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The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP/Endo180) is already known to be a key collagen receptor involved in collagen internalization and degradation in mesenchymal cells and some macrophages. It is one of the four members of the mannose receptor family along with a macrophage mannose receptor (MMR), a phospholipase lipase receptor (PLA2R), and a dendritic receptor (DEC-205). As a clathrin-dependent endocytic receptor for collagen or large collagen fragments as well as through its association with urokinase (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), uPARAP/Endo180 takes part in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell chemotaxis and migration under physiological (tissue homeostasis and repair) and pathological (fibrosis, cancer) conditions. Recent advances that have shown an expanded contribution of this multifunctional protein across a broader range of biological processes, including vascular biology and innate immunity, are summarized in this paper. It has previously been demonstrated that uPARAP/Endo180 assists in lymphangiogenesis through its capacity to regulate the heterodimerization of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3). Moreover, recent findings have demonstrated that it is also involved in the clearance of collectins and the regulation of the immune system, something which is currently being studied as a biomarker and a therapeutic target in a number of cancers.

Although lymph node (LN) metastasis is an important prognostic parameter in cervical cancer, the tissue remodeling at a pre-metastatic state is poorly documented in LNs. We here identified periostin (POSTN) as a component of non-metastatic LNs by applying proteomic analyses and computerized image quantifications on LNs of patients with cervical cancer. We provide evidence for remarkable modifications of POSTN and lymphatic vessel distributions and densities in non-metastatic sentinel and metastatic human LNs, when compared to distant non-metastatic LNs. POSTN deposition at a pre-metastatic stage was demonstrated in a pre-clinical murine model (the ear sponge assay). Its expression by fibroblastic LN cells was assessed by in situ hybridization and in vitro cultures. In vitro, POSTN promoted lymphatic endothelial cell functions and tumor cell proliferation. Accordingly, the in vivo injection of recombinant POSTN together with VEGF-C boosted the lymphangiogenic response, while the metastatic potential of tumor cells was drastically reduced using a POSTN blocking antibody. This translational study also supports the existence of an unprecedented dialog “in cascade”, between the primary tumor and the first pelvic nodal relay in early cervical cancer, and subsequently from pelvic LN to para-aortic LNs in locally advanced cervical cancers. Collectively, this work highlights the association of POSTN deposition with lymphangiogenesis in LNs, and provides evidence for a key contribution of POSTN in promoting VEGF-C driven lymphangiogenesis and the seeding of metastatic cells.

Orijinal Adı: L'Aube d'un Nouveau Libéralisme

BIRD, RICHARD and OLDMANN, OLIVER (eds.): Taxation in Developing Countries. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins 1990. x + 530 pp. $ 34.00 (pb), $ 75.00 (hb).

Is it possible to speak of a "French" view on future international economic policy? Ideas on the subject vary according to the different sections of the population. It is not surprising that our public opinion should lack homogeneity: four years of rigorous occupation, during which we have been isolated from the rest of the world and subjected to the influence of incessant propaganda, have left our minds confused and disturbed. Individually we have reacted in different ways according to our psychological make-up and on many issues we are still divided. These differences are the more pronounced because we are still in a period of convalescence, and our nerves are on edge. In particular, ideas current among the general mass of the people differ from those of the Elite. The masses are impatient because they still suffer from the changes in fortune which they have undergone, and do not see beyond material things. France, in the old days, was a country of the "haves," like England, well provided with goods and capital; today she is a "have-not" country, like the former Germany and Italy; or, to use an up-to-date expression, the French were a "high standard people," and have become a "low standard people." The feelings of envy which arise between social classes can also develop between nations. The mass of the people still clamour for justice, demanding the destruction of the Nazi or fascist regime, without realizing that some of the aims which at present enjoy great popularity among them would, if carried to their logical conclusion, be identical with that which they wish to destroy. Thus we find everywhere contradictions which do not occur among the elite, but which we must take into account, since the masses, through their leaders, whether party chiefs or trades union bosses, today often control the instruments of power. Added to this first difficulty, which derives from ourselves, is another which is the result of circumstance. It was fashionable before 1939 to declare that we must "think on European lines," but European unity does not exist. Whether or not one deplores the fact, Europe is deeply divided. It is like an enclosed arena within which opposing influences, other than economic, struggle against each other. Two giants have arisen, one to the east and the other to the west. At first sight neither appears to be dangerous from the economic point of view; so far as the United States is concerned, the inter-American conferences have been marked by a "universalist" outlook; at the conference in Mexico City, for example, the representatives of

Es natural que en un país en el que l a organización está fundada sobre un principio dualista, la religión presente un doble aspecto. Lo sobrenatural tiene l a misma estructura que lo económico y lo administrativo. La jerarquía bastea se establece en todos los dominios.

I. Definition of rationality, 487. — II. Characteristics of irrationality, 490. — III. Examples of irrationality in economics, 493. — IV. Irrationality and mass psychology, 497. — V. The role of irrationality in political economy, 501.