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Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with loss of function mutations of lipoprotein lipase resulting in hypertriglyceridemia and accumulation of chylomicrons in plasma, often leading to acute pancreatitis. The mainstay of treatment is a specialized very-low-fat diet. Even adhering to the diet, some patients may experience high triglycerides and pancreatitis. There currently are no comprehensive dietary guidelines.To report best practices and develop comprehensive dietary guidelines for nutrition therapy in patients with FCS.Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) convened to develop this report based on experience treating patients with FCS and a review of current literature on the topic. One author provided a patient perspective of living with FCS.This report provides guidelines and rationales for nutrition therapy associated with FCS across the life span. The top global guidelines are to (1) limit fat to15 to 20 g per day (10%-15% of total daily energy intake); (2) meet recommendations for essential fatty acids: α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid; (3) choose complex carbohydrate foods while limiting simple and refined carbohydrate foods; (4) supplement with fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and medium-chain triglyceride oil, as needed; (5) adjust calories for weight management. Recommended foods include vegetables, whole grains, legumes, lean protein foods, fruits in limited amounts, and fat-free milk products without added sugars. Foods to avoid include alcohol and products high in sugar.These patient-centered nutrition guidelines provide guidance to help patients adhere to the recommended diet and optimize nutritional needs.

We describe California’s current budget deficit, the Governor’s proposed solution, the underlying causes of the deficit, and actions the federal government might consider to aid the states in this time of history-making deficits. Included in the discussion are details of the California General Fund, state revenues and expenditures, as well as the role capital gains income played in the current budget crisis. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the California Franchise Tax Board or the State of California.

In order to more fully understand why individuals smoke menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand the perceptions held by youth and adults regarding menthol cigarettes. Perceptions are driven by many factors, and one factor that can be important is marketing. This review seeks to examine what role, if any, the marketing of menthol cigarettes plays in the formation of consumer perceptions of menthol cigarettes. The available literature suggests that menthol cigarettes may be perceived as safer choices than non-menthol cigarettes. Furthermore, there is significant overlap between menthol cigarette advertising campaigns and the perceptions of these products held by consumers. The marketing of menthol cigarettes has been higher in publications and venues whose target audiences are Blacks/African Americans. Finally, there appears to have been changes in cigarette menthol content over the past decade, which has been viewed by some researchers as an effort to attract different types of smokers.

Low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, serum triglyceride concentrations, blood pressure, obesity, and blood glucose are all known to contribute to risk for development of atherosclerosis. Research demonstrates that dietary modifications, which reduce saturated fat intake, impact the likelihood of development of atherosclerosis.The Atherosclerosis and Teen Eating Study was designed to determine whether a short-term health educational program, complemented by availability of alternative low-fat school lunches, could result in favorable changes to healthier eating patterns. Additionally, the study was designed to measure whether changes in eating behaviors were sufficient to result in risk-factor reduction.The 6-week study consisted of a defined educational curriculum in addition to the availability of alternative low-fat cafeteria meals. Six 1-hour educational sessions on heart-healthy nutrition and exercise were presented over a period of 2 weeks. Self-perceived nutritional intake was assessed at baseline and the conclusion of the trial via a documented method, the Eating Pattern Assessment Tool. Routine laboratory work and blood pressure were measured at baseline and conclusion of the study.Eating Pattern Assessment Tool score decreased by 14 points (P0.001), indicating a significant fall in fat consumption. Fasting glucose and diastolic blood pressure were also reduced. Mean fasting glucose decreased by 3.1 mg/dL (P = 0.041) and mean diastolic blood pressure fell by 6.6 mmHg (P0 .001). The percentage reduction in low-density lipoprotein, the primary endpoint, showed a trend downward but did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.075).School-based educational programs and improved choice of foods focused on cardiovascular risk reduction have the capacity to positively influence eating patterns and risk factors associated with future development of atherosclerosis.