Search

Summary: Background: Surgical care holds significant importance in healthcare, especially in low and middle-income countries, as at least 50% of the 4.2 million deaths within the initial 30 days following surgery take place in these countries. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery proposed six indicators to enhance surgical care. In Colombia, studies have been made using secondary data. However, strategies to reduce perioperative mortality have not been implemented. This study aims to describe the fourth indicator, perioperative mortality rate (POMR), with primary data in Colombia. Methods: A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted across 54 centres (hospitals) in Colombia. Each centre selected a 7-day recruitment period between 05/2022 and 01/2023. Inclusion criteria involved patients over 18 years of age undergoing surgical procedures in operating rooms. Data quality was ensured through a verification guideline and statistical analysis using mixed-effects multilevel modelling with a case mix analysis of mortality by procedure-related, patient-related, and hospital-related conditions. Findings: 3807 patients were included with a median age of 48 (IQR 32–64), 80.3% were classified as ASA I or II, and 27% of the procedures had a low-surgical complexity. Leading procedures were Orthopedics (19.2%) and Gynaecology/Obstetrics (17.7%). According to the Clavien–Dindo scale, postoperative complications were distributed in major complications (11.7%, 10.68–12.76) and any complication (31.6%, 30.09–33.07). POMR stood at 1.9% (1.48–2.37), with elective and emergency surgery mortalities at 0.7% (0.40–1.23) and 3% (2.3–3.89) respectively. Interpretation: The POMR was higher than the ratio reported in previous national studies, even when patients had a low–risk profile and low-complexity procedures. The present research represents significant public health progress with valuable insights for national decision-makers to improve the quality of surgical care. Funding: This work was supported by Universidad del Rosario and Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología grant number CTO-057-2021, project-ID IV-FGV017.

Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion emerges as an appealing integrated solution for the management of agricultural waste, particularly for farmers in regions where the average temperature does not exceed 26 °C, as seen in coffee cultivation. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the biomethane potential of thermochemical-treated coffee husk through psychrophilic anaerobic digestion (C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment). To examine its viability, outcomes were compared with reactors operating at both mesophilic (C1-35 °C) and psychrophilic (C2-20 °C) conditions, albeit without the use of pretreated coffee husk. The C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment test demonstrated a 36.89% increase (150.47 NmL CH4/g VS; 161.04 NmL CH4/g COD), while the C1-35 °C test exhibited a 24.03% increase (124.99 NmL CH4/g VS; 133.77 NmL CH4/g COD), both in comparison to the C2-20 °C test (94.96 NmL CH4/g VS; 101.63 NmL CH4/g COD). Notably, the C3-20 °C-w/pretreatment trial yielded superior outcomes, accompanied by an associated energy output of 3199.25 GWh/year, sufficient to meet the annual energy demands of 494 residences. This marks an increase of 83 and 182 million residences compared to the mesophilic and psychrophilic AD of CH without pretreatment, respectively.

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826), is distributed across the American continent and is formerly known as the “tropical lineage”. It belongs to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) species complex, referred to as R. sanguineus (sensu lato). Mitochondrial genome sequences are frequently used for the identification and represent reference material for field studies. In the present study, the entire mitochondrial genomes of R. linnaei (∼15 kb) collected from dogs in Mexico were sequenced and compared with available mitogenomes of R. sanguineus (s.l.). The mitochondrial genome is ∼90% identical to the reference genome of R. sanguineus (sensu stricto, former “temperate lineage”) and > 99% identical to R. linnaei mitogenome derived from the neotype. Two additional mitogenomes were obtained and described as R. linnaei and R. turanicus from dogs in Saudi Arabia. The present study delivers a molecular reference for R. linnaei from America and complements R. linnaei mitogenomes from Africa, Asia and Australia. We propose to consider the complete mitogenome, as the reference for American R. linnaei, even when partial mitochondrial cox1, 12S rRNA or 16S rRNA genes are characterised.

Coffee processing generates a large amount of organic waste, which has the potential for energy use through biogas production. Although Brazil dominates world coffee production, treating its residue with biogas technology is not a practice, especially due to this product’s seasonality, which hampers continuous digester operation. The implementation of biogas production from coffee residues in a concept of industrial symbiosis could overcome this. This work evaluates the biogas energy potential from the main liquid residues of coffee processing (i.e., mucilage and wash water) and their integration with glycerin and cattle manure. Around 2773 m3 biogas day−1 would be produced (75% CH4), used as biomethane (734 thousand m3 year−1), or thermal energy (23,000,000 MJ year−1), or electricity (2718 MWh year−1), which could supply, respectively, all the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel demands of the farm, all the thermal energy demands of the grain drying process, as well as electricity for 30 residences. Considering the short coffee season, the results have a broader context for the application of biogas production on coffee processing farms, envisaging that the Agroindustrial Eco-Park concept has the potential to integrate various agroindustrial sectors for energy production, residue exchange, and water recirculation.

Objectives: To investigate the evidence on the association between ankyloglossia and obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out in the databases. Observational and interventional studies that assessed the lingual frenulum in children with sleep-disordered breathing were included. As exclusion criteria: studies in animals, in vitro, letters to the editor, expert opinions, other reviews. The selected articles were analyzed regarding the study design, sample, characterization of the lingual frenulum and sleep assessment, in addition to the main results and conclusions. Results: Ninety-seven articles were identified, but only 4 met the inclusion criteria. Two retrospective studies concluded that the untreated shortened lingual frenulum at birth is associated with obstructive sleep apnea. A prospective study concluded that there was an improvement in speech and deglutition after lingual frenectomy, in addition to improved sleep. A retrospective cohort concluded that lingual frenuloplasty combined with myofunctional therapy is effective in the treatment of snoring and mouth breathing. Conclusion: The studies included in this review contribute to corroborate the association between ankyloglossia and obstructive sleep apnea.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características cinemáticas durante partidos internacionales de hockey hierba masculino. Dieciséis jugadores (edad: 25.12 ± 3.66 años; altura: 177.12 ± 4.96 cm; peso: 72.45 ± 5.01 kg; internacionalidades: 79.12 ± 78.96) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española, fueron monitorizados mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global y acelerometría durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa de 2017. Los análisis se hicieron en función del cuarto de juego (C1, C2, C3 y C4), las demarcaciones (defensas, centrocampistas y delanteros), y los minutos jugados (por partido). Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Los defensas presentaron menor actividad cinemática a alta intensidad (velocidades, número de esprints, metros/min) respecto a medios y delanteros. El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C1 hubo actividad cinemática mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a los jugadores en 3 grupos (48 minutos). Aquellos que jugaron 21km/h) y de m/min en comparación con los otros grupos, mientras que los que disputaron entre 37-48 minutos, fueron los que más distancia a alta intensidad (>16km/h) recorrieron y mayor cantidad de esprints realizaron. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas de los jugadores de élite de hockey hierba, dependen de la demarcación en el campo, del tiempo de juego, con mayor actividad en el C1, y con una menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en aquellos jugadores que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

This study aimed to investigate the variation in players’ physical demands profile during a major national men field hockey tournament which consisted of 3 matches on consecutive days. Ten Spanish National League hockey players participated in the study (age: 24.2 ± 2.6 years; body mass: 74.2 ± 5.7 kg; height 176.8 ± 5.1 cm). Participants´ physical demands were monitored using global positioning system devices (SPI Elite, GPSports). Activity was categorized into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min-1), low speed running (LSR; 19 km·h-1 m·min-1), sprinting relative to minute played (SR; >23.0 km·h-1 m·min-1) and number of sprints (SN; >23.0 km·h-1/ n/min). The number of acceleration and deceleration efforts were analyzed using intensity thresholds (low: 1-1.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; moderate: 2-2.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; high: >3 m·s-2 n·min-1). The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Players reduced distance covered at moderate- and high-speed running, sprints relative minute played and the number of moderate accelerations, and moderate and high decelerations per minute played in the third match compared to the first match. The results of this investigation show that intensity activity were the most affected variables with congestion schedule.

PurposeThe aim this study was to provide an epidemiological injury analysis of the National Basketball Association, detailing aspects such as frequency rate, characteristics and impact on performance (missed games), including COVID-19 related and non-related injuries.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted from the 2017-18 to 2020-2021 season. Publicly available records from the official website of the National Basketball Association were collected, including player's profiling data, minutes played per game until the injury occurred, unique injuries and injury description [location (body area), diagnosis (or mechanism)], and missed games due to injury.ResultsA total of 625 players and 3543 unique injuries were registered during the period analyzed. There was an increased incidence of missed games and unique injuries ratios, from 2017-18 until 2020-21, even when excluding COVID-19 related cases. The main body areas of injuries corresponded to lower body injuries, specifically knee, ankle and foot. The tendon/ligament group, for both games missed and unique injuries, showed the higher ratios (1.16 and 0.21, respectively), followed by muscle (0.69 and 0.16, respectively) and bones (0.30 and 0.03, respectively). Irrespective of season, the higher percentage of unique injuries occurred in the group of players playing in the 26-35 minutes, followed by the 16-25 minutes played. Guards showed the highest injury ratios compared to other playing positions. Most injuries and missed games due to injury occurred from mid-season to the end of the regular season. The majority of both injuries and missed games were concentrated in the two central experience groups (from 6 to 15 years).ConclusionsDespite previous efforts to better understand injury risk factors, there has been an increase in unique injuries and missed games. The distribution by body area, type of injury, when they occurred, minutes played and outcomes by play position, age a or years of experience vary between season and franchises.

This paper aims to present reading and writing language development strategies in line with the principles of the Eclectic Method (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2000) and the Complex Approach (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2016) by considering the homo and heterogeneity of speakers of Romance languages’ profiles. In order to do that, we propo-sed to students of an educational institution specialized in Portuguese as an Additional Language activities that considered the intelligibility existing between Neolatine languages. The pedagogical products generated during the research were based on the receptive competences that these languages can instill in the learners. Conscious of their competitive advantage over comprehension and, consequently, over production ability when considering passive and active abilities of students who know language(s) of other language families, those who are proficient in any Latin language perceive themselves more likely and confident to learn additional Romance languages.

El conflicto es entendido como el revelador de las nuevas dimensiones de un problema, ya que es un constructor de normas sociales. Más que la existencia de un problema relacionado con el medio físico, el conflicto revela la existencia de una situación que ha sido designada como problema público por un grupo especifico, e incluso por la magnitud de sus impactos se designa como un problema perverso (wicked problem). Este artículo busca responder a un primer cuestionamiento: ¿Cómo las coaliciones - implicadas en un conflicto-, inciden en la trayectoria de las políticas públicas? El objetivo es proponer un marco de reflexión, a partir del análisis del conflicto como factor de cambio en la trayectoria de la política pública; y de su reconocimiento metodológico como creador de coaliciones que sostienen, transforman, y alimentan diferentes fases del proceso de una política. Para esto, el texto propone tres momentos de reflexión primordialmente teórica: 1. El conflicto en la trayectoria de las políticas públicas; 2. El cambio en las políticas públicas, y 3. El conflicto y el marco de coaliciones promotoras (ACF por su nombre en inglés).

Objetivo. Comparar las demandas cinemáticas de jugadoras internacionales de hockey sobre hierba durante partidos de competición oficial. Material y métodos. Dieciséis jugadoras (edad: 24.7 ± 2.8 años; peso: 57.9 ± 5.9 kg; altura: 165.2 ± 4.9 cm) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española fueron monitorizadas mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS) durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa. Los análisis fueron llevados a cabo en función de la demarcación de las jugadoras (defensas, medias y delanteras), de los cuartos de juego (C1, C2, C3, C4), y en base a los minutos jugados. Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Resultados. Las defensas presentaron menor actividad a alta intensidad (velocidades, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones) que medias y delanteras (9.4 ± 2.4%; TE: 0.78 con las medias y 33.1 ± 7.2%; TE: 2.1, con las defensas). El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C4 la actividad fue mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a las jugadoras en 3 grupos en función de los minutos jugados ( 45 minutos). Las deportistas que jugaron 21 km/h) y distancia a alta intensidad (> 15 km/h) por minuto de juego en comparación con el grupo de > 45 min jugados. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas en jugadoras de élite de hockey dependen de la demarcación en el campo, con mayor actividad en el último cuarto y con menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en las jugadoras que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

Basketball has a high demand on a player's neuromuscular system due to a high volume of explosive high-intensity actions. This study aimed to examine the seasonal variations on game demands and players' neuromuscular performance during the Non-Conference (NON-CONF) and Conference (CONF) seasons in NCAA Division I Men's Basketball. Seven NCAA Division I Basketball players' (20 ± 1.2 years, 1.95 ± 0.1 m, and 94 ± 15 kg) match activity profiles were tracked in 17 home games (7 NON-CONF; 10 CONF); furthermore, players performed a repeat hop test on a force platform the day before competition to assess neuromuscular performance. A t-test for paired samples was used to analyze the differences between NON-CONF and CONF. Results indicated no significant differences in Total Distance, Peak Speed, Acceleration, and Deceleration loads when comparing NON-CONF and CONF match-play. Regarding neuromuscular performance, Jump Height (p = 0.03; ES = 0.43) was negatively affected during CONF. Moreover, a trend toward a decline in Peak Force (p = 0.06; ES = 0.38) was found in CONF. Conversely, no differences were obtained regarding Reactive Strength Index and Contact Time. In conclusion, match-play demands remained constant across the season whilst neuromuscular outputs were inhibited during the CONF season.

In the field of sports science, the recovery umbrella is a trending topic, and even more so in the world of elite sports. This is evidenced by the significant increase in scientific publications during the last 10 years as teams look to find a competitive edge. Recovery is recognized to be an integral component to assist athlete preparation in the restoration of physical and psychological function, and subsequently, performance in elite team sports athletes. However, the importance of recovery in team staff members (sports coaches and performance staff) in elite sports appears to be a forgotten element. Given the unrelenting intense nature of daily tasks and responsibilities of team staff members, the elite sports environment can predispose coaches to increased susceptibility to psycho-socio physiological fatigue burden, and negatively affect health, wellbeing, and performance. Therefore, the aim of this opinion was to (1) develop an educational recovery resource for team staff members, (2) identify organizational task-specific fatigue indicators and barriers to recovery and self-care in team staff members, and (3) present recovery implementation strategies to assist team staff members in meeting their organizational functions. It is essential that we do not forget the coaching and performance staff in the recovery process.

While velocity-based training is currently a very popular paradigm to designing and monitoring resistance training programs, its implementation remains a challenge in team sports, where there are still some confusion and misinterpretations of its applications. In addition, in contexts with large squads, it is paramount to understand how to best use movement velocity in different exercises in a useful and time-efficient way. This manuscript aims to provide clarifications on the velocity-based training paradigm, movement velocity tracking technologies, assessment procedures and practical recommendations for its application during resistance training sessions, with the purpose of increasing performance, managing fatigue and preventing injuries. Guidelines to combine velocity metrics with subjective scales to prescribe training loads are presented, as well as methods to estimate 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) on a daily basis using individual load–velocity profiles. Additionally, monitoring strategies to detect and evaluate changes in performance over time are discussed. Finally, limitations regarding the use of velocity of execution tracking devices and metrics such as “muscle power” are commented upon.

Álvaro Silveira Faleiros nasceu em 1972, em Viña del Mar, Chile. Sua história está intimamente ligada à ditadura militar no Brasil e aos períodos de exílio de sua família em diferentes países. Em 1973, com o golpe de Pinochet no Chile, a família se mudou para a Holanda, por um ano. Após esse período, fixou-se no Canadá, mais especificamente na província do Québec de 1974 a 1979, onde Faleiros teve seu primeiro contato com a língua francesa.

This study aimed to determine the intra- and inter-device accuracy and reliability of wearable athletic tracking devices, under controlled laboratory conditions. A total of nineteen portable accelerometers (Catapult OptimEye S5) were mounted to an aluminum bracket, bolted directly to an Unholtz Dickie 20K electrodynamic shaker table, and subjected to a series of oscillations in each of three orthogonal directions (front-back, side to side, and up-down), at four levels of peak acceleration (0.1g, 0.5g, 1.0g, and 3.0g), each repeated five times resulting in a total of 60 tests per unit, for a total of 1140 records. Data from each accelerometer was recorded at a sampling frequency of 100Hz. Peak accelerations recorded by the devices, Catapult PlayerLoad™, and calculated player load (using Catapult's Cartesian formula) were used for the analysis. The devices demonstrated excellent intradevice reliability and mixed interdevice reliability. Differences were found between devices for mean peak accelerations and PlayerLoad™ for each direction and level of acceleration. Interdevice effect sizes ranged from a mean of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34-0.74) (small) to 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08-1.30) (large) and ICCs ranged from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62-0.89) (very large) to 1.0 (95% CI: 0.99-1.0) (nearly perfect) depending upon the magnitude and direction of the applied motion. When compared to the player load determined using the Cartesian formula, the Catapult reported PlayerLoad™ was consistently lower by approximately 15%. These results emphasize the need for industry wide standards in reporting validity, reliability and the magnitude of measurement errors. It is recommended that device reliability and accuracy are periodically quantified.

In February 2012, a reproductive group of 60 adult blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) from Veracruz, Mexico was relocated to hunting units in eastern and northeastern Mexico. Seven individuals died due to hemorrhagic parasitic, abomasitis and enteritis caused by Haemonchus spp., Setaria spp., and Trichostrongylids. Deaths were associated with hepatic necrosis, bilateral congestive distention of heart and fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia. Also Anaplasma marginale was identified. The blackbucks’ population displayed a general mortality rate of 11.67%, where 25% of total male and 9.62% of total female died. The mortality was controlled by segregation of all remaining blackbucks and the treatment for internal and external parasites (biting flies and ticks). After the treatment, no fatality cases related to parasitosis were recorded. The results presented here exhibit the high relevance of parasitosis as possible factor risk in the survival of tis specie.

The analysis of positional data in association football allows the spatial distribution of players during matches to be described in order to improve the understanding of tactical-related constraints on the behavioural dynamics of players. The aim of this study was to identify how players' spatial restrictions affected the exploratory tactical behaviour and constrained the perceptual-motor workspace of players in possession of the ball, as well as inter-player passing interactions. Nineteen professional outfield male players were divided into two teams of 10 and 9 players, respectively. The game was played under three spatial constraints: a) players were not allowed to move out of their allocated zones, except for the player in possession of the ball; b) players were allowed to move to an adjacent zone, and; c) non-specific spatial constraints. Positional data was captured using a 5 Hz interpolated GPS tracking system and used to define the configuration states of players for each second in time. The configuration state comprised 37 categories derived from tactical actions, distance from the nearest opponent, distance from the target and movement speed. Notational analysis of players in possession of the ball allowed the mean time of ball possession and the probabilities of passing the ball between players to be calculated. The results revealed that the players' long-term exploratory behaviour decreased and their short-term exploration increased when restricting their space of interaction. Relaxing players' positional constraints seemed to increase the speed of ball flow dynamics. Allowing players to move to an adjacent sub-area increased the probabilities of interaction with the full-back during play build-up. The instability of the coordinative state defined by being free from opponents when players had the ball possession was an invariant feature under all three task constraints. By allowing players to move to adjacent sub-areas, the coordinative state became highly unstable when the distance from the target decreased. Ball location relative to the scoring zone and interpersonal distance constitute key environmental information that constrains the players' coordinative behaviour. Based on our results, dynamic overlap is presented as a good option to capture tactical performance. Moreover, the selected collective (i.e. relational) variables would allow coaches to identify the effects of training drills on teams and players' behaviour. More research is needed considering these type variables to understand how the manipulation of constraints induce a more stable or flexible dynamical structure of tactical behaviour.

Lippia integrifolia“incayuyo” es un arbusto aromático y medicinal de interés económico cuya distribución abarca desde Bolivia hasta el noroeste y centro de Argentina. Presenta una amplia variabilidad intraespecífica, la cual podría ser el resultado de la interacción con el ambiente y/o estar determinada genéticamente. Debido a esta variabilidad, estudios de caracterización son necesarios para posteriores evaluaciones agronómicas, mejoramiento genético, selección,reproducción y conservación de ejemplares con características deseables. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar, utilizando dos métodos de estimación, el número de individuos mínimo a relevar in situque representen la variabilidad morfológica de una población de L. integrifolia. A partir de un muestreo preliminar realizado en el Parque Nacional Talampaya en el que se registraron 11 caracteres morfométricos en L. integrifolia, se realizó una estimación paramétrica y una no paramétrica del Tamaño Muestral Mínimo. Sobre la base de los caracteres morfométricos aquí evaluados se recomienda un tamaño de muestra mínimo de entre 35 a 40 ejemplares, determinado por los caracteres que mostraron mayor variabilidad, con el cual se garantizaría poder captar la variabilidad morfológica de la especie.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto sobre el dolor y el sistema nervioso de la interacción entre tramadol y diclofenaco, en dosis escalonadas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 60 ratones albinos, distribuidos en diez grupos; cuatro grupos fueron de interacción y recibieron VO tramadol 10 mg/Kg y diclofenaco en dosis escalonada (10, 15, 20 y 25 mg/Kg). Seis grupos recibieron VO tramadol, 10 mg/Kg; diclofenaco, 10 mg/Kg; diazepam, 25 mg/Kg; cafeína, 25 mg/Kg y agua destilada, 0,1 mL/10 g; este último grupo no recibió medicamentos. Las sustancias se administraron una hora antes de la inducción del dolor. Se emplearon la prueba de contorsiones abdominales, para evaluar el dolor, y la prueba de Irwin, para el sistema nervioso.Se evaluaron el porcentaje de inhibición de contorsiones abdominales, porcentaje de prolongación del periodo de latencia, número de contorsiones abdominales y período de latencia. Se aplicaron las pruebas ANOVA de una cola, Tukey y correlación de Pearson. Para la prueba de Irwin se aplicó la prueba de Fisher. Resultados. Los porcentajes de inhibición de las contorsiones abdominales fueron de 55,1%; 89,9%; 74,5% y 94,5% en los grupos de interacción 2, 4, 7 y 10, respectivamente, frente a 31,6% (tramadol), 19,4% (diclofenaco) y 4,8% (control). El período de latencia fue de 609,7; 891,2; 860,5 y 1100 segundos enlos grupos de interacción 2, 4, 7 y 10, respectivamente, frente a 479,7 (tramadol), 281,8 (diclofenaco) y 475,7 segundos (control). La prueba de ANOVA demostró diferencias significativas (p < 0,05; IC 95%) con relación al porcentaje de inhibición de contorsiones y el periodo de latencia. La prueba de Irwin evidenció piloerección, sedación, aumento de la respiración, incoordinación motora y cola de Straub. Conclusiones. Se comprobó el efecto analgésico sinérgico de la coadministración de tramadol en dosis fija y diclofenaco en dosis escalonada.

El abordaje de la historia reciente del país en el contexto de diálogos de paz y posible post-acuerdo inquieta a la escuela en lo que respecta a las repercusiones curriculares, las responsabilidades frente a la reparación y las nuevas representaciones de los daños y afectaciones causados por la guerra. El presente artículo expone reflexiones conceptuales en torno a la relación de memoria, historia y conflicto teniendo en cuenta los requerimientos al sector educativo en el marco transicional para la paz; metodológicamente asume la revisión bibliográfica y el aporte reflexivo sobre las nociones mencionadas como contribución a los nuevos modos de comprensión de la enseñanza de la historia y las responsabilidades colectivas de ejercicios de memoria y reconstrucción de la historia reciente en la escuela.

The effects that different constraints have on the exploratory behavior, measured by the variety and quantity of different responses within a game situation, is of the utmost importance for successful performance in team sports. The aim of this study was to determine how the number of teammates and opponents affects the exploratory behavior of both professional and amateur players in small-sided soccer games. Twenty-two professional (age 25.6 ± 4.9 years) and 22 amateur (age 23.1 ± 0.7 years) male soccer players played three small-sided game formats (4 vs. 3, 4 vs. 5, and 4 vs. 7). These trials were video-recorded and a systematic observation instrument was used to notate the actions, which were subsequently analyzed by means of a principal component analysis and the dynamic overlap order parameter (measure to identify the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior on different time scales). Results revealed that a higher the number of opponents required for more frequent ball controls. Moreover, with a higher number of teammates, there were more defensive actions focused on protecting the goal, with more players balancing. In relation to attack, an increase in the number of opponents produced a decrease in passing, driving and controlling actions, while an increase in the number of teammates led to more time being spent in attacking situations. A numerical advantage led to less exploratory behavior, an effect that was especially clear when playing within a team of seven players against four opponents. All teams showed strong effects of the number of teammates on the exploratory behavior when comparing 5 vs 7 or 3 vs 7 teammates. These results seem to be independent of the players' level.

A pesar del interés emergente en el acondicionamiento físico en el golf, se han llevado a cabo pocos estudios para valorar la relación entre la potencia mecánica y el rendimiento en golf. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar si existía una correlación entre la velocidad de salida de la bola del swing de drive y la potencia muscular de extremidades inferiores y tronco, en un grupo de 8 golfistas (16,8 ± 1,4 años; 2,2 ± 1,8 Handicap; 63,1 ± 6,4 kg.; 172,7 ± 7,5 cm). El test incluyó mediciones de la velocidad de salida de la bola y tests de potencia mecánica (prensa de piernas horizontal, press de banca y rotaciones de tronco). Los resultados de este estudio indican que existe una correlación significativa entre la velocidad de salida de la bola y la potencia piernas (prensa de piernas horizontal: r2=,933; p=,000) y del tronco (press de banca: r2 = 0,66; p = ,014). La prensa de piernas se mostró como el predictor más representativo para la velocidad de salida de la bola (r2 = 0,934; p = ,000).

Microbiota comprise the bulk of life's diversity, yet we know little about how populations of microbes accumulate adaptive diversity across natural landscapes. Adaptation to stressful soil conditions in plants provides seminal examples of adaptation in response to natural selection via allelic substitution. For microbes symbiotic with plants however, horizontal gene transfer allows for adaptation via gene gain and loss, which could generate fundamentally different evolutionary dynamics. We use comparative genomics and genetics to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation to physiologically stressful serpentine soils in rhizobial bacteria in western North American grasslands. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the presence of a locus of major effect, the nre operon, is necessary and sufficient to confer adaptation to nickel, a heavy metal enriched to toxic levels in serpentine soil, and a major axis of environmental soil chemistry vari-ation. We find discordance between inferred evolutionary histories of the core genome and nreAXY genes, which often reside in putative genomic islands. This suggests that the evolutionary history of this adaptive variant is marked by frequent losses, and/or gains via horizontal acquisition across divergent rhizobium clades. However, different nre alleles confer distinct levels of nickel resistance, suggesting allelic substitution could also play a role in rhizobium adaptation to serpentine soil. These results illustrate that the interplay between evolution via gene gain and loss and evolution via allelic substitution may underlie adaptation in wild soil microbiota. Both processes are important to consider for understanding adaptive diversity in microbes and improving stress-adapted microbial inocula for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, new solutions have arisen to promote bioenergy expansion, some of which meet the requirements of reliability, sustainability, and governance. In Brazil, the Sao Paulo state (SPS) is characterized by strong agro‐industrial and livestock activities, which generates increasing residues in the last years with the potential to produce bioenergy and offer environmental and economic benefits. The Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (Renovabio) has been enhanced to seek sustainable development, encouraging new agribusiness research. Studies have shown that the sugarcane sector, a conventional ethanol and bioelectricity producer, has the greatest potential to produce biogas/biomethane, which can be maximized with the introduction of co‐substrates regionally generated from corn, soy, orange, coffee, poultry, and swine. This overview, based on the main SPS agro‐industrial and livestock residues, shows innovative alternatives for integrating anaerobic co‐digestion (co‐AD) processes through a regional strategy, by providing long‐term revenues and greenhouse gas mitigation, which would also spread the discussion for National and International prospects. This study discusses logistical, political, and financial aspects, revealing a promising business model supported by public policies. However, its feasibility requires a real economic assessment with the inclusion of decarbonization credits, and political subsidies for biomethane as a biofuel under the Renovabio, which will facilitate its insertion into the agro‐industry in the coming years. This article is categorized under:Policy and Economics > Energy TransitionsSustainable Energy > BioenergyClimate and Environment > Circular EconomyPolicy and Economics > Regional and International Strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]