

Author: Dolman, A.J., Noilhan, J., Durand, P., Sarrat, C., Brut, A., Piguet, B., Butet, A., Jarosz, N., Brunet, Y., Loustau, D., Lamaud, E., Tolk, L., Ronda, R., Miglietta, F., Gioli, B., Magliulo, V., Esposito, M., Gerbig, C., Korner, S., Glademard, P., Ramonet, M., Ciais, P., Neininger, B., Hutjes, R.W.A., Elbers, J.A., Macatangay, R., Schrems, O., Perez-Landa, G., Sanz, M.J., Scholz, Y., Facon, G., Ceschia, E., and Beziat, P.
Subjects: Carbon -- Environmental aspects, Carbon -- Research, Business, Earth sciences
Abstract: Quantification of sources and sinks of carbon at global and regional scales requires not only a good description of the land sources and sinks of carbon, but also of the synoptic and mesoscale meteorology. An experiment was performed in Les Landes, southwest France, during May-June 2005, to determine the variability in concentration gradients and fluxes of C[O.sub.2]. The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES; see also http://carboregional.mediasfrance.org/index) aimed to produce aggregated estimates of the carbon balance of a region that can be meaningfully compared to those obtained from the smallest downscaled information of atmospheric measurements and continental-scale inversions. We deployed several aircraft to sample the C[O.sub.2] concentration and fluxes over the whole area, while fixed stations observed the fluxes and concentrations at high accuracy. Several (mesoscale) meteorological modeling tools were used to plan the experiment and flight patterns. Results show that at regional scale the relation between profiles and fluxes is not obvious, and is strongly influenced by airmass history and mesoscale flow patterns. In particular, we show from an analysis of data for a single day that taking either the concentration at several locations as representative of local fluxes or taking the flux measurements at those sites as representative of larger regions would lead to incorrect conclusions about the distribution of sources and sinks of carbon. Joint consideration of the synoptic and regional flow, fluxes, and land surface is required for a correct interpretation. This calls for an experimental and modeling strategy that takes into account the large spatial gradients in concentrations and the variability in sources and sinks that arise from different land use types. We briefly describe how such an analysis can be performed and evaluate the usefulness of the data for planning of future networks or longer campaigns with reduced experimental efforts.
Published: 2006

28. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003

Author: Ciais, Ph., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, Chr., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De Noblet, N., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grunwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and Valentini, R.
Subjects: Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract: Author(s): Ph. Ciais (corresponding author) [1]; M. Reichstein [2, 3]; N. Viovy [1]; A. Granier [4]; J. OgÃ©e [5]; V. Allard [6]; M. Aubinet [7]; N. Buchmann [8]; Chr. Bernhofer [...]
Published: 2005
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29. Sensitivity of water and carbon fluxes to climate changes from 1960 to 2100 in European forest ecosystems

Author: Davi, H., Dufrêne, E., Francois, C., Le Maire, G., Loustau, D., Bosc, A., Rambal, S., Granier, A., and Moors, E.
Published: 2006
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30. The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an overview

Author: Kramer, K., Leinonen, I., and Loustau, D.
Published: 2000
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31. Impacts of climate change on temperate forests and interaction with management.

Author: Loustau, D., primary, Ogée, J., additional, Dufrêne, E., additional, Déqué, M., additional, Dupouey, J. L., additional, Badeau, V., additional, Viovy, N., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Desprez-Loustau, M. L., additional, Roques, A., additional, Chuine, I., additional, and Mouillot, F., additional
Published: 2007
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32. Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests

Author: Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A. J., Schulze, E.-D., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Granier, A., Gross, P., Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Bernhofer, C., Grunwald, T., Aubinet, M., Ceulemans, R., Kowalski, A. S., Vesala, T., Rannik, U., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guðmundsson, J., Thorgeirsson, H., Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., and Jarvis, P. G.
Subjects: Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract: Author(s): R. Valentini (corresponding author) [1]; G. Matteucci [1]; A. J. Dolman [2]; E.-D. Schulze [3, 4]; C. Rebmann [3, 4]; E. J. Moors [2]; A. Granier [5]; P. Gross [...]
Published: 2000
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33. Contributions of climate, leaf area index and leaf physiology to variation in gross primary production of six coniferous forests across Europe: a model-based analysis

Author: Duursma, R. A., Kolari, P., Perämäki, M., Pulkkinen, M., Mäkelä, A., Nikinmaa, E., Hari, P., Aurela, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, Ch., Grünwald, T., Loustau, D., Mölder, M., Verbeeck, H., and Vesala, T.
Published: 2009
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34. Adaptation of fine roots to annual fertilization and irrigation in a 13-year-old Pinus pinaster stand

Author: Bakker, M. R., Jolicoeur, E., Trichet, P., Augusto, L., Plassard, C., Guinberteau, J., and Loustau, D.
Published: 2009
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35. Sensitivity of the Water Balance of South-Western France Maritime Pine Forests to Climate

Author: Loustau, D., primary, Berbigier, P., additional, and Kramer, K., additional
Published: 1997
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36. Validation of a Regional Scale Remote Sensing Forced Pinus Pinaster Model, with Eddy Covariance Measurements

Author: Veroustraete, F., primary and Loustau, D., additional
Published: 1997
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37. Sampling and collecting foliage elements for the determination of the foliar nutrients in ICOS ecosystem stations

Author: Loustau D., Altimir N., Barbaste M., Gielen B., Jimenez S.M., Klumpp K., Linder S., Matteucci G., Merbold L., De Beek M.O., Soule P., Thimonier A., Vincke C., and Waldner P.
Subjects: foliage nutrient content, ICOS, leaf mass-To-Area ratio, protocol
Abstract: The nutritional status of plant canopies in terms of nutrients (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) exerts a strong influence on the carbon cycle and energy balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, in order to account for the spatial and temporal variations in nutritional status of the plant species composing the canopy, we detail the methodology applied to achieve consistent time-series of leaf mass to area ratio and nutrient content of the foliage within the footprint of the Integrated Carbon Observation System Ecosystem stations. The guidelines and defi-nitions apply to most terrestrial ecosystems.
Published: 2018

38. Environmental control of water flux through Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait).

Author: Loustau, D., primary and Granier, A., additional
Published: 1993
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39. The AQUI Soil Moisture Network for Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing Validation in South-Western France

Author: Al-Yaari, A., primary, Dayau, S., additional, Chipeaux, C., additional, Aluome, C., additional, Kruszewski, A., additional, Loustau, D., additional, and Wigneron, J.-P., additional
Published: 2018
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40. ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review

Author: Rebmann, Corinna, Aubinet, M., Schmid, H.P., Arriga, N., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Clement, R., de Ligne, A., Fratini, G., Gielen, B., Grace, J., Graf, A., Gross, P., Haapanala, S., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Joly, L., Kljun, N., Kolle, O., Kowalski, A., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Peichl, M., Roland, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Siebicke, L., Steinbrecher, R., Tuovinen, J.-P., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Franz, D., Rebmann, Corinna, Aubinet, M., Schmid, H.P., Arriga, N., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Clement, R., de Ligne, A., Fratini, G., Gielen, B., Grace, J., Graf, A., Gross, P., Haapanala, S., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, A., Joly, L., Kljun, N., Kolle, O., Kowalski, A., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Peichl, M., Roland, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Siebicke, L., Steinbrecher, R., Tuovinen, J.-P., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., and Franz, D.
Abstract: The Integrated Carbon Observation System Research Infrastructure aims to provide long-term, continuous observations of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour. At ICOS ecosystem stations, the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of GHGs is the eddy-covariance technique. The establishment and setup of an eddy-covariance tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements being representative of the investigated ecosystem and comparable to measurements at other stations. To fulfill the requirements needed for flux determination with the eddy-covariance technique, variations in GHG concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers and ultrasonic anemometers. In addition, to analyse flux data with respect to environmental conditions but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures, it is necessary to measure additional abiotic variables in close vicinity to the flux measurements. Here we describe the standards the ICOS ecosystem station network has adopted for GHG flux measurements with respect to the setup of instrumentation on towers to maximize measurement precision and accuracy while allowing for flexibility in order to observe specific ecosystem features.
Published: 2018

41. ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review

Author: Rebmann, C., Aubinet, M., Scmid, HaPe, Arriga, N., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Clement, R., De Ligne, A., Fratini, G., Gielen, B., Grace, J., Graf, A., Gross, P., Haapanala, S., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, Andreas, Joly, L., Kljun, N., Kolle, O, Kowalski, A., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Peichl, M., Roland, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Siebicke, L., Steinbrecher, R., Tuovinen, J., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., Franz, D., Rebmann, C., Aubinet, M., Scmid, HaPe, Arriga, N., Aurela, M., Burba, G., Clement, R., De Ligne, A., Fratini, G., Gielen, B., Grace, J., Graf, A., Gross, P., Haapanala, S., Herbst, M., Hörtnagl, L., Ibrom, Andreas, Joly, L., Kljun, N., Kolle, O, Kowalski, A., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Mauder, M., Merbold, L., Metzger, S., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Pavelka, M., Peichl, M., Roland, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Siebicke, L., Steinbrecher, R., Tuovinen, J., Vesala, T., Wohlfahrt, G., and Franz, D.
Abstract: The Integrated Carbon Observation System Research Infrastructure aims to provide long-term, continuous observations of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour. At ICOS ecosystem stations, the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of GHGs is the eddy-covariance technique. The establishment and setup of an eddy-covariance tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements being representative of the investigated ecosystem and comparable to measurements at other stations. To fulfill the requirements needed for flux determination with the eddy-covariance technique, variations in GHG concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers and ultrasonic anemometers. In addition, to analyse flux data with respect to environmental conditions but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures, it is necessary to measure additional abiotic variables in close vicinity to the flux measurements. Here we describe the standards the ICOS ecosystem station network has adopted for GHG flux measurements with respect to the setup of instrumentation on towers to maximize measurement precision and accuracy while allowing for flexibility in order to observe specific ecosystem features.
Published: 2018

42. The magnitude of interannual variability of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity is controled by stand age and biodiversity

Author: Musavi, T., Migliavacca, M., Mahecha, M.D., Reichstein, M., Kattge, J., Wirth, C., Andrew Black, T., Janssens, I., Knohl, A., Loustau, D., Roupsard, O., Varlagin, A., Ramba, S., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Kondo, H., and Tamrakar, R.
Subjects: Global carbon cycle, Interannual variability, Settore AGR/05 - ASSESTAMENTO FORESTALE E SELVICOLTURA, Ciclo del carbonio, GPP, Ecosystem functional property, Ecosistema funzionalità, Variabilità intearannuale
Published: 2017

43. Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink

Author: Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I.A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M., Bartrons, M., Sardans, J., Verger, A., Canadell, J.G., Chevallier, F., Wang, X., Bernhofer, C., Curtis, P.S., Gianelle, D., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Law, B.E., Limousin, J.M., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Matteucci, G., Monson, R.K., Montagnani, L., Moors, E.J., Munger, J.W., Papale, D., Piao, S.L., Peñuelas, J., Fernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I.A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M., Bartrons, M., Sardans, J., Verger, A., Canadell, J.G., Chevallier, F., Wang, X., Bernhofer, C., Curtis, P.S., Gianelle, D., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Ibrom, A., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Law, B.E., Limousin, J.M., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Matteucci, G., Monson, R.K., Montagnani, L., Moors, E.J., Munger, J.W., Papale, D., Piao, S.L., and Peñuelas, J.
Abstract: Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have continued to increase whereas atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen has declined in Europe and the USA during recent decades. Using time series of flux observations from 23 forests distributed throughout Europe and the USA, and generalised mixed models, we found that forest-level net ecosystem production and gross primary production have increased by 1% annually from 1995 to 2011. Statistical models indicated that increasing atmospheric CO2 was the most important factor driving the increasing strength of carbon sinks in these forests. We also found that the reduction of sulphur deposition in Europe and the USA lead to higher recovery in ecosystem respiration than in gross primary production, thus limiting the increase of carbon sequestration. By contrast, trends in climate and nitrogen deposition did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period. Our findings support the hypothesis of a general CO2-fertilization effect on vegetation growth and suggest that, so far unknown, sulphur deposition plays a significant role in the carbon balance of forests in industrialized regions. Our results show the need to include the effects of changing atmospheric composition, beyond CO2, to assess future dynamics of carbon-climate feedbacks not currently considered in earth system/climate modelling.
Published: 2017

44. Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink

Author: Martinez-Fernandez, Cristina, Vicca, Sara, Janssens, Ivan A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M, Bartrons, M, Sardans, J., Verger, A, Canadell, J G, Chevallier, F., Wang, X, Bernhofer, C., Curtis, Peter S, Gianelle, D., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Ibrom, Andreas, Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Law, Beverly E., Limousin, J M, Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Matteucci, G., Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, L., Moors, Eddy J., Munger, J William, Papale, D., Piao, S L, Penuelas, J., Martinez-Fernandez, Cristina, Vicca, Sara, Janssens, Ivan A., Ciais, P., Obersteiner, M, Bartrons, M, Sardans, J., Verger, A, Canadell, J G, Chevallier, F., Wang, X, Bernhofer, C., Curtis, Peter S, Gianelle, D., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Ibrom, Andreas, Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Law, Beverly E., Limousin, J M, Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mammarella, I., Matteucci, G., Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, L., Moors, Eddy J., Munger, J William, Papale, D., Piao, S L, and Penuelas, J.
Abstract: Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have continued to increase whereas atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen has declined in Europe and the USA during recent decades. Using time series of flux observations from 23 forests distributed throughout Europe and the USA, and generalised mixed models, we found that forest-level net ecosystem production and gross primary production have increased by 1% annually from 1995 to 2011. Statistical models indicated that increasing atmospheric CO2 was the most important factor driving the increasing strength of carbon sinks in these forests. We also found that the reduction of sulphur deposition in Europe and the USA lead to higher recovery in ecosystem respiration than in gross primary production, thus limiting the increase of carbon sequestration. By contrast, trends in climate and nitrogen deposition did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period. Our findings support the hypothesis of a general CO2-fertilization effect on vegetation growth and suggest that, so far unknown, sulphur deposition plays a significant role in the carbon balance of forests in industrialized regions. Our results show the need to include the effects of changing atmospheric composition, beyond CO2, to assess future dynamics of carbon-climate feedbacks not currently considered in earth system/climate modelling.
Published: 2017

45. Environmental and economic assessment of converting wood to energy, based on modelling of the entire production chain

Author: Pelletier, C., François, J., Bosc, A., Picart, D., Moisy, C., Loustau, D., Fortin, M., Rogaume, Y., Dieckhoff, L., Brunelle, T., Dumas, P., Pons, M. -N, and Anthony Dufour
Subjects: Biomass
Abstract: In this work, several models have been coupled in order to represent the whole forest-to-energy production chain: the growth phase, the primary transformation, and the ultimate conversion to heat and/or electricity. Combined with literature data for wood transportation, they gave a complete balance of emissions to compare with fossil-based alternatives. An economic analysis completes the work. The results show that wood-based scenarios do perform better than their fossil counterparts, but also that the primary transformation and transportation items can greatly diminish this advantage. Further work will focus on determining the best metric to assess the climate change impact of forestry scenarios based on the timing of carbo dioxide emissions as well as geophysical effects such as albedo and evapotranspiration., Proceedings of the 24th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-9 June 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1402-1404
Published: 2016

46. Atmospheric deposition, CO2, and change in the land carbon sink

Author: Fernández-Martínez, M., primary, Vicca, S., additional, Janssens, I. A., additional, Ciais, P., additional, Obersteiner, M., additional, Bartrons, M., additional, Sardans, J., additional, Verger, A., additional, Canadell, J. G., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Wang, X., additional, Bernhofer, C., additional, Curtis, P. S., additional, Gianelle, D., additional, Grünwald, T., additional, Heinesch, B., additional, Ibrom, A., additional, Knohl, A., additional, Laurila, T., additional, Law, B. E., additional, Limousin, J. M., additional, Longdoz, B., additional, Loustau, D., additional, Mammarella, I., additional, Matteucci, G., additional, Monson, R. K., additional, Montagnani, L., additional, Moors, E. J., additional, Munger, J. W., additional, Papale, D., additional, Piao, S. L., additional, and Peñuelas, J., additional
Published: 2017
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47. Nitrogen saturation and net ecosystem production - Reply

Author: MAGNANI, FEDERICO, Mencuccini M., Borghetti M., Berninger F., Delzon S., Grelle A., Hari P., Jarvis P. G., Kolari P., Kowalski A. S., Lankreijer H., Law B. E., Lindroth A., Loustau D., Manca G., Moncrieff J., Tedeschi V., Valentini R., Grace J., Magnani F., Mencuccini M., Borghetti M., Berninger F., Delzon S., Grelle A., Hari P., Jarvis P.G., Kolari P., Kowalski A.S., Lankreijer H., Law B.E., Lindroth A., Loustau D., Manca G., Moncrieff J., Tedeschi V., Valentini R., and Grace J.
Subjects: CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI, CICLO DEL CARBONIO, CICLO DELL'AZOTO, INQUINAMENTO, FORESTE
Abstract: Nitrogen (N) deposition alters ecosystem function in several ways, with important effects on N leaching and water quality, as well as on interspecific competition and biodiversity. These changes have been attributed to ecosystem N saturation, defined as the alleviation of N limitations on rates of biological function1. After an initial fertilization effect, N saturation has also been suggested to reduce plant function and growth2, eventually leading to forest dieback. Although our observation of a substantial positive effect of N deposition on forest carbon (C) sequestration3 does not imply the absence of nitrate losses or other negative effects, as rightly stressed by De Schrijver et al.4, the sustained response observed demonstrates that the fear of a generalized forest decline in response to N fertilization could be overstated, at least within the rather broad N deposition range explored in our analysis. The nature of the observed response of forest C sequestration toNdeposition, however, has been questioned outright by de Vries et al.5, who suggested that it could be an artefact resulting from the covariation between N deposition and other environmental variables. The arguments proposed against an overwhelming N effect, however, do not seemto stand up to close scrutiny. Far from implausible, a 200:1 sensitivity is nevertheless higher than suggested by long-term forest fertilization experiments. Potential problems withNmanipulation studies have already been discussed. In particular, they overlook the role of canopy N uptake, which enables plants to absorb a relevant fraction of incoming N without any competition from soil microbes. Canopy N uptake amounts to up to 70% of N deposition, providing as much as one-third of tree N requirements. The critical comparison of results from ecosystem manipulation and observational studies could be providing a rare, unforeseen insight into the key factors controlling C–N relations in forest ecosystems.
Published: 2008

48. The human footprint in the carbon cycle of established temperate and boreal forests

Author: MAGNANI, FEDERICO, Mencuccini M., Borghetti M., Berbigier P., Berninger F., Delzon S., Grelle A., Hari P., Jarvis P. G., Kolari P., Kowalski A. S., Lankreijer H., Law B. E., Lindroth A., Loustau D., Manca G., Moncrieff J., Rayment M., Tedeschi V., Valentini R., Grace J., Magnani F., Mencuccini M., Borghetti M., Berbigier P., Berninger F., Delzon S., Grelle A., Hari P., Jarvis P.G., Kolari P., Kowalski A.S., Lankreijer H., Law B.E., Lindroth A., Loustau D., Manca G., Moncrieff J., Rayment M., Tedeschi V., Valentini R., and Grace J.
Subjects: NITROGEN DEPOSITION, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, GLOBAL CHANGE, FOREST, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
Abstract: Temperate and boreal forests in the Northern Hemisphere cover an area of about 23107 square kilometres and act as a substantial carbon sink (0.6–0.7 petagrams of carbon per year)1. Although forest expansion following agricultural abandonment is certainly responsible for an important fraction of this carbon sink activity, the additional effects on the carbon balance of established forests of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, increasing temperatures, changes in management practices and nitrogen deposition are difficult to disentangle, despite an extensive network of measurement stations2,3. The relevance of this measurement effort has also been questioned4, because spot measurements fail to take into account the role of disturbances, either natural (fire, pests, windstorms) or anthropogenic (forest harvesting). Here we show that the temporal dynamics following stand-replacing disturbances do indeed account for a very large fraction of the overall variability in forest carbon sequestration. After the confounding effects of disturbance have been factored out, however, forest net carbon sequestration is found to be overwhelmingly driven by nitrogen deposition, largely the result of anthropogenic activities5. The effect is always positive over the range of nitrogen deposition covered by currently available data sets, casting doubts on the risk of widespread ecosystem nitrogen saturation6 under natural conditions. The results demonstrate that mankind is ultimately controlling the carbon balance of temperate and boreal forests, either directly (through forest management) or indirectly (through nitrogen deposition).
Published: 2007

49. Spatial and temporal CO2 exchanges measured by Eddy Covariance over a temperate intertidal flat and their relationships to net ecosystem production

Author: Polsenaere, P., Lamaud, E., Lafon, V., Bonnefond, J. M., Bretel, P., Delille, B., Deborde, Jonathan, Loustau, D., Abril, Gwenaël, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Liège, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Partenaires INRAE, ANR, Aquitaine region, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, TOSCA SYNIHAL), CNRS-INSU, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
Subjects: analyse d'images, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, dioxyde de carbone, zostère marine, lcsh:QH540-549.5, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:QE1-996.5, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Life, mesures de flux, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes were performed over a temperate intertidal mudflat in southwestern France using the micrometeorological Eddy Covariance (EC) technique. EC measurements were carried out in two contrasting sites of the Arcachon flat during four periods and in three different seasons (autumn 2007, summer 2008, autumn 2008 and spring 2009). In addition, satellite images of the tidal flat at low tide were used to link the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) with the occupation of the mudflat by primary producers, particularly by Zostera noltii meadows. CO2 fluxes during the four deployments showed important spatial and temporal variations, with the flat rapidly shifting from sink to source with the tide. Absolute CO2 fluxes showed generally small negative (influx) and positive (efflux) values, with larger values up to −13 μmol m−2 s−1 for influxes and 19 μmol m−2 s−1 for effluxes. Low tide during the day was mostly associated with a net uptake of atmospheric CO2. In contrast, during immersion and during low tide at night, CO2 fluxes where positive, negative or close to zero, depending on the season and the site. During the autumn of 2007, at the innermost station with a patchy Zostera noltii bed (cover of 22 ± 14% in the wind direction of measurements), CO2 influx was −1.7 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tide during the day, and the efflux was 2.7 ± 3.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tide during the night. A gross primary production (GPP) of 4.4 ± 4.1 μmol m−2 s−1 during emersion could be attributed to microphytobenthic communities. During the summer and autumn of 2008, at the central station with a dense eelgrass bed (92 ± 10%), CO2 uptakes at low tide during the day were −1.5 ± 1.2 and −0.9 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Night time effluxes of CO2 were 1.0 ± 0.9 and 0.2 ± 1.1 μmol m−2 s−1 in summer and autumn, respectively, resulting in a GPP during emersion of 2.5 ± 1.5 and 1.1 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, attributed primarily to the seagrass community. At the same station in April 2009, before Zostera noltii started to grow, the CO2 uptake at low tide during the day was the highest (−2.7 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1). Influxes of CO2 were also observed during immersion at the central station in spring and early autumn and were apparently related to phytoplankton blooms occurring at the mouth of the flat, followed by the advection of CO2-depleted water with the flooding tide. Although winter data as well as water carbon measurements would be necessary to determine a precise CO2 budget for the flat, our results suggest that tidal flat ecosystems are a modest contributor to the CO2 budget of the coastal ocean.
Published: 2012

50. Technical note: Dimensioning IRGA gas sampling system: laboratory and field experiments

Author: Aubinet, M., primary, Joly, L., additional, Loustau, D., additional, De Ligne, A., additional, Chopin, H., additional, Cousin, J., additional, Chauvin, N., additional, Decarpenterie, T., additional, and Gross, P., additional
Published: 2015
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