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International audience; This is a retrospective study to evaluate if the miRNome profile of endometrium samples collected during the implantation window predicts Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) outcomes. We first investigated the endometrial miRNome profile according to the receptivity status in 20 patients with repeated implantation failures (RIF) (discovery cohort). After customized embryo transfer, the miRNome profiles of receptive patients with a positive or negative β-hCG, and with early miscarriage or live birth were analysed. Some differentially expressed miRNAs were selected for validation by RT-qPCR in endometrial samples from 103 RIF patients (validation cohort). Analysis of the different miRNome profiles identified endometrial receptivity, implantation failure, and early miscarriage-associated miRNA signatures that included 11, 261, and 76 miRNAs, respectively. However, only four miRNAs associated with the endometrial receptivity status (miR-455-3p and miR-4423-3p) and implantation failure (miR-152-3p and miR-155-5p) were significantly validated in endometrial samples. The miRNome profile of endometrial tissues during the implantation window can predict the pregnancy outcome. These data are crucial for opening new perspectives to predict implantation failure and consequently, to increase ART success.

International audience; In assisted reproduction, about 30% of embryo implantation failures are related to inadequate endometrial receptivity. To identify molecules involved in endometrial receptivity acquisition, we investigated, using a SELDI-TOF approach, the protein expression profile of early-secretory and mid-secretory endometrium samples. Among the proteins upregulated in mid-secretory endometrium, we investigated the function of S100A10 in endometrial receptivity and implantation process. S100A10 was expressed in epithelial and stromal cells of the endometrium of fertile patients during the implantation windows. Conversely, it was downregulated in the mid-secretory endometrium of infertile patients diagnosed as non-receptive. Transcriptome analysis of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells where S100A10 was silenced by shRNA revealed the deregulation of 37 and 256 genes, respectively, related to components of the extracellular matrix and intercellular connections. Functional annotations of these deregulated genes highlighted alterations of the leukocyte extravasation signaling and angiogenesis pathways that play a crucial role during implantation. S100A10 silencing also affected the migration of primary endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, decidualization and secretory transformation of primary endometrial stromal cells and epithelial cells respectively, and promoted apoptosis in serum-starved endometrial epithelial cells. Our findings identify S100A10 as a player in endometrial receptivity acquisition.