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The Huron-Wendat have had their ancestors’ villages and burial sites investigated archaeologically for over 170 years. Past and ongoing land disturbance and invasive archaeological excavation have erased dozens of Huron-Wendat village sites in Ontario, hindering Huron-Wendat duty to care for their ancestors. Consequently, over the last 20 years, in addition to large-scale repatriation of ancestral remains, the Huron-Wendat have requested that archaeologists make every effort to avoid any further excavation of ancestral sites. This poses a new challenge for archaeologists about how to learn about the Huron-Wendat past with minimal disturbance to ancestral sites. Honoring the cultural responsibilities of the Huron-Wendat, the authors have employed minimally invasive remote sensing methods of investigation on Ahatsistari, a forested early seventeenth-century Huron-Wendat village site in Simcoe County, Ontario. Remote sensing methods (e.g., magnetic susceptibility survey, high-resolution soil chemistry sampling, and metal detector survey) have revealed village limits and the possible location and orientation of longhouses, providing essential information in support of the Huron-Wendat imperative to find, assess, and preserve as many of their archaeological sites as possible. This is to protect the ancestors, learn from the ancestors, and preserve ancestral sites and related landscapes for future generations.

BackgroundWEB Shape Modification (WSM) over time is frequent after aneurysm treatment. In this study, we explored the relationship between histopathological changes and angiographic evolution over time in experimental aneurysms in rabbits treated with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) procedure.MethodsQuantitative WSM was assessed using flat-panel computed tomography (FPCT) during follow-up by calculating height and width ratio (HR, WR), defined as the ratio between either measurement at an index time point and the measurement immediately after WEB implantation. The index time point varied from 1 day to 6 months. HR and WR were evaluated with angiographic and histopathological assessments of aneurysm healing.ResultsFinal HR of devices varied from 0.30 to 1.02 and final WR varied from 0.62 to 1.59. Altogether, at least 5% of HR and WR variations were observed in 37/40 (92.5%) and 28/40 (70%) WEB devices, respectively, at the time of final assessment. There was no significant correlation between complete or incomplete occlusion groups and HR or WR (p=0.15 and p=0.43). Histopathological analysis revealed a significant association between WR and aneurysm healing and fibrosis 1 month following aneurysm treatment (both pConclusionUsing longitudinal FPCT assessment, we observed that WSM affects both the height and width of the WEB device. No significant association was found between WSM and aneurysm occlusion status. Although presumably a multifactorial phenomenon, the histopathological analysis highlighted a significant association between width variations, aneurysm healing and fibrosis in the first month following aneurysm treatment.

The ‘Parsons site,’ a large Huron-Wendat village site near York University’s Keele campus located by archaeologists in the early 1950s, has been subject to a variety of investigations and development proposals which have mobilized certain narratives about the site and its inhabitants. This article provides an analysis of how these narratives represent the site, its inhabitants, and contemporary Huron-Wendat. It problematizes narratives that describe the site as an archaeological resource and situate Huron-Wendat presence in the past. Although these narratives have shifted to acknowledge ongoing Huron-Wendat presence, more collaboration with contemporary Huron-Wendat communities regarding this and other sites is needed., Le « Site Parsons », un grand village ancestral huron-wendat près du campus Keele de l’Université York, retrouvé par les archéologues au début des années 1950, a fait l’objet d’une série d’enquêtes et de propositions de développement, qui ont mené à certains récits concernant ce lieu et ses habitants. Dans cet article, nous allons fournir une analyse de la façon dont ces récits représentent le site, ses habitants, et les Hurons-Wendats contemporains. Nous allons problématiser la description du site en tant que ressource archéologique qui situe les Huron-Wendats dans le passé. Bien que dernièrement ces récits commencent à reconnaître la présence continue des Hurons-Wendats, une collaboration accrue avec leurs communautés contemporaines concernant ce site et d’autres est nécessaire.

High collared pottery rim sherds from sites designated as Huron-Wendat and St. Lawrence Iroquoian are analysed using a community of practice approach. Using several analytical methods on the same ceramic sherds, we aimed to determine the technological choices made by potters. We focused specifically on clay selection, temper selection and processing, preparation of the clay body and formation of the rim. Our findings demonstrate that for each step in the production process there are a range of practices represented within the study region. However, comparison with adjacent areas and earlier periods shows that there is consistency in technological choices that are specific to our study area. We argue that this is consistent with connections between the pottery making traditions in the Simcoe Uplands in Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley areas. As traditions were maintained by people, so we envision connected communities across the study area.

In this paper, we consider how institutions of kinship facilitated the integration of peoples originating in the St. Lawrence Valley into ancestral Huron-Wendat communities in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries AD. We present some general principles regarding the role of kinship in structuring social relations, processes of population movement, and the integration of newcomers. Data on the distributions and frequencies of characteristic St. Lawrence Iroquoian artifacts on four ancestral Huron-Wendat village sites in Ontario, Canada are utilized to infer the scale of population movement and processes of incorporation into lineages and clan segments. We argue that interpretive frameworks that explicitly incorporate categories and institutions of relatedness with traditional material culture analyses can shed new light on how groups of newcomers of varying scale and composition were integrated into Huron-Wendat households and communities.

In 1636, the phrase “cry of the souls” was used to describe the grieving that occurred during the creation of a Huron-Wendat ossuary. In 2013, the remains of more than 1,700 Ancestors from ancestral Wendat ossuaries in southern Ontario were returned to mother earth. This was the result of a ground-breaking collaborative process between the Huron-Wendat Nation and the University of Toronto, with help from provincial agencies, industry partners, and scholars. A commitment was also made for continued collaboration and research regarding the Huron-Wendat Ancestors and their burial items. This is built on using retained samples to explore aspects of the Ancestors’ lives that are of interest to their descendants. Through this activity, the Ancestors help their descendants to learn about their heritage and homeland.

The research presented here evaluates the applicability of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for characterizing steatite. We present compositional data from an assemblage of 100 steatite beads and pipes deriving from 11 Northern Iroquoian sites in southern Ontario and New York State. Percentages of major elemental constituents and principal components analysis define two compositional groups and various non-steatite artifacts. Our results suggest that EDXRF is an expedient means of characterizing steatite based on major oxides and trace elements. The results support the assertion that individual Iroquoian communities were involved in distinct interaction networks that linked groups in southern Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley region.

The rapid pace of economic, political, and social change over the past 150 years has framed and reframed archaeological practice in Ontario. Indigenous groups have become increasingly involved in and critical of archaeological research. Indigenous peoples who value archaeological investigation of ancestral sites, but also desire to protect their buried ancestors, have restricted archaeological excavation and the analysis of remains. Over the last decade, research and consulting archaeologists in Ontario, Canada, have worked collaboratively with Indigenous peoples with an eye to developing sustainable archaeology practices. In the spirit of sustainable archaeology, a comprehensive research project and field school run by Wilfrid Laurier University is training the next generation of archaeologists to adopt investigative techniques that minimize disturbance of ancestral sites. Here we present the results of our surface, magnetic susceptibility, and metal detecting surveys of a Huron-Wendat village site, which pose minimally invasive solutions for investigating village sites in wooded areas. The water-sieving of midden soils in an attempt to recover 100 percent of cultural materials, and the analysis of archived collections also honor the values of Indigenous descendant communities by limiting additional invasive excavation.

Archaeological evidence of the ancestral Huron-Wendat Nation of Southern Ontario, Canada, shows a population increase from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries, suggesting high fertility. Birth timing and infant survival are influenced by mothers' decisions about weaning. This study explores trophic enrichment of δ15N in horizontal dentine slices from 35 deciduous molars (n = 33 dm1, n = 2 dm2) and 39 permanent first molars (M1) representing five Huron-Wendat ossuaries, dating from the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries. Weaning was normally incomplete at the end of dm formation, at an age of about 2.5 years. Post-weaning dentine values appear by the end of crown formation of M1. The weaning process began between 8 and 18 months and was complete in all cases by 3.5 years. Timing of the weaning process does not support the idea that Huron-Wendat population increase was associated with early weaning of infants. Communities from the sixteenth century and thereafter show earlier completion of weaning. Reasons for earlier cessation of breastfeeding may be found in the social and biological disruptions of the era of European contact. Values from permanent teeth of mandibles with sex attributed suggest a more homogeneous, possibly venison-oriented, post-weaning diet among males.

Following the entry of Zea mays to northeast North America, Northern Iroquoian populations expanded their numbers and range. Isotopic values from bone collagen have shown fluctuations in reliance on this dietary staple. With permission of the Huron-Wendat Nation of Wendake, Quebec, we measured δ13Cenamel, δ13Cdentine and δ15Ndentine from 167 permanent teeth, retained before reburial of their ancestral skeletons, and δ13Ccollagene and δ15Ncollagene from adhering bone (n = 53). Enamel values encapsulate diet from ca. 1.5 to 4 years of age; dentine values reflect later childhood. Teeth are from 16 ancestral Huron-Wendat sites in southern Ontario. Isotopic values show consistent reliance on maize from early fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, with higher reliance in the seventeenth century—the time of contact with Europeans and disruptive changes. We show a difference between the diets of children and adults; children consumed more maize and less animal protein. Whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) did not exploit maize fields, reflecting hunters’ exploitation of distant regions. New values from fish species (n = 21) are pooled with prior data, demonstrating diverse C and N stable isotope patterns. American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is particularly variable. Dietary protein sources were variable compared to the stability of maize: a reliable source of carbohydrate food energy across four centuries.

Environmental isotopes can provide information about the composition of groups and the movement of people across landscapes. The archaeological record of Huron-Wendat communities in south-central Ontario is one of numerous drainage-based sequences of small villages among which families or larger population segments moved. These villages amalgamated in the early to mid-sixteenth century into fewer, larger communities. Strontium isotope values (87Sr/86Sr) are used to test hypotheses about these early localized interactions and later amalgamations. There is little prior information about strontium values from this region which was recently glaciated and receives ample precipitation. From the late thirteenth century onward, ancestral Huron-Wendat communities had distinct burial practices of primary burial followed by secondary, collective ossuary burial. Strontium values from tooth enamel of 118 human first permanent molars from 15 archaeological contexts spanning four centuries are interpreted in a framework of archaeologically derived deer (N = 34), small (N = 35) and other large (N = 7) mammals. Reflecting their local origins, 87Sr/86Sr values of small mammals from three geological substrates differ significantly from one another. Each small mammal group clusters more tightly than those of deer. Most human 87Sr/86Sr values agree with small mammal values, by region. Three sites, out of six with more than 10 data points, show mean human 87Sr/86Sr values that differ significantly from the small mammal values of their geological substrate, signaling community movement and individual in-migration. Interpretation of individual human values outside local ranges is informed by information from dietary isotopes. Environmental isotopes substantiate and enhance our prior understandings of the ancestral Huron-Wendat.

Founder effects in modern populations The genomes of ancient humans can reveal patterns of early human migration (see the Perspective by Achilli et al. ). Iceland has a genetically distinct population, despite relatively recent settlement (∼1100 years ago). Ebenesersdóttir et al. examined the genomes of ancient Icelandic people, dating to near the colonization of Iceland, and compared them with modernday Icelandic populations. The ancient DNA revealed that the founders had Gaelic and Norse origins. Genetic drift since the initial settlement has left modern Icelanders with allele frequencies that are distinctive, although still skewed toward those of their Norse founders. Scheib et al. sequenced ancient genomes from the Channel Islands of California, USA, and Ontario, Canada. The ancient Ontario population was similar to other ancient North Americans, as well as to modern Algonquian-speaking Native Americans. In contrast, the California individuals were more like groups that now live in Mexico and South America. It appears that a genetic split and population isolation likely occurred during the Ice Age, but the peoples remixed at a later date. Science , this issue p. 1028 , p. 1024 ; see also p. 964

Soil CO2 flux measurement is a key method that can be used to monitor the hazards in an active volcanic area. In order to determine accurately the variations of the CO2 soil emission we propose an approach based on the radiocarbon (14C) deficiency recorded in the plants grown in and around the Solfatara (Naples, Italy). We twice sampled selected poaceae plants in 17 defined sites around the Solfatara volcano. 14C measurements by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) were achieved on the grass samples. The 14C deficiency determined in the sampled plants, compared to the atmosphere 14C activity, ranged from 6.6 to 51.6%. We then compared the proportion of magmatic CO2 inferred to the instantaneous measurements of CO2 fluxes from soil performed by the accumulation chamber CO2 degassing measurement at the moment of the sampling at each site. The results show a clear correlation (r=0.88) between soil CO2 fluxes and 14C activity. The determination of the plants 14C deficiency provides an estimate of the CO2 rate within a few square meters, integrating CO2 soil degassing variations and meteorological incidences over a few months. It can therefore become an efficient bio-sensor and can be used as a proxy to cartography of the soil CO2 and to determine its variations through time

L’interet universitaire pour la population Huron-Wendat du dix-septieme siecle en Ontario est loin d’etre nouveau. Malgre cela, ce n’est que tres recemment que les archeologues et autres chercheurs travaillent avec la communaute Huron-Wendat autour des excavations de sites Huron-Wendat en Ontario. Cette implication est un premier pas, mais ne peut etre vue comme une reelle collaboration car dans la plupart des cas les investigations ne sont pas des partenariats et ne repondent pas a de questions directement posees par les membres de la Nation. En 2015, pour le quatre-centieme anniversaire de l’arrivee de Champlain en Ontario, les membres de la Nation Huron-Wendat et des archeologues ont co-organise un colloque autour de sujets significatifs pour la nation, parmi lesquels la relation avec les « Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent », les Wendat et l’histoire Wyandot apres 1650, ainsi que les analyses bio-archeologiques. Cet article presente une breve histoire de la recherche archeologique sur le passe Huron-Wendat et degage de nouvelles et plus collaboratives voies de recherche presentes et a venir.

Knowledge of many aspects of the breeding ecology of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) is still lacking, partly due to the remoteness of the boreal forest regions where they commonly breed. Documentation of duckling survival and use of space by broods is important in understanding population dynamics and habitat requirements of waterfowl. These aspects were documented at Lake Malbaie (Quebec, Canada) in 1994 and 1995. Duckling mortality was estimated at 65% in 1994 and 55% in 1995 and was probably influenced by weather conditions shortly after hatch. Females with broods showed a strong preference for portions of the lake with water depths < 2 m and where islands or wooded shorelines offered protection from dominant winds; both of these factors reduced wave amplitude, which may have facilitated food acquisition for ducklings. Home ranges of 7 broods accompanied by marked females varied in size from 28 to 173 ha (mean 94.5 ± 7.5 ha). Nomenclature: Brown & Fredrickson, 1997.

Little is known about the molt migration of the Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), a species endemic to North America. Our objective in this study was to document the breeding and molting chronology of Surf Scoters in Quebec. Breeding birds were studied at Lake Malbaie, located about 90 km north of Quebec City, Canada. Surf Scoters arrived at Lake Malbaie in the fourth week of May and most males stayed only for approximately three weeks. This relatively early departure of males from the breeding areas emphasizes the importance of salt water habitats for these birds. Unsuccessful adult females did not leave with the males but remained on their breeding lake. These females left the lake from mid to late July, nearly a month after the departure of males and much earlier than females with broods which left from mid to late August after abandoning their brood. This departure sequence was observed during the three years of the study. The difference in timing of molt migration between age and sex gr...

The role that limiting factors play in population dynamics and the physical condition of animals may be easier to detect at the edge than the centre of a species’ range. We took advantage of a density cline at the periphery of distribution range of white-tailed deer to study trophic interactions between this herbivore and understory vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that the availability of summer forage in woodlands for this selective browser determines adult body size through density-dependent forage consumption during growth. We predicted 1) a change of forest composition resulting from persistent selective browsing; and 2) a negative relationship between the size of fully grown deer and the intensity of forage competition in summer. We estimated deer population density, carcass mass at maturity, and standing biomass of vegetation in 13 zones throughout the range of the deer in Quebec, which covers 128,000 km2. Asymptotic carcass mass was related to body length, and to a lesser extent to pe...

We used data derived from forest maps and ground surveys to study habitat preferences and sexual segregation in two populations of northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) living at low density in southeastern Quebec. Based on the reproductive-strategy hypothesis invoked to explain sexual segregation, we predicted that females would select habitat with denser cover than males did throughout the growing season, but that this tendency would decline with fawn maturation. Deer of both populations and sexes avoided agricultural lands; one population preferred regenerating clearcuts and disturbed conifer stands (balsam fir and spruce), whereas the other preferred undisturbed cedar stands. Based on map analyses we did not detect sexual segregation. Field surveys revealed that deer did not select forest stands at random and that habitat preferences differed by sex. Early in the growing season, both sexes tended to use mid-successional, dense stands, whereas males progressively used younger, more open stands later in the season. Detecting habitat preferences of forest mammals may require fine-scale details that are unavailable on maps derived from aerial photographs.

From 1994 to 1997, we compared summer and winter space utilisation by two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations wintering in adjacent areas in southeastern Quebec characterised by deep snow cover. One population lived at low density (10 deer/km2) with access to abundant forage in winter (127 000 twigs/ha), whereas for the other, high-density population (20 deer/km2), forage availability was reduced (68 000 twigs/ha). Because of intraspecific competition for resources, we predicted that deer in the high-density population would have smaller home ranges, would exhibit greater philopatry, and would be more likely to disperse. Deer from both populations occupied summer home ranges that were similar in size (1182 ha for adult males; 1102 ha for adult females; 6033 ha for yearling males; 2528 ha for yearling females) but much larger than home ranges observed elsewhere in North America. The high-density population showed a higher level of philopatry than the low-density population during winter but not during summer. Most deer remained migratory during the study (n = 93) but 4 of the 5 that dispersed were from the high-density population. We speculate on the ability of white-tailed deer populations facing severe winters to adapt to using large home ranges in summer. Our results shed light on how wintering areas appear and expand.

During two growing seasons, we evaluated forage quality (in terms of digestibility and nitrogen content) of eight (five woody and three herbaceous) native species of plants commonly consumed by whi...

Growth rate in geese is sensitive to the feeding conditions during the broodrearing period, and late-hatched goslings grow at a lower rate than early-hatched ones.We examine how the seasonal decline in food supply affected the development of body components of late-hatched and early-hatched goslings in male and female Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica). We collected and autopsied 48 early-hatched (EH, mean age at capture = 42.4 days) and 48 late-hatched goslings (LH, mean age = 34.8 days), divided equally among sexes, near fledging at four different sites on Bylot Island, Northwest Territories. After statistically adjusting for differences in body size between the two groups, EH goslings had more body protein than LH ones. However, the development of all organs was not affected equally. The mass of most supplying organs (the food acquisition apparatus: legs, esophagus, intestine. and liver), which develop early during growth, was similar between EH and LH goslings. In contrast, LH goslings had much smaller breast muscles than EH goslings, even after adjusting for size differences. Body fat was very low and similar in both groups. Body mass, body protein, intestine, and breast muscles showed a sexual dimorphism favoring males in EH, but not in LH, goslings. These results show that poor feeding conditions encountered by LH goslings disproportionately affected late-developing organs compared to early-developing ones, and males compared to females. Differences in organ development could reflect an adaptive response to reduced food availability. Prioritizing the development of supplying organs at the expense of other organs when food availability is low could help goslings maintain a high nutrient intake.

The tissue allocation hypothesis states that functional maturity and rapid em- bryonic growth are incompatible at the tissue level. This could explain why precocial birds, which have more mature tissues at hatching, grow more slowly than altricial birds. We evalu- ated this hypothesis in Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica), which nest in the high arctic where the growing season is very short. We examined growth patterns and dry-matter content (an index of tissue maturation) of various tissues, and the accumulation of fat in 176 goslings collected from hatch on Bylot Island, Northwest Territories, to their staging area at Cap-Tourmente, Quebec (1 to 110 days). The mass-specific growth constant (K = 0.093) of gos- lings was among the highest of all precocial birds, including ducks. Goslings fledged at only 68% of adult mass, a low value compared with other species. The timing and rate of growth differed among tissues, indicating major shifts in the allocation of protein during growth. Growth rates for body mass, body ash, and total body protein were moderate. Leg muscles and digestive organs had an early and rapid growth rate. Breast muscles had one of the high- est growth rates but started to grow very late. Fat accumulation began after fledging, forcing goslings to start southward migration with very little fat reserves. In early-growing tissues (digestive organs and leg muscles), water content was low at hatch, peaked before fledging, and decreased thereafter. This contrasts with the typical pattern in birds of peak values at hatch followed by a monotonic decline during growth. The high dry-matter content of tissues at hatch could be an adaptation to increase thermogenesis of goslings in cold water. A strong inverse relationship between exponential growth rate and functional maturity was found in breast muscles but was absent in early-maturing tissues. Ecological factors seem more impor- tant than embryonic constraints in explaining fast growth rates in geese. Received 26 February

The northern common eider ( Somateria mollissima borealis ) has become a source of concern because of recent declines and possible overharvest. Birds that breed in the Canadian mid-Arctic winter in both Greenland and Canada, but the wintering grounds of birds that breed farther south are unknown. Our objectives were thus to identify the molting and wintering areas of birds breeding in Ungava Bay and to compare their home-range sizes during the pre-molt, molt, post-molt, and winter periods. Using satellite telemetry, we determined that common eiders breeding in the lower Arctic winter in Greenland (67%) and Canada (33%). These proportions are consistent with the split established for common eiders that breed farther north. Females spent their pre-molt period close to their breeding islands and had the smallest home ranges during the molt period. Winter home ranges were larger in Canada than in Greenland, probably because they contained more ice. Once settled, birds wintered in a relatively small area and did not undertake long movements. Distance between molt and winter sites ranged between 1054 and 2173 km. Duration of migration to or from wintering areas varied among individuals from rapid movement in a few days to slow progress over a month. Fall migration occurred in late October or early November, and spring migration, in early to mid-May. This study highlights the importance of Ungava Bay for northern common eiders and the need for international collaboration to ensure sustainable use of the resource.

We reviewed the literature reporting negative or positive effects on vegetation of herbivory by caribou/reindeer, moose, and white-tailed deer in light of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems (EEH), which predicts that most of the negative impacts will occur in areas where wolves were extirpated. We were able to list 197 plant taxa negatively affected by the three cervid species, as opposed to 24 that benefited from their herbivory. The plant taxa negatively affected by caribou/reindeer (19), moose (37), and white-tailed deer (141) comprised 5%, 9%, and 11% of vascular plants present in their respective ranges. Each cervid affected mostly species eaten during the growing season: lichens and woody species for caribou/reindeer, woody species and aquatics for moose, and herbs and woody species for white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer were the only deer reported to feed on threatened or endangered plants. Studies related to damage caused by caribou/reindeer were scarce and often concerned lichens. Most reports for moose and white-tailed deer came from areas where wolves were absent or rare. Among the three cervids, white- tailed deer might damage the most vegetation because of its smaller size and preference for herbs.

We contrasted patterns of growth and accumulation of body reserves in autumn between two high-density (HD) white-tailed deer populations facing winters of different severity and length. Both populations occurred in the absence of effective predators and suffered from some forage competition based on reduced body masses. A third population living at low density (LD) and confronting long and severe winters (SW) served to distinguish the influence of food competition and winter severity on growth and body reserves. We estimated body components (water, protein, fat and ash) of deer during the first half of November and compared growth patterns between sexes and regions. HD-SW males continuted growth to an older age than HD males facing short and mild winters (MW) but females of both regions reached adult body mass at the same age. LD-SW deer exhibited a growth pattern similar to that of HD-SW animals but were the heaviest and the largest, suggesting that growth patterns are related to winter harshness (or length of the growing season) and that final body size is related to forage competition in summer. Sexual dimorphism became evident at an older age in the HD-SW population than in the HD-MW population, demonstrating that winter harshness does not affect immature males and females in the same manner. Fawns from the HD-SW population had proportionally longer legs and a higher percentage of body fat. Adaptations of immature deer to long and severe winters suggest that survival during the first winter represents the most critical step in the life span of northern white-tailed deer.

We investigated summer diets of two White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations through rumen content analyses. Samples from 93 deer were collected in a low density, LD (1 deer/km2) and a high density, HD (14 deer/km2) area of southern Québec during the growing seasons of 1997 and 1998. Availability of preferred forage in forests was greater in LD than in HD, whereas agriculture covered a larger proportion of the area in HD than LD. Rumen composition differed between the two populations. Deer from HD consumed less forbs and leaves of shrubs and trees than did LD deer, whereas they consumed more fruits, grasses and farm crops. The rarity in HD rumens of food items common in LD, as well as in many parts of the White-tailed Deer range (i.e., Lilliacae), indicated that deer could not compensate for the rarity of preferred forest forage by increasing foraging time and had to feed on cultivated crops. Rumen contents of LD deer had a higher level of cell solubles and lignin, which reflected their greater reliance on quality forage growing in forests. Feeding habits and forage quality can explain why deer body size decreased in HD between the 1970s and 1990s whereas LD deer remained large.Nous avons examiné le régime alimentaire estival de deux populations de cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) par l’analyse du contenu des rumens. Des échantillons ont été prélevés sur 93 cerfs provenant d’un secteur à faible densité de cerfs, LD, (1 cerf/km2) et d’un secteur à haute densité, HD, (14 cerfs/km2) du sud du Québec durant la saison de croissance des végétaux de 1997 et 1998. La disponibilité des aliments forestiers préférés des cerfs était plus grande dans LD que dans HD alors que la proportion du territoire agricole était supérieure dans HD. La composition des rumens des cerfs de chacune des régions différait. Les cerfs de HD ont consommé de moins grandes proportions de plantes herbacées et de feuilles d’arbustes et d’arbres que ceux du secteur LD, mais de plus grandes proportions de fruits, de graminées et de plantes agricoles. La rareté dans les rumens du secteur HD d’aliments communs dans ceux du secteur LD et dans plusieurs autres régions de l’aire de répartition du cerf (e.g., Lilliacae), indique que les cerfs du secteur HD ne pouvaient compenser pour la rareté de leurs aliments préférés par un accroissement de la durée de la quête alimentaire, et qu’ils devaient consommer des plantes agricoles. Les cerfs de LD ont mangé des aliments contenant plus de solubles cellulaires et de lignine que ceux de HD, ce qui reflète une consommation de plantes forestières de bonne qualité. Le régime alimentaire et la qualité de la nourriture peuvent expliquer pourquoi la taille des cerfs de HD a diminué entre les années 1970 et 1990 alors que celle des cerfs de LD est demeurée grande.

Depuis plusieurs années, le Bureau du Nionwentsïo de la Nation huronne-wendat réalise des recherches dans les archives et dans la tradition orale concernant la présence historique des Hurons-Wendat sur leur territoire ancestral. Les résultats de ces travaux sont notamment utilisés afin de protéger les lieux patrimoniaux et d’identifier les zones de potentiel archéologique requises par les processus d’harmonisation forestière et les consultations provinciales et fédérales. La Nation huronne-wendat s’implique de plus en plus dans l’archéologie au Québec, tout comme en Ontario. Récemment, l’archéologie a été mise en oeuvre afin de supporter le projet d’aire protégée des Hurons-Wendat dans la région de Ya’nienhonhndeh (lac à Moïse), dans la Réserve faunique des Laurentides. En 2016 et 2017, des écoles d’été en archéologie ont eu lieu dans cette région en collaboration avec l’Université Laval et ont mené à des découvertes significatives. L’usage de l’archéologie par la Nation huronne-wendat soulève par ailleurs des questions éthiques importantes, en particulier en ce qui concerne les politiques développées par le ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec et la propriété des artéfacts découverts., For several years now, the Nionwentsio Office of the Huron-Wendat Nation has carried out research in archives and on oral tradition regarding the historic presence of the Huron-Wendat within their ancestral territory. The results of this work are used, notably, to protect heritage areas and identify areas of archaeological potential required as part of forest harmonization processes, and provincial and federal consultations. The Huron-Wendat Nation has become increasingly involved in archaeology in Québec, as well as in Ontario. Archaeology has been implemented recently to support the Huron-Wendat Protected Area Project in the Ya’nienhonhndeh – Lac à Moïse area, which is part of the Réserve faunique des Laurentides. In 2016 and 2017, archaeology summer schools were held in this region in collaboration with Laval University and led to significant discoveries. The use of archaeology by the Huron-Wendat Nation also raises important ethical questions, particularly regarding the policies developed by the Québec Ministry of Culture and Communications and the ownership of discovered artifacts., Desde hace varios años, la Oficina Nionwentsïo de la Nación Huron-Wendat lleva a cabo investigaciones en archivos y tradiciones orales sobre la presencia histórica de los Huron-Wendat en su territorio ancestral. Los resultados de estos trabajos se utilizan para proteger los lugares patrimoniales e identificar las áreas de potencial arqueológico requeridas por los procesos de armonización forestal, así como de las consultas provinciales y federales. La Nación Huron-Wendat está cada vez más involucrada en la arqueología en Quebec, así como en Ontario. Recientemente, se ha implementado la arqueología para apoyar el proyecto de área protegida Huron-Wendat en la región de Ya’nienhonhndeh (Lago à Moïse), en la Reserva de Vida Silvestre de Laurentides. En 2016 y 2017, se realizaron escuelas de verano de arqueología en esta región en colaboración con la Universidad Laval, que permitieron realizar importantes descubrimientos. El uso de la arqueología por parte de la Nación Huron-Wendat plantea importantes cuestiones éticas, en particular con respecto a las políticas desarrolladas por el Ministerio de la Cultura y Comunicaciones de Quebec, así como a la propiedad de los objetos descubiertos.