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This article uses the frameworks provided by Max Weber’s comprehensive theory to offer insights into why a growing sector of young people residing in Bogota now identifies as either atheist or agnostic. This research attempts to understand why this subgroup rejects or has distanced itself from the Catholic tradition, which is still dominant in Colombia. Quantitative and qualitative data from a survey, along with a series of in-depth interviews of young people aged between 14 and 21 years, is analyzed and interpreted to achieve this purpose.

The contribution of urban green infrastructure (UGI) to human well-being has been demonstrated in several studies. A common method to evaluate such contributions is to measure the ecosystem services (ES) provided by the vegetation or water bodies present in urban green and blue spaces (UGBS) that constitute the UGI. The efficiency and spatial distribution of diverse types of UGBS in the provision of various ES could be considered by urban planners or managers to define specific objectives in future planning processes. In this context, we propose a methodological approach to develop an effective UGI based on an index of mismatches between supply and demand of ES (MbSDES) that addresses the mismatches between supply and demand for three ES (run-off retention, air purification, and cooling) provided by different UGBS in the city of Bilbao (Basque Country, North Spain). ES supply and demand for the three ES were at the urban neighbourhood level. The results indicate that there was a clear mismatch between ES supply and demand in the study area with 35% of the neighbourhood showing negative values for the MbSDES, which indicated that the actual UGBS do not satisfy the demand for ES. Hence, those areas with ES supply deficits should be a priority when planning new green areas (parks, tree lines, urban gardens) within the municipality. This challenge could be addressed by selecting the type of UGBS structure that is planned and improving the net efficiency of the UGI.

La salud bucodental, considerada como un derecho humano fundamental, forma parte integral en la salud general de un individuo. Objetivo. Describir los servicios de salud bucodental del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social (ISSS) durante el periodo 2010-2014. Metodología. El presente es un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo; se tomó como unidad de análisis el número de consultas registradas por el sistema estadístico de las atenciones odontológicas a personas usuarias. Resultados, se obtuvo que el 75.7 % de las atenciones corresponden a los tratamientos de odontología general; el 24.2 % a los de especialidad. La atención odontológica se concentra en la zona metropolitana, con un 52.3 %. La tendencia de las atenciones odontológicas durante los años en estudio fue en aumento, manteniéndose las atenciones de especialidad. Conclusiones. El Instituto realiza más tratamientos de odontología general que de especialidad. Las atenciones preventivas mostraron una leve tendencia a la disminución. El índice de dientes cariados perdidos obturados (CPOD) fue de 10.4 para la zona central. Este dato es superior al límite establecido de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, que lo ubica en 3.

BACKROUND: The corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted healthcare guidelines and modalities of patient consultation worldwide. The frequent cycles of quarantine confinement in Chile has caused mobility restrictions for both patients and physicians, which forced the Hospital Las Higueras de Talcahuano (HHT) to replace the assisted televisit modality with a more classic televisit program. This change may have impacted the satisfaction of patients.METHODS: Patient’s perception of satisfaction was evaluated through self-administered survey questionnaires, previously validated in the Spanish language. Cohorts were grouped according to two relational models:i) Assisted televisit, 503 neurology patients during the years 2018-2019; and ii) Televisit, 831 patients from different specialtiestreated during 2020. Perception of satisfaction was compared by gender, age, and type of televisit, and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) and reliability (factorial analysis of main components) were assessed. RESULTS: Assisted televisit and televisit cohortswere composed by 64.2% and 67.6% women, respectively; patients under 65 years of age were 62.2% and 75%, respectively. Assisted televisit patients showed very high 94.4% (n=475) and high 5.2% (n=26) satisfaction levels, while televisit patients showed very high 22.3% (n=185), high 63.9% (n=531), and moderate 13.1% (n=109) satisfaction levels; this difference is statistically significant at pCONCLUSION: Lower perception of satisfaction due to the change in televisit relational modality underscores the importance of primary care professionals, who support the specialist inthe assisted televisit model. The results of this study suggest that assisted televisit contributes to delivering an integrative solution that helps to alleviate the fragmentation of the system.

The Biosphere Reserves are laboratories of sustainability that provide local solutions to global challenges such as climate change or the conservation of biodiversity. They promote research, education and the creation of communities of practice that jointly generate knowledge that may be applicable to cooperative decision-making at local scales. The context of global COVID-19 pandemic posed a great challenge to all teaching and learning processes and so to the co-creation of knowledge. To counteract it, we developed an online teaching environment (webinar) to enhance the value of ecosystems and analyze the perception of youth, a key interest group in participatory governance of the territory, in relation to the provision of ecosystem services in the Biosphere Reserve in Indonesia. We took the experience of the Programme "Ecosystem Services of Euskadi" as a reference and developed a questionnaire on the perception of the provision of ecosystem services. The results showed that the highest evaluation corresponded to “cultural services” and the most valued environmental unit was “primary and secondary forest”. Our results contribute to establish a baseline to understand the relationship of youth with the territory within the framework of the MAB Programme and in addition, to set up an international scientific cooperation. This experience showed that the promotion of online solutions can help counteract the global pandemic negative effects on teaching processes and also empower local actors, specially the youth which have a key present and future role in global sustainability processes, as well as in shared local management of the Biosphere Reserve.

Sustainable development has to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements, and political decisions. This study aimed to analyse the implementation of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) in the spatial planning of the Basque Country, via the co-creation of knowledge. This paper uses a proposal for a regional green infrastructure (GI) to examine the co-creation of knowledge process. It addresses the community of practice, a process of co-creation of knowledge through workshops and meeting, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis using an online survey, and mapping and identification of the multifunctional areas that provide ecosystem services (ES) to develop a GI. Results indicate that ESA has been included in spatial planning actions at different scales (biosphere reserve, metropolitan area, and region). This subsequently created an avenue for understanding the political necessities at play, so that scientists can develop useful tools for sustainable development. The findings also draw attention to the importance of establishing a constructive and mutually comprehensible dialogue between politicians, technical experts and scientists. For ES to be part of spatial planning, ESA has to be taken into account at the beginning of the planning process. We conclude that building bridges between science and spatial planning can help establish science-based management guidelines and tools that help enhance the sustainability of the territory.

Onaindia, M., Pena, L., Fernandez de Manuel, B., Mendez, L., Viota, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I. 2020. Co-creation of knowledge for the inclusion of the ecosystem services approach in the landscape management planning in the Basque Country. Ecosistemas 29(1):1934. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.1934 The type of sustainable development to which we aspire needs, among other things, to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements and political decisions that direct management towards a sustainability path. Therefore, it is essential to identify the knowledge needed by the political and technical community and the type of science that is required to be developed for this purpose. The objective of this study was to analyze the work developed through a community of practice, which is contributing to an efficient collaboration between researchers and managers. The transdisciplinary work experience is based on a holistic and collaborative approach between university teams and public administration technical teams at different scales (Government, County Councils, Town-halls). The object of study of this community of practice is the application of the Ecosystem Services Approach in land management policies. The aim is the sustainable development of the territory based on the co-creation of knowledge for the application in policies. Because of the collaborative work, the approach based on ecosystem services has been included in the Guidelines for Territorial Planning of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. This means that all the different departments of the Administration at different scales must implement actions to maintain ecosystem services and the promotion of a local green infrastructure. The results show that the bridges between science and management can be successful in establishing scientific-based management guidelines.

Abstract Backround There is a shortage of medical specialists in Chile, including neurologists; currently, there are 56,614 patients waiting for a first adult Neurology appointment in the country. The Teleneurology Program at the Hospital Las Higueras de Talcahuano (HHT) was implemented in 2015 to help reduce both the number of patients waiting for a first consultation and their waiting times. Methods This retrospective study analyzed a cohort of 8269 patients referred to the HHT Neurology clinic between 2013 and 2018, from primary, secondary, and tertiary health centers. Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the factors influencing each outcome (number of patients waiting for a consultation and waiting time), such as age, gender, referral health establishment and the type of consultation (whether in situ at the HHT or by synchronic telepresence through the Teleneurology Program). Results Out of the 8269 patients included in the study, 1743 consulted the neurologist through the Teleneurology Program, while 6526 received a consultation in situ at the HHT. Since its implementation (2015) until the end of 2018, the Teleneurology program contributed to decrease the number of patients waiting for their first appointment from 3084 to 298. Waiting time for the first consultation was 60% shorter for patients enrolled in the Teleneurology program than those with consultation in situ at HHT (6.23 ± 6.82 and 10.47 ± 8.70 months, respectively). Similar differences were observed when sorting patient data according to the referral health center. Cox regression analysis showed that patients waiting for a traditional in situ first adult Neurology consultation at the HHT had a higher risk (OR = 6.74) of waiting 90% longer than patients enrolled in the Teleneurology Program, without significant differences due to gender or age. Conclusions Data from this study show a significant contribution of the Teleneurology Program at the HHT to decrease the number of patients waiting for a first consultation with a neurologist, as well as shorter waiting times, when derived from primary and secondary health centers.

In the last decade, the population of the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) (WBW) in Navarre has been reduced mainly due to the loss of suitable habitat for this species from intensive forest management, leading almost to its extinction. This study aimed to identify the key structural elements of breeding habitats of the WBW and analyze their effect on the composition of the saproxylic fungi community within the habitats. In the Special Area of Conservation, namely Quinto Real in Navarre, 20 circular plots (500 m2) and 10 transects (150&ndash, 300 m) were located inside and outside WBW territories. Within each sample plot, forest structure, deadwood, microhabitats, regeneration, and saproxylic fungi community were studied. The results showed that the key elements in the WBW territories were high trees, high diversity of deadwood (with a high presence of big and late-decay deadwood), high snag volume, and high microhabitat diversity. Although the past management is also evident in the variability of some of those characteristics, this species is well adapted to different structural and compositional conditions of the territory. The saproxylic fungi community was richer among the WBW territories, and in those areas, the presence of Fomes fomentarius was high, compared to non-WBW territories where it was not present. In conclusion, to maintain and protect the studied population, it is necessary to implement sustainable management that guarantees the conservation of the key elements for the WBW territories (structural heterogeneity and high deadwood diversity) in order to increase the suitability of the habitat for WBWs.

New solutions are necessary for the reconciliation of food production and environmental conservation. This study focuses on determining the synergies and trade-offs between agrological capacity and ecosystem services (ES) in an industrialized region in northern Iberian Peninsula in order to improve an efficient use of soils. The methodology provided here allows the mapping of the best areas for equilibrating both agrological capacity and provision of ES. We specifically determine the most suitable areas to develop new agricultural activities with the greatest efficacy. Results highlight the synergies between agrological capacity, habitat maintenance, pollination, and aesthetic values. Moreover, the creation of new grasslands and croplands in productive soils occupied by forest plantations would enhance agriculture, some ES, and landscape multi-functionality. However, decreasing the area of forest plantations in favour of agricultural lands would create trade-offs with carbon storage. These trade-offs could be relativized if actual environmental and economical situations are taken into account. Based on the results obtained applying the proposed methodology, policy-makers have the opportunity to manage a transition towards more sustainable land use through specific actions while increasing local food security.

BackgroundOur objective was to assess whether exposure to tobacco in video games is associated with smoking among adolescent gamers from Argentina.MethodsCross-sectional data were analysed from students in public and private middle schools in Argentina. Tobacco content in video games was estimated using previously validated methods and adolescents’ tobacco exposure was assessed by multiplying tobacco content in the top three video games they play by the hours played per day. The primary outcome was current smoking. Multilevel logistic regression models adjusted for clustering within schools, regressing current smoking on tobacco exposure in video games (ie, none, low, high) after controlling for age, sex, parental education, parenting style, parental rules about the use of video games, rebelliousness, sensation seeking and ‘technophilia’.ResultsOf the 3114 students who participated, 92% of boys (1685/1802) and 56% of girls (737/1312) played video games and were included in the analytical sample. The prevalence of smoking was 13.8% among boys and 22.0% among girls; 74.5% of boys played video games more than 1 hour per day compared with 47.7% of girls. High exposure to tobacco content in video games compared with no exposure was independently associated with current smoking among girls (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.09) but not among boys (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.51).ConclusionsGreater exposure to tobacco content in video games was associated with higher likelihood of smoking among Argentine girls who play video games, suggesting the need for policies that limit these exposures.

To sustain cultural ecosystem services and cultural heritage it is important to go in depth in the science policy interface, because efficient governance mechanisms emerge from the cooperation of scientists and practitioners. In the Basque Country, we are on the road towards adaptive and resilient landscape management through an integrative approach that enhances the link between science, policy-making and society. Key elements of this approach are: The establishment from the outset of a transdisciplinar community of practice; the creation of specific transdisciplinar working groups to go in depth with concrete applicability measures; a strong outreach strategy and educational programs development; and last but not least, the involvement of stakeholders at multiple stage of the process. Diverse research lines are carried out during the process (e.g. mapping ecosystems services, analyzing social perceptions), whose results are combined to help identify response options for sustainable landscape. Relevant policy implementations of the results of this broad research are already taking place in the Basque Country. The proved utility of this working mechanism makes key agents to continue involved, and to attract more agents into the process. These transdisciplinary processes facilitate the creation of synergies and win-win solutions towards sustainable management of cultural ecosystem services.

Objective: To examine and compare overall prevalence and time trends in tobacco and alcohol portrayals and brand appearances in youth-rated US and nationally-produced films that were the most successful in Argentina and Mexico from 2004-2012. Materials and methods: Top-grossing nationally produced films from Argentina (n=73), Mexico (n=85) and the US (n=643) were content analyzed. Logistic regression was used to determine differences between Mexican, Argentine and US produced films. Linear regression models assessed significant cross-country differences in the mean number of tobacco and alcohol seconds. Results: Films from Mexico and Argentina were more likely than US films to contain tobacco, (OR=4.2; p

Background: In Europe and the United States, family relationships and parenting behavior can influence youth substance use, but less is known about their influence in Latin American countries. Objective: To explore whether parenting behavior is associated with substance use among Latin American youth. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based survey of middle-school youth (n = 3172) in three Argentinian cities queried tobacco, alcohol, and drug use using items adapted from global youth surveys. Parenting behavior was assessed with previously validated items that tapped into demandingness and responsiveness, separately for mothers and fathers. Multilevel logistic regression models assessed associations between parenting behavior and substance use after adjusting for student characteristics, socioeconomic indicators, sensation seeking, and smoking amongst peers and family members. Results: Substance use prevalence was 10% for current smoking, 32% for current drinking alcohol, 17% for past 30-day bing...

El presente trabajo tiene como función principal determinar el impacto socioeconómico que ha tenido la minería de carbón en el municipio de Ubaté, Cundinamarca. Por ello se realizó una encuesta en esta población para establecer los datos necesarios. Las encuestas de tipo socioeconómico se realizan con el fin de obtener una información clara y detallada sobre una comunidad o población específica. En este caso, el objetivo era establecer los cambios y tendencias que ha traído la minería. Este tipo de encuestas se realizan mediante variables como: información personal, nivel de educación, ocupación, ingresos económicos y tipo de vivienda, ya que brindan información que puede ser utilizada para establecer las condiciones de dicha comunidad estudiada. De la misma manera, proporciona una visión que tiene la comunidad a tratar acerca de un tema muy relevante en el municipio, como lo es la minería.

El fortalecimiento de las dinámicas de participación en el escenario internacional con la apropiación de nuestros mares y océanos, es un análisis que desde las bases de la oceanopolítica, demuestra la importancia de la definición de unos intereses nacionales claros respecto a los asuntos marinos, marítimos, oceánicos y costeros para alcanzar el desarrollo y el posicionamiento del país en la comunidad internacional. En este sentido, hace énfasis en la urgencia de la apropiación del territorio marino-costero del país con medidas orientadas a mejorar las capacidades locales, fortalecer el sentido de pertenencia, identidad y conciencia marítima de los colombianos por medio de la participación en escenarios de cooperación regional que permiten comprender mejor los retos de carácter transnacional que nos plantea el océano. Espacios internacionales que a su vez constituyen una plataforma para que Colombia logre comprender y administrar mejor sus océanos y en consecuencia, consolide una visión de país marítimo que contribuya al progreso comercial, social, cultural y económico nacional.

Compare the oral colonization profile of premature infants admitted at NICU before and after doing oral care routine with sterile water versus no intervention.It was a randomized clinical trial composed of 37 premature infants admitted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with a birth weight (BW)1500 g. They were distributed in two groups: the study group (SG) with 15 patients who received an oral hygiene with sterile water; and a control group (CG) (no intervention) formed by 22 patients. Primary outcome was oral colonization profile before and after doing oral care.In the study group, the number of patients colonized by the Gram-positive bacteria at the beginning of the study was 53% versus 40% at the end (p=0.10). For Gram negative, 40% at the study's beginning versus 60% at the end (p=0.18). In the control group, the number of colonized patients for the Gram-positive bacteria at the onset of the study was 54.5% versus 32% patients at the end (p=0.24). For Gram negative, 32% patients at the start of the study versus 77% at the end (p = 0.003).There is a significant increase of the Gram-negative flora in those patients without oral care.

Objective To assess the independent relation between parental restrictions on mature-rated media (M-RM) and substance use among South American adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional school-based youth survey of 3,172 students (mean age, 12.8 years; 57.6% boys) in 3 large Argentinean cities. The anonymous survey queried tobacco, alcohol, and drug use using items adapted from global youth surveys. Adolescents reported M-RM restriction for internet and video game use, television programming, and movies rated for adults. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between parental M-RM restriction and substance use after adjustment for hourly media use, measures of authoritative parenting style, sociodemographic characteristics, and sensation-seeking. Results Substance use rates were 10% for current smoking, 32% for current drinking alcohol, 17% for past 30-day binge drinking, and 8% for illicit drug use (marijuana or cocaine). Half of the respondents reported parental M-RM restriction (internet 52%, TV 43%, adult movies 34%, video game 25%). Parental M-RM restriction was only modestly correlated with authoritative parenting measures. In multivariate analyses M-RM restriction on all 4 venues was strongly protective for all substance use outcomes. Compared with no restriction, odds ratios for substance use for full restrictions were 0.32 (0.18–0.59), 0.53 (0.38–0.07), 0.36 (0.22–0.59), and 0.49 (0.26–0.92) for current smoking, drinking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use, respectively. The most important single M-RM venue was movies. Conclusions Results of this study confirmed the protective association between parental M-RM restriction during adolescence and multiple substance use outcomes, including illicit drugs. M-RM restriction is independent of traditional parenting measures. The preponderance of the evidence supports intervention development.

La ingesta de altos niveles de sal y grasas trans está fuertemente relacionada con la ocurrencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Describir los conocimientos, comportamientos y prácticas socioculturales de diferentes grupos de población, con relación al consumo de sal y grasas trans en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo con diseño exploratoriodescriptivo. Participaron varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales en tres zonas geográficas diferentes del país. RESULTADOS: Los participantes desconocen que el sodio es un componente de la sal. Se observó una tendencia a considerar que el consumo en exceso de sal es perjudicial para la salud principalmente en adultos mayores, mujeres embarazadas y en personas con enfermedades cardiovasculares. A su vez, se evidenció un total desconocimiento acerca de las grasas trans, en qué alimentos se encuentran y su impacto sobre la salud. CONCLUSIONES: Las percepciones acerca del consumo personal de sal hacen referencia a un consumo moderado. La reducción del consumo de sal ocurre predominantemente ante eventos de salud de familiares, no como conducta preventiva personal. Existe un escaso conocimiento acerca de las grasas trans

In the last decades, some European cities have undergone important changes in search of a more sustainable development. This is the case for the city of Bilbao (Bizkaia, Basque Country), where a Greenbelt has been maintained surrounding the urban areas allowing the periurban areas to deliver ecosystem services (ES) to society. However, the role of the different ecosystems in the provision of ES is not the same, which can lead to conflicts among them. The aim of this study is to analyze the synergies and trade-offs among the eight most important ES in the Bilbao Metropolitan Greenbelt (BMG) to orient their management strategies towards more multifunctional landscapes. We mapped the ES and overlapped them looking for the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES and areas that are mostly lacking ES provision. We identify also existing ES trade-offs and synergies between ES using correlations so that managers can prioritize preservation efforts of land use types in the rest of the area. The results show that provisioning ES had trade-offs with regulating and cultural ES and the latter showed synergies between them. The former are mainly delivered by semi-natural ecosystems, while regulating and cultural ES are delivered mainly by natural ecosystems. Moreover, the most relevant areas for the provision of multiple ES were proposed as potential components of a Green Infrastructure (GI). Their identification and ES bundles could help decision-makers to orient their management strategies towards sustainability in metropolitan areas. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Departments of Environment and Education of the Basque Government; and from the Department of Environment of the County Council of Biscay.

Tobacco use is the primary preventable cause of death and disability in the world. To combat the tobacco epidemic, most countries have signed and ratified the World Health Organzation's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Article 13 of this treaty requires implementation of a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Implementation guidelines for Article 13 recognize that the depiction of tobacco use in commercially-produced films promotes tobacco use amongst young people. In this article we review the relationship between the tobacco industry and the movie industry over the past 100 years; the cross sectional and longitudinal studies that demonstrate a causal relationship between exposure to movie smoking depictions and youth smoking initiation; and the policy interventions recommended by the WHO to limit youth exposure to tobacco in movies.El consumo de Tabaco es la primera causa de mortalidad prevenible en el mundo. Para combatir esta epidemia, los países miembros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud han firmado, y la mayoría de ellos ratificado, el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco. El articulo 13 de este tratado toda forma de publicidad, promoción y patrocinio del tabaco. Las guías para la implementación de este artículo reconocen que la presencia de tabaco en el cine es una forma de promoción de los productos del tabaco dirigida principalmente a los jóvenes.En esta revisión describimos la relación entre la industria del cine y la del tabaco en los últimos 100 año, los estudios de corte transveral y longitudinales que demiuestran como la exposición a tabaco en el cine induce a los jóvenes a iniciarse en el tabaquismo, y las políticas públicas recomendadas para evitar la presencia de tabaco en el cine, al menos en las películas para niños y adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between parent education, at individual- and school-level, and substance use behaviors (smoking, alcohol drinking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use) among young adolescents from Argentina and Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional, school-based survey of middle-school early adolescents from Mexico (N=10,123) and Argentina (N=3,172) queried substance use. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex and individual-level parent education, students from Mexican schools with lower parent education had higher likelihood of current smoking and drug use than those from schools with higher parent education. In Argentina, lower parent education at school-level was positively associated with all outcomes. CONCLUSION: Disadvantageous contextual school characteristics contributes to substance use among early adolescents in Mexico and Argentina.

The contributions of green infrastructure (GI) to human well-being have been widely recognised; however, pathways for its systematic implementation are missing. Local governments can play a crucial role in the conservation of GI, and a formal recognition of this role in budgeting systems would foster the inclusion of GI in their agenda. The aim of this study is to identify the principal components of GI at the local level to form a basis for a compensatory economic scheme. We identified the principal components of GI based on the mapping of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provision. Furthermore, we analysed the potentiality of an incentive mechanism to promote GI based on the protection status of GI. Finally, an incentive mechanism to promote GI at the municipality level was proposed. The results showed that the GI of Biscay is mainly composed of the natural forests presented in the area, and that 50% of the principal components of the GI are not protected. Furthermore, one third of the protected principal components of the GI only has protection at the municipality level. So, we propose a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)-like scheme at the municipality level based on the cover of natural forests, where the objective is the conservation and promotion of the GI. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Department of Universities, Research and Education of the Basque Government (code: IT1113-16), the UNESCO Chair on Sustainable Development and Environmental Education of the University of the Basque Country, and the Department of Environment and Regional Planning of the Basque Government and the Department of Sustainability and Environment of Biscay Provincial Council (Ecosystem Services Assessment of the Basque Country Project).

With the aim to find new sources of resistance to rice hoja blanca (white leaf) disease, transmitted by the insect Tagosodes orizicolus, 660 genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Seven resistant genotypes were identified, and genomic studies were performed to demonstrate that the resistance in these sources is genetically different from that of Fedearroz 2000, which is currently the variety with the most resistance to hoja blanca. These new resistance sources constitute a resource that can be used to sustainably extend hoja blanca disease management throughout all of the rice-growing regions of tropical America. This is the first report of hoja blanca resistance in indica rice and different from that of Fedearroz 2000. Con el objetivo de encontrar nuevas fuentes de resistencia a la enfermedad de la hoja blanca del arroz, transmitida por el insecto Tagosodes orizicolus, se evaluaron 660 genotipos en condiciones de invernadero y campo. Se identificaron siete genotipos con resistencia a la enfermedad y se realizaron estudios del genoma para evidenciar que eran genéticamente diferentes a Fedearroz 2000, la variedad de mejor comportamiento ante el virus, en el momento. Estas nuevas fuentes de resistencia constituyen un recurso que puede utilizarse para extender un manejo sostenible de la enfermedad, en todas las regiones productoras de arroz en América tropical. Este es el primer reporte de fuentes de resistencia, tipo indica, diferentes a Fedearroz 2000.

Maestría en Educación desde la Diversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Este artículo pretende socializar la incidencia de las estrategias didácticas a partir de la propuesta “AULAS EN PAZ”, en la generación de ambientes de sana convivencia entre los estudiantes del grado tercero de la escuela John F. Kennedy de la ciudad de Popayán. Esta investigación hizo parte del macro proyecto “Didácticas alternativas: Una posibilidad para responder a la diversidad en el aula”. Este estudio es de enfoque cuantitativo, de corte empírico analítico y tuvo como propósito determinar la efectividad de las estrategias didácticas generadas a partir de la propuesta “AULAS EN PAZ”, en la construcción de ambientes de sana convivencia. Para ello se aplicó una primera prueba teniendo como referente la planteada por Chaux, (2012); en su programa “AULAS EN PAZ”, y con ella se realizó un diagnóstico inicial de los aspectos que inciden en las relaciones de interacción social: habilidades personales, aulas democráticas, solución de conflictos, discriminación y formas de agresión. Luego se construyeron y desarrollaron con el grupo las estrategias didácticas y posteriormente se aplicó el instrumento, se hace la interpretación y análisis comparando los resultados obtenidos en ambas pruebas; lo que permitió observar avances con relación a las conductas, actitudes y habilidades personales de los participantes; estos cambios se evidenciaron además en las interacciones cotidianas. El análisis de los resultados permitió afirmar que los niños tienen mayor dificultad en reflexionar, interpretar y resolver situaciones de conflicto; justificando las formas impulsivas, intimidadoras y agresivas como mecanismos para afrontar las mismas, siendo la agresión verbal, seguida de la física la forma más persistente e inmediata para lograr sus fines. Los resultados mostraron que más de la mitad de los niños tienen conocimientos acerca de la participación de forma asertiva y consciente en procesos democráticos realizados en la escuela entre ellos la construcción de normas; sin embargo, presentan dificultad en el momento de asumirlas; así mismo reconocen las consecuencias de la discriminación admitiendo que en muchas ocasiones se inician como un juego, que posteriormente termina en situaciones de conflicto.

Background: Following cessation interventions, self-reported smoking abstinence with biochemical verification is the “gold standard” for defining outcomes. Because obtaining biochemical verification is challenging in community studies, we compared self-reported cessation among smokers completing treatment to the smoking status reported by each participant's spouse or proxy.Method: Participants were smokers who had reported quitting 12 months after a cessation intervention. Participants had either attended a smoking cessation clinic or they were patients seen by physicians who had recently participated in a cessation-training program. Proxies living with these participants were interviewed by telephone to ask about their partner's smoking status. We compared the participants' responses to those from their spouses.Results: At 12 months, 346 of 1423 baseline smokers had quit; 161/346 reported non-smokers were called and 140 proxies were interviewed. The participants averaged 51 years of age, 69% were women. At baseline, the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 20.1 (SD = 9.9) and the average number of quit attempts was 2.4 (SD = 1.2). Cessation methods used were medical advice (21%) and/or pharmacotherapy (79%). Of the 140 spouses interviewed, only 10 (7.1%) reported that their partners were currently smoking.Conclusions: Proxy-reported data on smoking status could be used to validate self-report.

This paper provides a framework for addressing recreation as an example of Cultural Ecosystem Services and a methodology to support landscape management based on recreation activities at a regional scale. A GIS-based approach was used to estimate and map ecological and social factors illustrating recreation supply and demand in the Basque Country (northern Spain). The proposed methodology for recreation supply was based on recreation potential and accessibility, and the social demand was determined using a convenience sample of 629 persons that reported preferences for recreation activities using photo-questionnaires. Results showed that 23% of the viewsheds showed a high demand and higher recreation potential than accessibility, whereas only 3% showed a high demand and higher accessibility than potential. Approximately 74% of the territory showed a medium-low demand. We concluded that people׳s assessments on the basis of their aesthetic preferences may serve as a reasonable proxy for mapping recreation demand. The proposed visual method is fast, efficient and may be easily replicable in other regions. The proposed framework can be used as an input to support landscape management, to identify areas most demanded by society and to quantify spatially recreation supply and demand for supporting political strategies.

Background: Physician-implemented interventions for smoking cessation are effective but infrequently used. We evaluated smoking cessation practices among physicians in Argentina.Methods: A self-administered survey of physicians from six clinical systems asked about smoking cessation counselling practices, barriers to tobacco use counselling and perceived quality of training received in smoking cessation practices.Results: Of 254 physicians, 52.3% were women, 11.8% were current smokers and 52% never smoked. Perceived quality of training in tobacco cessation counselling was rated as very good or good by 41.8% and as poor/very poor by 58.2%. Most physicians (90%) reported asking and recording smoking status, 89% advised patients to quit smoking but only 37% asked them to set a quit date and 44% prescribed medications. Multivariate analyses showed that Physicians' perceived quality of their training in smoking cessation methods was associated with greater use of evidence-based cessation interventions. (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 2.2–19.1); motivating patients to quit (OR: 7.9 CI 3.44–18.5), assisting patients to quit (OR = 9.9; 95% CI = 4.0–24.2) prescribing medications (OR = 9.6; 95% CI = 3.5–26.7), and setting up follow-up (OR = 13.0; 95% CI = 4.4–38.5).Conclusions: Perceived quality of training in smoking cessation was associated with using evidence-based interventions and among physicians from Argentina. Medical training programs should enhance the quality of this curriculum.

La mayoría de los ex fumadores han dejado de fumar sin ayuda (cesación no asistida). Sin embargo, el uso de fármacos para ayudar a dejar de fumar es una de las intervenciones más promocionadas por la industria farmacéutica. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar motivaciones, facilitadores y obstáculos que intervienen en el proceso de cesación de tabaco no asistida médicamente. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a una muestra conveniente de 30 varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años, que habían dejado de fumar sin ayuda, en Buenos Aires durante el período 2011-2012. RESULTADOS: El interés por el cuidado de la salud fue uno de los motivos más importantes para dejar de fumar en forma abrupta. La presencia de espacios libres de humo se describió como uno de los facilitadores más destacados, mientras que los espacios públicos donde se permitía fumar aparecieron como la principal barrera. Las percepciones con relación a la dependencia del tabaco fueron reportadas como “compañía” y “esclavitud” y, a su vez, como importantes obstáculos al momento de dejar de fumar. CONCLUSIONES: Existe un amplio conocimiento acerca del tabaquismo, por lo que el cuidado de la salud parece ser uno de los motivos más relevantes para dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, hay percepciones fuertemente instaladas que giran en torno a las resignificaciones otorgadas al cigarrillo. Esto representaría un problema para aquellos fumadores que están intentando dejar de fumar.

The conflict between conservation and timber production is shifting in regions such as Biscay (Basque Country, northern Spain) where planted forests are no longer profitable without public subsidies and environmentalist claim that public subsidies should be reoriented to the regeneration of natural forest. This paper develops an approach that integrates scientific knowledge and stakeholders’ demands to provide decision-making guidelines for the development of new landscape planning strategies while considering ecosystem services. First, a participatory process was conducted to develop a community vision for the region’s sustainable future considering the opportunities and constrains provided by the landscape and its ecosystems. In the participatory process forest management was considered an important driver for the region`s landscape development and forest multi-functionality was envisioned as a feasible attractive alternative. The participatory process identified a knowledge gap on the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon storage and how these depend on different forest types. Second, to study the existing synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and carbon storage and disentangle the identified knowledge gap, a GIS-based research was conducted based on spatially explicit indicators. Our spatial analysis results showed that natural forests’ contribution to biodiversity and carbon storage is higher than that of the plantations with exotic species in the region. The results from the spatial analysis converged with those from the participatory process in the suitability of promoting, where possible and appropriate, natural forest ecosystems restoration. This iterative learning and decision making process is already showing its effectiveness for decision making, with concrete examples of how the results obtained with the applied approach are being included in planning and decision-making processes.

Introduction Over the last few years, the increasing use of electronic cigarettes has become a new public health problem. Since 2011, Argentina has had a complete ban on marketing and sale of e-cigarettes. However, e-cigarettes are marketed online and can be easily bought in stores. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the determinants of e-cigarette trial among Argentinean early adolescents. Methods A school-based longitudinal study was conducted in 2014-15, in 3 large cities in Argentina. Among students who reported never smoking an e-cigarette at baseline, we assessed demographics, media use, sensation seeking, smoking behavior, network member smoking, use of other substances, and perception of e-cigarette risk as potential risk factors for e-cigarette trial at follow up (mean between-wave interval 17.1 months) using multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts for schools. Results E-cigarette trial prevalence increased from baseline (1.8%; n=57) to follow up (7.1%; n=139). Independent predictors of e-cigarette use at follow up included: higher sensation seeking (OR: 1.49 95% CI 1.21-1.84); being a current smoker (OR: 2.58 95% CI 1.38-4.83); having close friends that smoke cigarettes (OR: 1.93 95% CI 1.25-2.99) and being highly exposed to tobacco product ads online (OR: 1.87 95% CI 1.04-3.36). Attending a public school was the only protective factor (OR: 0.40 95% CI 0.22-0.73). Conclusions In Argentina, illicit trial of e-cigarettes among early adolescents is low but appears to be rapidly increasing. Identifying students at risk could help identify policies and programs to prevent increasing use in this population.

The aim of the study was to analyze a participation process for the implementation of a sustainable land management plan in the Urdaibai biosphere reserve in northern Spain. We have analyzed the forecasted changes that would result from the implementation of the participatory process, including a quantitative evaluation of actions needed to achieve the desired outcome. We integrated participatory methods with quantitative analysis, which has allowed us to successfully identify and prioritize the proposed actions. The participatory process has lead to social learning, relationship building and an enhancement of participants’ understanding of other perspectives. Moreover, quantitative analysis has allowed us to identify actions that would have more beneficial effects for the different properties held in the territory, so that we can prioritize needed actions depending on the properties that we want to improve. The participatory process highlighted the importance of taking measures for the more sustainable development of local communities in the biosphere reserve. We believe that this methodology could be readily applied in other biosphere reserves.

Forestry industry in many European countries has begun to focus on sustainable forest management practices, and consequently, a greater emphasis is now being placed on the restoration and enhancement of native woodlands in places where intensive forestry is nowadays not highly profitable. In this context, we evaluate the natural regeneration of native oak woodland vegetation under cultivated stands of Pinus radiata in the Biscay region, Northern Iberian Peninsula. We compared vegetation composition and diversity on 60 stands representing the three commonly observed habitats: regenerating Quercus robur woodlands, old-growth native Q. robur woodlands, and their adjacent P. radiata plantations at different successional stages. The aim was to assess the potential of natural successional processes to restore the native oak woodland species under pine plantations, determining whether natural regeneration is sufficient or some management interventions are needed. The results reveal significant differences in understorey species composition between pine plantations and oak habitats. However, these understorey compositional differences were reduced during natural successional process (from young to old age plantations), being especially important in the case of tree and fern growth-forms. The successional trends are driven by an increase of tree, fern and native species cover during pine plantations succession, although the richness was always higher in plantations mainly by the presence of a great number of generalist and opportunistic species. Nevertheless, some typical woodland species, such as Ulmus minor and Lamiastrum galeobdolon , did not appear in plantations. Here, the natural successional process produced a slowly convergence in understorey species composition between plantations and oak habitats. However, the old pine plantations and oak habitats still differed considerably in understorey composition, suggesting that using only natural succession a much longer time frame is needed to achieve our ecological restoration objective. Natural succession could be used to achieve the restoration objectives at relatively low costs almost for tree and fern growth-forms, although in the case of ancient woodland species especial actions would be needed. The reorientation of pine plantations towards species compositional states that are more similar to native oak habitats could be faster using adaptive forest management practices (e.g. single tree selection).

Objective To assess whether exposure to movie smoking is associated with cigarette smoking among Argentinian adolescents. Study design A school-based longitudinal study involving 33 secondary schools in Argentina was performed. The sample included 2502 never smokers (average age at entry = 12.5 years), 1700 (67.9%) of whom completed follow-up surveys 17 months later. Exposure to the top 100 highest-grossing films for each year between 2009 and 2013 was assessed by content-coding films for tobacco and then by asking adolescents whether they had seen each of 50 titles, randomly selected from the larger pool, then parsing exposure into tertiles. Logistic regression models estimated aOR for the following transitions: nonsusceptible to susceptible never smoker, never smoker to ever smoker, and never smoker to current smoking (last 30 days). Results At follow-up, 34.4% of nonsusceptible never smokers became susceptible, 24.1% reported having tried smoking, and 9.4% were current smokers. Most exposure to movie smoking was from US-produced films (average 60.3 minutes compared with only 3.4 minutes from Argentine films). Greater exposure to smoking in movies was significantly associated with increased odds of becoming susceptible (aOR first vs third tertile 1.77, 95% CI 1.30-2.41), of trying smoking (aOR first vs third tertile 1.54, 1.14-2.08), and marginally associated with current smoking (AOR first vs third tertile 1.54, 0.99-2.40). Exposure to smoking in US- or Argentine-produced films had similar associations. Conclusion In Argentina, exposure to smoking in the movies predicted future smoking transitions among early adolescents, with most exposure coming from viewing US movies.

Introduction: We evaluated an intervention to teach physicians how to help their smoking patients quit compared to usual care in Argentina. Methods: Physicians were recruited from six clinical systems and randomized to intervention (didactic curriculum in two 3-hour sessions) or usual care. Smoking patients who saw participating physicians within 30 days of the intervention (index clinical visit) were randomly sampled and interviewed by telephone with follow-up surveys at months 6 and 12 after the index clinical visit. Outcomes were tobacco abstinence (main), quit attempt in the past month, use of medications to quit smoking, and cigarettes per day. Repeated measures on the same participants were accommodated via generalized linear mixed models. Results: Two hundred fifty-four physicians were randomized; average age 44.5 years, 53% women and 12% smoked. Of 1378 smoking patients surveyed, 81% were women and 45% had more than 12 years of education. At 1 month, most patients (77%) reported daily smoking, 20% smoked some days and 3% had quit. Mean cigarettes smoked per day was 12.9 (SD = 8.8) and 49% were ready to quit within the year. Intention-to-treat analyses did not show significant group differences in quit rates at 12 months when assuming outcome response was missing at random (23% vs. 24.1%, P = .435). Using missing=smoking imputation rule, quit rates were not different at 12 months (15.6% vs. 16.4% P = .729). Motivated smokers were more likely to quit at 6 months (17.7% vs. 9.6%, P = .03). Conclusions: Training in tobacco cessation for physicians did not improve abstinence among their unselected smoking patients. Fil: Mejia, Raul Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Stable, Eliseo J. Pérez. Universidad de California en San Francisco; Estados Unidos Fil: Kaplan, Celia P.. Universidad de California en San Francisco; Estados Unidos Fil: Gregorich, Steven E.. Universidad de California en San Francisco; Estados Unidos Fil: Livaudais Toman, Jennifer. Universidad de California en San Francisco; Estados Unidos Fil: Peña, Lorena. Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina Fil: Alderete, Mariela del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundacion Interamericana del Corazón Argentina; Argentina Fil: Schoj, Veronica. Fundacion Interamericana del Corazón Argentina; Argentina Fil: Alderete, Ethel del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina