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We examine how experiential learning from both previous technology transfer experience and the disclosure of discoveries impact universities’ technology transfer outcomes, in terms of the number of spinoffs created and licenses granted, while acknowledging that TTOs provide specialized resources that support technology transfer processes. By using panel data models on a sample of public Spanish universities for the 2006–2011 period, our model introduces discovery disclosures as an instrument to account for the endogenous nature of the scientific research process. Results show that spinoff creation and license granting depend on their own experiential learning and on the number of discovery disclosures, which in turn depends on its own experiential learning. Technology transfer is influenced by two learning processes connected to technology transfer outcomes and discovery disclosures. Also, the effect of TTOs’ specific resources appears as not significant. In the context of Spanish universities, the findings support the view that, compared to TTOs’ staff specialization, accumulated knowledge from their own experience adds more value for generating technology transfer outcomes., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Representació d’un model a escala 1:12 de l’aeronau F-117 Nighthawk. A partir de l’estudi de la seva estructura, es reproduirà un model 3D. Aquest serà el punt de partida per a representar la seva estructura, de forma acurada i justificada, amb diferents plànols 2D. Es realitzarà un estudi per a la incorporació de diferents elements en l’estructura interna i externa del model. Finalment es pretén imprimir la maqueta per a la seva representació física.

En el present projecte s’han analitzat les diferents tècniques existents per la fabricació de peces de fibra de carboni i se n’ha escollit la més adient (mitjançant el mètode de decisió OWA) en funció dels objectius de que fos econòmicament accessible, tècnicament senzilla, que requerís pocs equips i que es poguessin emprar motlles impresos amb impressora 3D. Un cop determinat el mètode, s’ha definit a nivell teòric el procediment associat a aquest i se n’han realitzat 6 peces a nivell pràctic (4 d’elles aplicades al sector de drons). En total, s’han obtingut 5 peces tècnicament viables i se n’ha analitzat els acabats superficials i estructurals. També s’han emprat 3 d’aquestes peces per actualitzar un dron de plàstic a un dron de fibra de carboni. Finalment, s’ha realitzat un assaig d’impacte per determinar la resiliència del material fabricat. S’ha arribat a la conclusió de que la laminació en humit és un mètode viable per a la fabricació de peces aplicades al sector de drons tot i no obtenir els millors resultats superficials i tenir diverses limitacions geomètriques. Son per aquest motius que seria interesant comparar aquest mètode amb la infusió per buit (RTI), ja que podria oferir millors resultats.

The A330-700L, also known as the Beluga XL because of its curious shape, is a cargo aircraft that was vital to the exponential growth of the aerospace industry. This aircraft was responsible for supplying parts to assembly plants at a time when booming demand threatened to outstrip Airbus’ manufacturing capacity. The construction of this aircraft made it possible to make a great leap in performance and load capacities compared to its predecessor. This makes it a very interesting challenge to investigate the structure of an aircraft with a very distinctive shape and which can fly with previously unthinkable loads. In this project, information will be sought on the structure of the Beluga XL in order to make a design using software that is as faithful as possible and then translate this design into a 1:50 scale model.

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II stands as an iconic American family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multi-role combat aircraft. Developed during the ’80s and ’90s and finally introduced in 2015, it was designed with the capability to excel in air superiority and strike missions. The F-35 represents a cutting-edge advancement in aerospace technology. This thesis meticulously examines the internal structure of the F-35A variant by delving into relevant available literature. The primary focus involves designing the model components, utilising both 2D and 3D design tools. Through an analysis of blueprints and cutaways, the aim is to achieve a deep understanding of the airframe design details. The ultimate goal is the replication of the F-35A’s structure through the construction of a 1:12 scale model. The final structure of the model is robust while being lightweight. The usage of a combination of Balsa and Poplar wood has made the scale aircraft beautiful, but most importantly, ensures a balance of strength and lightness. Undoubtedly, this process reflects a significant task that engineers may encounter in their professional careers, emphasising the importance of hands-on design and final assembly. An environmental impact assessment has been made considering both the materials utilised and the power consumption throughout the whole thesis. During the development of the project, sustainable practices have been maintained, to the extent possible given the nature of the work, aiming to minimise the ecological footprint. This research aims to contribute to the broader understanding of aerospace technology, providing insights into the complexities of airframe design and the practical application of advanced modelling tools in replicating aircraft structures.

This project digs into the meticulous study of the structural complexity of the Boeing 787-8 aircraft, ending with a the meticulous reproduction of a precise 1:80 scale model. The project started with a deep research phase aimed at comprehensively understanding the features of the aircraft’s structure. Extensive literature review, analysis of technical specifications, and consultation constituted the foundation of this research, providing insights into the design, materials, and engineering principles underlying the Boeing 787-8. The second phase of the project, implied learning more about 3D modeling techniques, Rhinoceros software was used. The acquired knowledge was translated into a detailed digital representation of the aircraft. Through attention to detail and commitment to precise measurements, the 3D model captures the essence of the Boeing 787-8, showing its aerodynamic contours, structural components, and some intricate details. For the execution of the project’s scale model, 3D printing technology was chosen. Collaborating with an external provider specializing in this type of manufacturing, the digital model was transformed into a tangible representation, meticulously crafted with precision and accuracy. The 3D printing process ensured fidelity to the original design, with attention to detail in every aspect of production. It was also decided, that the model would be divided in two halves so the structural features could be better shown and understood. Through the combination of research, 3D modeling, and 3D printing, this project exemplifies an approach to the study and reproduction of the Boeing 787-8 aircraft. The resulting scaled model serves not only as a testament to the engineering marvel of the aircraft but also as a tangible manifestation of the synergy between aviation, technology, and craftsmanship.

During the last few years Artificial Intelligence has gained the public’s attention by being more present in our daily lives. Likewise, industries are taking on this kind of technology with the aim of increasing automation and optimizing processes, ultimately reducing costs. The present study intends to bring these new systems closer to the world of aircraft maintenance, and therefore studies the feasibility of developing an algorithm that can successfully determine whether the images of aircraft given as input show damages or not. Furthermore, the idea is that it should also be capable of differentiating between the most common damage types within the fleet of a commercial airline. As a result, the foundations will be set so that routine aircraft inspections can be cut down from multiple hours to several minutes. For this purpose, Machine Learning techniques will be employed and a code in R will be developed. To be more specific, it will be carried out by means of the TensorFlow and Keras libraries, and RStudio as the IDE. On the other hand, different architectures and ways of stacking layers will be studied, with the focus set on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Several tests will be performed with them in order to see which ones can achieve a better performance and why. The outcome of this project is a model capable of distinguishing between healthy and damaged structures, but not between damage types. This is mainly due to the fact that the higher the number of classes among which the classification has to be done, the more images are required for training the AI. In this case, the database comprises 1268 pictures, which include different types of defects as well as undamaged structure. Once the final model is defined, a simple app, AirScan, is developed to enhance the user interaction. Therefore the first steps are taken for further development and testing stages, in which the system would be tested in a real work environment with completely new images.

The aim of this manuscript is to detect recent trends in air transport research through a bibliometric analysis. We have retrieved all articles published between 2013 and 2022 in the Q1 of the Transportation ranking of the Social Sciences Citation Index published in the Journal Citations Reports (Q1-T), and in the Journal of Air Transport Management. Among these records, we retained for the analysis the articles related with air transport. Analysing the author keywords of articles and retaining the Top 10 cited articles in each of the samples, we have identified six research topics for each of the samples. Both samples share the topics Industry Analysis, Air Traffic Management and COVID-19 and Air Transport. The specific topics of Q1-T sample are High Speed Rail and Air Transport, Environmental Impact of Air Transport and UAV and Urban Air Mobility. We have also found that materials of Q1-T are mainly written from the regulator perspective, and JATM materials from the perspective of airport and airline managers. We believe that this results are useful for administrators evaluating air transport academics, air transport academics themselves looking for new avenues of research and stakeholders of the air transport industry interested in evidence-based decision making., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura::9.1 - Desenvolupar infraestructures fiables, sostenibles, resilients i de qualitat, incloent infraestructures regionals i transfrontereres, per tal de donar suport al desenvolupament econòmic i al benestar humà, amb especial atenció a l’accés assequible i equitatiu per a totes les persones, Postprint (published version)

This project focuses on conducting research on the primary structural components of the F-14 Tomcat aircraft. Subsequently, a 3D CAD model of the aircraft’s structure will be developed, followed by the creation of detailed two-dimensional drawings. These drawings will serve as the foundation for constructing an accurate 1:12 scale model of the airframe. As a result of the development of this project, extensive knowledge in the areas of aerospace design, structures, three dimensions computer-aided design and modeling, blueprint creation, and construction of mock-ups and prototypes has been obtained.

Durant el transcurs de la Segona Guerra Mundial, va sorgir un gran interès pel desenvolupament d’aeronaus capaces de bombardejar objectius a llargues distàncies. A mesura que el conflicte avançava, es va fer evident la necessitat d’un nou tipus d’aeronau capaç de transportar càrregues pesades i arribar a objectius remots de forma efectiva. En aquest context, es va iniciar el desenvolupament del Convair B-36, un bombarder estratègic intercontinental que va ser utilitzat com a eina de dissuasió nuclear contra la Unió Soviètica durant la Guerra Freda. A més de contextualitzar històricament la importància del Convair B-36, aquest treball ofereix una breu descripció de les diverses variants de l’aeronau, incloent-hi les modificacions i millores realitzades durant el seu desenvolupament per fer front als nous desafiaments tecnològics de l’època. Mitjançant l’ús de fotografies d’època i representacions de talls de secció, s’ha dut a terme un estudi estructural de l’aeronau. Aquest estudi ha permès elaborar un model 3D representatiu de l’estructura del Convair B-36 fent servir el programari de disseny assistit per ordinador SolidWorks. A partir d’aquest model 3D, s’han fabricat les peces necessàries per construir una maqueta a escala 1:40 que representa amb la màxima exactitud possible les característiques globals de l’estructura interna l’aeronau, així com les seves proporcions i imponent envergadura. Per a l’obtenció de les peces, es va fer ús de tecnologia de tall làser mitjançant un proveïdor especialitzat en aquest servei. Un cop s’havien obtingut les peces, es va dur a terme el muntatge de la maqueta. Aquest procés de muntatge, juntament amb el modelatge del model 3D de l’aeronau, s’ha documentat detalladament en aquest treball, incloent-hi algunes imatges del resultat final. Finalment, s’ha dut a terme un breu estudi de les implicacions ambientals i socials ocasionades durant l’elaboració d’aquest projecte. El treball conclou amb les conclusions finals, on s’expressa

The connectivity of the rail transit stations is an effective way to evaluate the economic value of the station. In order to explore the influence of the local structure in the complex system of urban rail transit, this paper constructs complex network models based on the Beijing rail transit real network by using the space P and space L methods. The topological structure and global characteristics of the line and station networks are analyzed, and all motifs from 3 to 8 nodes of both networks are obtained using the motif detection algorithm. A subgraph decomposition algorithm for complex network motifs is designed based on five typical subgraphs. The results show that both networks of Beijing rail transit have different typical numbers and distributions of subgraphs, with Y-shaped subgraphs and line subgraphs being the most common for high-node and low-node motifs, respectively. This research proposes a way to assess the connectivity of the rail transit system and has significant reference value for optimizing network functions in the design and planning of rail transit networks. The findings also contribute to the ongoing discussions on network reliability and resilience, as the subgraphs identified in this study could potentially have implications for the network’s performance under different scenarios., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This study focuses on the development of a code capable of generating a 2D route (a series of waypoints with latitude and longitude coordinates) between two airports inside Eurocontrol Area, that minimizes the total cost of navigation charges and fuel. To achieve it, the code utilizes as database EUROCONTROL’s DDR2, to obtain the geographical frontiers of En-route Charging Zones and its Unit Rates, the airways and waypoints defining the air network and the historical traffic data to obtain general aircraft performances and to compare and validate results. A wind model is also applied, as the shortest route will be always the most fuel efficient in no wind conditions. To find the optimal route, the model first generates a graph representing the airway network, and generates several different connection paths between the airport of origin and the destination. Next, for each path obtained it is calculated the en-route charges and fuel estimated its fuel consumed. It is needed to create a vertical profile to compute fuel, and it is based on historical flight data. The result obtained is the list of waypoints that constitutes the route, its distance, time required and the costs calculated. This tool developed provides an easy approximation of two most important direct operating costs of an Airspace Operator when contemplating a new route, while also providing the route itself.

Although Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have been developed since the early 20th century, it is only over the last two decades that they have gained prominence in the civilian market. This has opened the doors to a whole new world of possibilities where the UAVs are offering a cheaper, faster and most effective solution. In this project, the first prototype of a fixed wing autonomous UAV is developed to act as a relaying node between a ground station and an other UAV, which is operating Beyond Visual Line Of Sight (BVLOS); thus ensuring connectivity between the two ends of the chain without the use of satellite communications or other complex ground infrastructure. The resulting UAV system is composed of two main parts: the airframe and the avionics. Three sub-systems can also be distinguished in the avionics group, being those the propulsion plant, the autopilot and the communications system; whose common feature is to be 100% Open Source. A functional prototype of the described UAV is built, and both the design parameters of the vehicle and configuration of the autopilot is validated through flight tests. All the design decisions, configuration parameters and building steps are documented in this report. The developed prototype aims demonstrate the viability of an aerial system built out of affordable materials, simple building techniques, and low-cost accessible open source hardware and software; that provides a solution for the rapid and efficient deployment of an airborne system capable of operating BVLOS.

During the current and last century, leisure flight has been an increasing market, especially in the last 30 years, the growth rate has been increasing substantially, only stopped by the episodes of global recessions. However, this aviation crisis has had no similar fact in all its history. On this project, a study of the drivers and possible lacks aviation market currently has is carried out. For this, an analysis of the facts that brought people to leisure travel that much before the global pandemic is required, to realize how people’s priorities have changed from the last year. To see this, both practical and technical studies are performed. The first will consist in reading a series of reports related to the leisure travel inner causes, while the second will consider people’s thoughts by interviewing them, using a set of questions that will be extracted from the technical studies. Once a sample of results is obtained, statistics are used to get insights on given structures and correlations between the leisure aviation drivers. These results are then compared to the ones obtained in the reviewed literature, trying to understand the reasons behind the obtained differences, broadening the general knowledge about these drivers, while discussing what things could be improved in the leisure flight industry to recover market share.

Durante muchos años, el Trivial Pursuit ha sido un tipo de juego muy famoso y ha llegado a casi todas las casas del mundo. Además, se ha demostrado que es una gran herramienta para utilizar en el aula como recurso didáctico, es decir, un ejemplo de gamificación. Este proyecto consiste en el desarrollo de una versión propia de este juego de preguntas y respuestas. Concretamente, tratará de los 10 grados de la Universitat Politècnica de Terrassa, en el que se incluyen curiosidades de la misma, tanto históricas como actuales. La gamificación es un tema que está en auge actualmente y que está teniendo muy buenos resultados en las aulas, tanto escolares como universitarias. Cada vez cuesta más motivar a los alumnos y se buscan nuevos recursos para conseguir captar su atención. Con este Trivial ESEIAAT queremos conseguir eso, que el alumno se sienta motivado para comprometerse con el aprendizaje y que lo disfrute. La parte más importante son las preguntas y respuestas, por lo que, este proyecto ha volcado la mayoría de sus recursos en este aspecto. Pero no hay que olvidar que también ha de ser un juego atractivo, con lo que hace falta un buen diseño de las tarjetas y de la dinámica del juego. Todos estos aspectos se van explicando y desarrollando en este documento llegando a muy buenos resultados. En total se han conseguido 600 preguntas para este juego, 100 para cada categoría, todas de gran variedad y tipo, pero siempre sobre los grados cursados en la ESEIAAT., For many years, Trivial Pursuit has been a very famous type of game and has reached almost every home in the world. Moreover, it has proven to be a great tool to use in the classroom as a didactic resource, that is, an example of gamification. This project develops its own version of this quiz game. Specifically, it will deal with the 10 degrees of the Universitat Politècnica de Terrassa, which includes curiosities of the same, both historical and current. Gamification is a topic that is currently booming and is having very good results in classrooms, both school and university. It is increasingly difficult to motivate students and new resources are sought to capture their attention. With this ESEIAAT Trivial we want to achieve that, that the student feels motivated to commit to learning and enjoy it. The most important part is the questions and answers, so this project has focused most of its resources on this aspect. But we must not forget that it must also be an attractive game, which requires a good design of the cards and the dynamics of the game. All these aspects are explained and developed in this document reaching very good results. In total, 600 questions have been obtained for this game, 100 for each category, all of them of great variety and type, but always about the degrees studied in the ESEIAAT.

Una de las carreras tecnológicas del siglo XX más ambiciosas es la relacionada con el vuelo civil supersónico, y en dicha contienda se encuentra el protagonista de este proyecto. Una aeronave emblemática capaz de hacer que dos países cooperen en concordia, y cuya influencia aún se siente hoy en día: el Concorde. A lo largo del proyecto se repasará la historia de esta aeronave y su estructura, para así poder elaborar un modelo CAD a escala 1:40 de la aeronave. El objetivo de diseñar en 3D este modelo es construir una maqueta física que represente en la medida de lo posible el modelo y la estructura original. Las piezas que conforman la maqueta final han sido obtenidas de varias maneras. Dependiendo del uso que iban a tener o las cargas que iban a soportar, las piezas fueron creadas a partir de cortadora láser o a través de impresión 3D. El proceso de obtención de las piezas esta documentado ya que participé directamente ene su creación, gracias a la colaboración que realicé con el Ateneu de Fabricació de Ciutat Meridiana, en Barcelona. Además del proyecto en sí, también se ha estudiado todo lo que envuelve su elaboración, especialmente en el ámbito económico y medioambiental. Gracias al cómputo elaborado con los materiales utilizados y las herramientas usadas para desarrollar la maqueta final, ha sido posible obtener el presupuesto necesario, el impacto medioambiental de los materiales escogidos y el consumo energético que ha conllevado la realización de este trabajo. Finalmente, se concluye el proyecto comprobando el cumplimiento de los objetivos iniciales, y se discuten las lecciones aprendidas y sensaciones al acabar el proyecto.

El treball de fi de grau consisteix en el disseny d’un curs dedicat per construir, configurar i volar una ala volant de cartó ploma que no superi els 250 g ni incorpori cap tipus de sistema d’enregistrament de dades personals. La raó és que la normativa d’AESA (Agencia Estatal de Seguretat Aèria), no obliga a aquest tipus d’aeromodels a obtenir una llicència específica ni pagar de manera mensual o anual una assegurança. El curs està dissenyat per alumnes universitaris interessats en el món de l’aeromodelisme, concretament en els de construcció pròpia. Aquest treball està estructurat començant amb una introducció dels objectius, l’abast, els requeriments i la justificació d’aquest projecte, seguidament de l’estudi de l’estat de l’art actual sobre els diferents tipus d’UAV, els seus components i la regulació vigent. Com a resultat d’aquest estudi s’analitzen els diferents tipus de drons més populars que existeixen avui en dia amb les respectives característiques. A continuació s’explica la metodologia d’elecció de components de l’ala volant que els alumnes hauran de construir i programar. Un dels principals criteris a l’hora de seleccionar els elements del UAV és que siguin extremadament lleuger per no passar-se ni un gram de la normativa, i que el preu no sigui molt elevat perquè més persones puguin accedir a fer el curs per compte propi. Més endavant, es detallaran els plantejaments de solucions alternatives, per acabar desenvolupant la solució escollida. Aquesta solució incorpora el procediment de muntatge (entenent tots els components i la raó per la qual s’utilitzen un cop s’ha llegit la metodologia), configuració a través del programa INAV i proves de vol un cop l’ala sigui funcional. Finalment, es donarà el pressupost de construcció d’una manera resumida, i s’analitzarà els possibles impactes ambientals i socials que aquest projecte genera cap a la societat

l McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II es un interceptor y cazabombardero supersónico de origen estadounidense diseñado durante la Guerra Fría durante la década de los 50. Su sofisticado diseño le transmitía un comportamiento dinámico y muy maniobrable, a la vez que sus dos potentes motores turbojet le habilitaban para transportar una gran carga y para volar a velocidades que superan el doble de la del sonido. Para permitir la existencia de una aeronave con estas capacidades, los ingenieros encargados del diseño del Phantom idearon una estructura resistente, ligera y versátil gracias a la por entonces pionera incorporación del titanio en su construcción. Así pues, este proyecto realiza un estudio cualitativo sobre dicha estructura con el objetivo principal de crear un modelo a escala 1:12 de la misma. Para realizar esta tarea, se han analizado fuentes disponibles al público como fotografías, planos y documentos de la época con tal de identificar y entender los distintos detalles del avión. Con esta información, se ha recreado un modelo tridimensional mediante herramientas de diseño asistido por ordenador. A partir de este modelo se han generado unos planos que, por medio de corte láser guiado por ordenador, han permitido obtener en madera las piezas del modelo físico, el cual finalmente ha sido montado para culminar el proyecto. Gracias a la realización de este estudio se han podido ampliar algunos de los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos durante el grado, a la vez que ha hecho posible aprender sobre las peculiaridades del diseño de un avión de altas prestaciones como es el Phantom.

El model A340-500 de la companyia Airbus es caracteritza per ser una aeronau de grans dimensions dissenyada pel transport de passatgers. A més es tracta d’una aeronau pionera en el món del vols trasncontinentals i de gran capacitat, ja que va ser el primer aparell en dissenyar-se amb dos passadissos permeten una capacitat de fins a 440 seients. Al llarg d’aquest projecte s’estudiarà l’estructura interna del aparell, tant del fuselatge com de les costelles i la cua. Sent així un projecte molt empíric i pràctic. El projecte es desenvoluparà a partir de imatges, plànols i articles cercats en la web extrapolant-los al disseny mitjançant els coneixements adquirits al llarg de la formació. Tenint en compte els coneixements teòrics i amb l’ajuda del Sr. Oriol Lordan s’anirà aproximant i implementant tota la informació trobada en el disseny del model. Per a fer-ho s’emprarà dos programaris prèviament emprats al llarg de la formació acadèmica (Solidworks i AutoCad) per tal de poder dissenyar un model en tres dimensions a escala 1:40. Posteriorment s’anirà retirant virtualment tot el que no formi part de l’esquelet de l’estructura, ja que es aquest l’objecte d’aquest treball. A continuació, i a través d’aquest model, s’extrauran els diferents plànols de les múltiples peces d’aquest model. Així, mitjançant la tecnologia del tall làser s’obtindran les peces tallades amb fusta que finalment podran ser muntades per tal d’obtenir una maqueta del model A340-500 a escala 1:40.

L’Eurofighter Typhoon és una aeronau europea desenvolupada durant la dècada dels 80 i 90. El seu desenvolupament suposa la unió de diversos països europeus i es va dur a terme amb la idea de desenvolupar una aeronau que substituís els seus models antics i a la vegada pogués fer front a les noves aeronaus russes. El resultat d’aquest programa va suposar la creació d’un dels caces més important i reconeguts de la historia moderna de l’aviació. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és l’estudi de l’estructura interna de l’aeronau per tal de poder realitzar un model 3D d’ella. Amb el model 3D es crearan els plànols de cada componen i amb aquests es tallaran les peces que formaran la maqueta a escala 1:10 de l’estructura interna. Gràcies a la realització d’aquest treball s’ha millorat el coneixement en l’ús de softwares de creació 3D, disseny estructural d’aeronaus i creació de maquetes.

In this project the main objective has been to analyze the structure of the Graf Zeppelin LZ 127, make a 3D CAD model design and finally build a 1:150 scale model of stainless steel. The history of the airship is curious as it was built in a time where the tourist trips began to be styled and made adventurous trips that are hard to be imagined nowadays in a zeppelin. First of all, an information research about the airship history has been done, its important moments and what supposed its creation. The zeppelin has been compared to other models as the Hindenburg. Next a study of the structure has been made in order to design the 3D scale model. Finally, with the drawings realized, the 1:150 scale model has been constructed. The CAD design has been the maximum affine to the real model, but some modifications have been done because of the lack of information and to build correctly the scale model. Important to say that the 3D design of this project has been simple, but for the tail cone. The challenge has been to adapt the pieces to such a material. The steel is not commonly used in these projects. A lot of hours have been invested in the construction, as it was not only fit in the pieces together, as these had to be cleaned, brushed up with a radial and welded.

Este documento es un estudio sobre el bombardero supersónico soviético de largo alcance Túpolev Tu-160. En el análisis se detalla el desarrollo de la aeronave desde la fase de diseño hasta la actualidad. Tras repasar la historia de la aeronave, el estudio se centra en la información disponible sobre su estructura. La información recabada sirve de base para elaborar un modelo simplificado en CAD a escala 1:40. La finalidad de diseñar este modelo es elaborar una maqueta física de la estructura simplificada de la aeronave Tu-160. El proceso de diseño y montaje es documentado con fotografías en las siguientes páginas. Como resultado del proyecto, se obtiene el este documento con el estudio de la aeronave y el proceso seguido, el modelo CAD y el modelo físico a escala 1:40. Las piezas del modelo físico se producen mediante corte láser de madera laminada e impresión 3D de filamento PLA. El proceso de fabricación de las piezas también es explicado porque estas son autoproducidas en el Ateneu de Fabricació de Les Corts en Barcelona. Todo el proceso de diseño, producción y montaje se efectúa siguiendo criterios de eficiencia económica y ecológica. Al final del proyecto se evalúan estos criterios para determinar la adecuación al presupuesto y el impacto medioambiental que produce la realización de este. En conclusión, este proyecto combina: un estudio teórico de las características y la historia de una aeronave, el uso de tecnología de diseño y producción por CAD y el proceso de ensamblaje de las piezas producidas

The objective of this project is to perform a qualitative study of the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser’s structure with enough information to create a scale model of said structure at a scale of 1:25. The project is part of a series of projects that aim to create several studies of other multiple aircraft and their respective scale models, all of them developed in the UPC. Regarding the study, and considering the situation caused by the current year’s pandemic, all of the information has been gathered online, prioritizing official sources when possible and deducing or calculating missing information when necessary. This study then allows for the representation of the aircraft’s structure using SolidWorks software, whose drawings are used to manufacture it physically. The document that helped the most with the study is the cutaway drawing of the Stratocruiser, since it is one of the only sources of information that shows its inner structure. The chosen manufacturing method is Computer Numerical Control laser cutting to build the scale model using plywood. The pieces have been designed in a way that allows for them to be assembled using their corresponding slots and adhesive, without needing any other external support. Environmental and economical analysis have also been performed, which take into consideration the multiple stages of the project. With the pieces cut, the complete assembly process is registered. With the now assembled model, a comparison with both the SolidWorks model and images of the original aircraft reassures that the dimensions and structure of the scale model have been successfully kept in check, although with some simplifications made along the way to ease the manufacturing process. Pictures of the model, both of the assembly process and the finalised product show the results of the project

The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) is an instrument specifically developed to evaluate violent thinking through two subscales examining macho attitudes and the acceptance of violence. This study analyzed the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the MVQ questionnaire in a large sample of 1933 Spanish adolescents. An online questionnaire was used to collect variables, such as sociodemographic and sexism data. The factor structure showed good fit indices in Spanish adolescents, which were similar to the original scale. The exploratory analysis yielded a first factor that explained 11.3% of the total variance and a second factor that explained 10.8% of the total variance. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) (0.902), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) (0.90), Normed Fit Index (NNFI) (0.85), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (0.86) suggested that the model fit the data adequately (with values = 0.90) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (=0.10) values indicative of an adequate fit. This study contributes a Spanish-language validated tool to measure machismo and the acceptance of violence among adolescents., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Cascading failure phenomena can appear in complex networks that distribute flows of information, people or goods, when flow going through nodes or edges exceeds the capacity of network nodes or edges. Cascading failure models from previous research are not adequate for airport networks, as flow is not continuous, and load has to be redistributed among close airports, rather than previously existing connections. With these constraints in mind, we have defined an algorithm to simulate the management of cascading failures in airport networks. We use the algorithm to evaluate the effectiveness of several selection rules of alternative departure and arrival airports to affected flights to reduce the impact of the cascading failure. We have applied the algorithm to the Oceanic Airport Network to assess the impact of several incidents. Results show that selection rules of arriving airports have significant impact in reducing the effect of incidents affecting central airports, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

L’Airbus A400M es caracteritza per ser un avió militar de grans dimensions, molt polivalent i que s’adapta a qualsevol situació. Es fa servir tant per operacions militars com civils, i sobretot ha cobrat molt protagonisme en aquest últim any de pandèmia, on s’ha fet servir per fer evacuacions mèdiques, transport de vacunes o repatriacions. Pel que fa a l’àmbit militar, és capa¸c d’enlairar-se i aterrar en distàncies especialment curtes, permet transportar grans volums de càrrega, és l’avió que pot llen¸car més paracaigudistes al mateix temps, i fins i tot permet l’operació d’abastament en vol. Per tal de poder desenvolupar aquest gran ventall d’operacions, l’A400M requereix d’una estructura que s’adapti a totes aquestes possibilitats. En aquest treball, es fa un estudi qualitatiu de l’estructura d’aquest avió tan peculiar a partir de fotografies, plànols i recursos bibliogràfics sobre estructures d’aeronaus. A partir d’aquesta informació, se’n representa un model en tres dimensions, que es fa servir per extreure’n els plànols de les peces. Aquesta representació gràfica en dos dimensions es converteix en quelcom material quan, sobre taulells de fusta, es tallen totes les peces amb tall làser. Aquest projecte culmina en el muntatge d’un model a escala 1:30 de l’estructura de l’A400M

El Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor es un caza concebido durante la década de los 80 y desarrollado durante los 90 ideado con un claro objetivo en mente, obtener superioridad aérea incontestable. Es por ello que se trata del caza más moderno de su periodo y aún hoy día sigue teniendo escasa competencia, convirtiéndose en un icono tanto en el mundo militar como en la cultura popular, apareciendo en numerosas películas, series y videojuegos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de la estructura de la aeronave para entender mejor el funcionamiento interno de tal proeza ingenieril y poder reproducir su estructura en una maqueta a escala 1:15. Para ello, se han analizado diversos planos, imágenes y cutaways que han permitido reproducir mediante software de diseño 3D y de la forma más fidedigna posible la disposición de los diferentes elementos internos. Usando el modelo tridimensional realizado, ha sido posible elaborar los planos que posteriormente han sido utilizados para recortar las piezas en madera mediante láser y obtener una maqueta física. A lo largo de este trabajo, se ha conseguido ampliar los conocimientos en diseño estructural de aeronaves, uso de herramientas de diseño tridimensional y elaboración de planos y maquetas

Despite the COVID pandemic and the recent significant decline, aviation traffic continues to increase at an incredible rate. However, resources are limited, and it appears that saturation has been reached as far as traffic performance in 2018 and 2019 is considered. There is general agreement among experts that a fragmented system of air navigation service provision only slows down the achievement of traffic performance targets and the need for consolidation and collaboration between European states has become obvious. This highly structured and fixed configuration is less responsive to changes due to the increasing air traffic demands in the near future. In the first part of this study, we will analyse the performance of the current air traffic management and describe the proposal of the Airspace Architecture Study (2019) for the future of the Air Navigation Services. The system of the future enables proper coordination between states and relies on digital technologies. This comes along with concepts like Virtual Centre, rationalization of the physical layer, or Dynamic Management of Airspace. The issue of airspace sectorization has received a lot of attention in recent years. A flexible, optimal sectorization that does not consider the country's borders can make traffic provision more efficient. The aim of the Dynamic Airspace Configuration is to explore the airspace in a dynamic manner and to provide flexibility where possible. It allocates airspace to better accommodate users’ requirements and balance the workload between controllers, without relaying any fixed configurations. During an ordinary day, the workload of controllers fluctuates over time depending on the traffic demand. The objective of the second part of this thesis is to find an algorithm that would automatically adapt the airspace configurations according to the evolution of the traffic. To achieve this goal and to group the sectors in an optimum way, a genetic algorithm will be implemented. The ma, Incoming

Tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use are important health problems that contribute greatly to causes of death in worldwide. Early onset of substance use increases rapidly during adolescence and it has been associated with a wide range of adverse events. Because substance use is associated with dramatic consequences, delaying the initiation of substance use among adolescents remains a major public priority. This study examined the effectiveness of a school-based intervention program based on the application of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 (R&R2) program for preventing substance use among adolescents at risk of academic failure. A sample of 142 participants (aged 13–17 years old) who were studying alternative education provision in Spain were randomly allocated to two conditions (68 experimental group, 74 control group). A pre-test survey assessing past and current substance use was conducted prior the implementation of the program, while a post-test survey was conducted about 12 months after the pre-test. The results showed a significant effect of the R&R program in the reduction of cigarette smoking, episodes of drunkenness, alcohol consumption and cannabis use. However, for daily smoking and episodes of drunkenness such benefits showed a reduction over time. These findings offer additional evidence of the effectiveness of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation V2 program in Spanish adolescent students who are exposed to substance use and suggest areas of future research., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This study aims to create a simulation model with which to analyse the spread of emotional states among the employees of an organization. The model takes into account the fact that workers are influenced by their co-workers and supervisors, and simultaneously analyses these interactions. The design of the simulation model follows a standard procedure: problem definition, data collection and configuration of model parameters, conceptual model, testing of the programmed model, and analysis of the results of the simulation. The resulting simulation model makes a novel contribution to the literature by providing social sciences researchers with a simple and efficient method of analysing the evolution and propagation of emotional states during an organizational change. This kind of approach is useful for research involving the simultaneous study of interaction between a number of employees, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

We introduce mesh networks as an alternative topology to hub-and-spoke networks for low-cost carriers (LCCs) to sell online connections, i.e., indirect connections requiring a transfer between direct connections within a carrier's own operated network. While a common global practice, none of the large independent intra-European LCCs has fully deployed such a network strategy. We define a point-to-point with online connections (PPWOC) representation to establish potential mesh networks for the three largest independent LCCs in Europe. After providing airline and airport metrics to describe structural properties, we also discuss managerial implications of the mesh networks and conclude that investing into hub-and-spoke systems may no longer be necessary if LCCs can gain and maintain a competitive advantage with the mesh network strategy, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The aim of this project is to build a counterfactual model across four energy types based on historic usage rates and observed weather. This model will work as a prediction of the energy consumption on different types of buildings based on their initial state. The predictions of the model will serve as baseline to compare with actual consumption after the changes.

L’objectiu principal d’aquest Treball de Fi de Màster és el d’explicar el problema del moviment a terra de les aeronaus en aeroports, quines conseqüències poden originar-se a partir d’una mala gestió de les operacions terrestres dels avions per les zones de rodatge y quines solucions es poden crear per tal d’optimitzar tots aquests moviments en un aeroport a través de la creació d’un programa informàtic. Primerament es donarà un contingut teòric sobre el problema. Seguidament es proposarà un mètode per resoldre l’optimització dels moviments a terra d’aeronaus basat en la creació d’una xarxa de nodes i línies interconnectades entre sí. Per fer-ho s’exposarà un exemple en concret, en aquest cas el de l’aeroport Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat. En aquest exemple s’utilitzaran una sèrie de dades que s’aniran explicant al llarg de la memòria. A continuació es passarà a explicar l’estructura del programa i la seva funcionalitat per implementar el problema. Finalment, s’aplicarà el programa creat per fer l’estudi dels moviments a terra d’un dia concret a l’aeroport de l’exemple per poder extreure’n conclusions sobre ell

The present study aims to assess the actual performance of flight operations in the Spanish airspace and evaluate the possible deployment of the Free Routing Airspace concept in order to optimize air traffic routes, according to SESAR expectations. Free Routing is an operational concept that foresees the air navigation within an airspace unconstrained by the current existing air routes and fixed points. That will allow airspace users to perform more efficient routes according to their preferences and, consequently, reduce fuel consumptions and delays. Although, free routing implementation requires a set of operational and technical changes in all the actors involved in order to ensure a safe transition from the actual procedures, especially in the regions with high volumes of traffic or complex situations regarding Air Traffic Control.Taking in consideration the characteristics of Spanish airspace and the degree of maturity of the upcoming free routing, which implementation is still on course in several European countries, this study is focused on the En-Route airspace, excluding of its scope Terminal Areas where, due to the complexity of air operations and their individual particularities, a more detailed and constrained approach should be adopted.The first sections of the study describe the current state of the air navigation in Europe and the effort, research and measures adopted regarding Free Routing. Aiming to clarify the technical background to the general public, general air navigation concepts and FRA specific definitions are included.Then, a revision of European and Spanish airspace is performed, including traffic performance statistics and the description of the Spanish particular air structure, mentioning the regulatory framework and responsible bodies.The study is completed with a traffic simulation performed with real flight data, from where safety and efficiency in Spain are evaluated through key parameters. Within this process, a general analysis of

The Lockheed SR-71 was a strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed during the Cold War in the 60s, flown by NASA and the USAF. It is one of the most significant vehicles produced in the history of aviation, and a pioneer in the field of aerospace engineering, especially for its stealth technology and hypersonic capability. Due to its astonishing performance, even in today's standards (Mach 3+), and shape, the also called Blackbird is admired by many enthusiasts all over the world. This study has the objective to deepen in the airplane structure design, specifically for the SR-71. Then, through 3D CAD software, plans will be created to assemble a 1:20 scale model of the airframe.

Most complex network analyses of transportation systems use simplified static representations obtained from existing connections in a time horizon. In static representations, travel times, waiting times and compatibility of schedules are neglected, thus losing relevant information. To obtain a more accurate description of transportation networks, we use a dynamic representation that considers synced paths and that includes waiting times to compute shortest paths. We use the shortest paths to define dynamic network, node and edge measures to analyse the topology of transportation networks, comparable with measures obtained from static representations. We illustrate the application of these measures with a toy model and a real transportation network built from schedules of a low-cost carrier. Results show remarkable differences between measures of static and dynamic representations, demonstrating the limitations of the static representation to obtain accurate information of transportation networks, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)