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Background: Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. Despite outbreak reports no systematic epidemiological studies have been performed up to date in Spain. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the current prevalence of silicosis in Spanish industries with a specific occupational risk. Methods: 2987 employed workers were explored according the Spanish protocols during 2015. Two chest radiographies (posteroanterior and lateral) were taken for each individual in the place of work using a mobile x-ray unit mounted on a truck. X-ray images were evaluated by three different observers as stated by the international labor organization. We considered normal profusions 0/- and 0/0. Profusions of 0/1 and higher were considered abnormal. Silicosis was defined by profusions values of at least 1/1 Results: We found radiological abnormalities in 60 individuals out of 2987 (2,01%). Of which 22 were newly diagnosed silicosis positive cases, a 0,74% of the total (table 1). The highest prevalence by specific activity was found in iron foundry (9,21%), marble works (6,25%), coal subterranean extraction (5,10%), granite extraction (3,57%) and quartz agglomerates (3,55%). Conclusions: Silicosis point prevalence is still high in Spanish employed workers. These results provide a novel view of the silicosis prevalence in Spain, and emphasize the need for the adoption of preventive measures in risk activities.

Liothrips species of economic interest The most widespread Liothrips of economic importance is L. vaneeckei, the lily-bulb thrips that was described from Europe but which has been moved around the world by the horticultural trade in bulbs and orchids. Three other species of Liothrips have also been reported as localized plant pests. Liothrips oleae is a pest of olive trees in the European Mediterranean countries (Moritz et al. 2004). Liothrips adisi was described as a pest of the commercial liane Paullinea cupana in Brazil, and Liothrips austriacus has been implicated as a pest of Pistacia crops in Iran (Minaei & Mound 2014). In addition, three species in this genus have been investigated as biocontrol agents of weedy plants, L. urichi against Clidemia hirta (Simmonds 1933), L. mikaniae against Mikania micrantha (Cock 1982), and L. tractabilis against Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Mound & Pereyra 2008). The species of Liothrips reported here as damaging Jatropha in Mexico is of considerable potential interest in economic entomology because of increasing interest in the cultivation of Jatropha as a profitable crop.

Thrips damaging Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas is a perennial flowering plant that is cultivated primarily for its high oil content seeds. These are used in cosmetics and medicine, and are also important as a source of ���biodiesel���. Cultivation of the crop is increasingly encouraged in Latin America, Africa and Asia. For further development of such crops, studies are needed on suitable agronomic practices and on the importance of pests. Currently, the only thrips reported as damaging this crop are leaffeeding members of the Panchaetothripinae, including Selenothrips rubrocinctus in Brazil (Resende et al. 2012), Retithrips syriacus in India (Anitha & Vareprasad 2012), and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Selenothrips rubrocinctus and Zaniothrips ricini in Indonesia (Asbani & Sartiami 2011). In contrast, in Chiapas State, Mexico during 2015, the leaves of a Jatropha crop growing in a 5 hectare experimental orchard were found to be seriously distorted (Figs 1���5). These malformations were induced by large populations of the blackish-brown Phlaeothripidae species that is discussed further below. The plants were pruned late in November, and the first leaves appeared early in December soon after the rains ceased, and were quickly infested by the thrips. Malformations were induced on the young leaves, but infested terminal buds developed multiple branches into ���witches broom��� structures. Preliminary results suggest that the large infestation reduced the numbers of fruits produced by the crop, but further studies are needed to determine the economic losses to this thrips. Later in the season, pirate bugs (Orius sp., Anthocoridae) were found feeding on the thrips, and also observed were several adults of a Leptothrips species (Phlaeothripidae) that may also be predatory., Published as part of Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo & Hance, Thierry, 2016, Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico, pp. 594-599 in Zootaxa 4208 (6) on page 594, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123, {"references":["Resende, J. C. F., Goncalves, N. P., Dias, M. S. C., Albuquerque, C. J. B. & Morais, D. L. B. (2012) Phytosanitary aspects of Jatropha farmingin Brazil. In: Carels, N., Sujatha, M. & Bahadur, B. (Eds.), Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop. Springer, New York, pp. 219 - 237.","Anitha, K. & Varaprasad, K. S. (2012) Jatropha pests and diseases: an overview. In: Carels, N., Sujatha, M. & Bahadur, B. (Eds.), Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop. Springer, New York, pp. 175 - 218.","Asbani, N. & Sartiami, D. (2011) Physic Nut thrips diversity. Agrivita, 33, 257 - 264."]}

Liothrips konoi nom.nov. Liothrips brevitubus Kono, 1964: 4. Homonym of Liothrips brevitubus Karny, 1912: 156. This species remains known only from the original three micropterous females listed below. The species was described as ���apterous���, although the fore wing lobe is clearly visible, 180 microns long, deeply shaded and bearing three stout black sub-basal setae. These setae are similar to the postocular and pronotal having the apices paler and smoothly spoon- shaped rather than capitate. In the original description the species was compared to lepidus Cott, but that species is known only from macropterae, as are most of the 11 species of Liothrips recorded from California (Hoddle et al. 2012). There is a possibility that the brevitubus specimens might eventually be recognised as micropterae of one of the other species based on macropterae, but a new name is proposed here to avoid confusion with the species from Indonesia. Specimens studied: California, Calexico, holotype and two paratype female micropterae of brevitubus Kono, from willow, 12.iii.1945, in California Department of Food and Agriculture collection, Sacramento. TABLE I. Liothrips species from Mexico, Published as part of Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo & Hance, Thierry, 2016, Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico, pp. 594-599 in Zootaxa 4208 (6) on pages 597-598, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123, {"references":["Kono, T. (1964) Thysanoptera Studies 1. Three new Tubuliferous species (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Occasional Papers Bureau of Entomology California, 4, 1 - 13.","Karny, H. (1912) GallenbewohnendeThysanopterenaus Java. Marcellia, 1, 115 - 169.","Hoddle, M. S., Mound, L. A. & Paris, D. L. (2012) Thrips of California 2012. CBIT Publishing, Queensland. Avaliable from: http: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / thrips _ of _ california / Thrips _ of _ California. html (Accessed 20 Dec. 2016)"]}

Liothrips jatrophae nom.nov. Rhynchothrips brevitubus Moulton, 1929: 19. Homonym of Liothrips brevitubus Karny, 1912: 156. Female macroptera. Body, legs and antennae dark brown, antennal segment III with irregular paler areas (Fig. 9); major setae mainly brown; distal two-thirds of fore wing pale, basal third weakly shaded but brown around sub-basal setae; clavus brown. Antennae typical of genus but relatively short, with one sense cone on segment III and three on IV. Head dorsally longer than wide (Fig. 7), first ocellus overhanging interantennal projection; postocular setae weakly capitate, shorter than dorsal eye length; maxillary stylets close together in middle of head, retracted anterior to postocular setal bases; mouth cone 30% longer than dorsal head length, extending to mesopresternum. Pronotum transverse (Fig. 8), smooth medially with median longitudinal apodeme, reticulate near anterior and posterior margins; posteroangular and epimeral setae longer than the other three pairs; all weakly capitate. Mesonotum transversely reticulate, lateral setae small. Metanotum reticulate, median setae long and pointed (Fig. 11). Fore tarsus with short, broadly-based tooth (Fig. 6). Fore wing with 10���12 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae capitate, arising in a straight line. Prosternal ferna widely separated; mesopresternum reduced to two slender triangles; metathoracic sternopleural sutures variable from short to long. Pelta triangular (Fig. 11), reticulate, recessed slightly into tergite II, with paired campaniform sensilla; tergites II��� VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae, but anterior pair on each tergite smaller than posterior pair (Fig. 12); tergites transversely reticulate; tergite IX setae S1 shorter than tube. Measurements (Female macroptera in microns). Body length 2300. Head, dorsal length 225; width across cheeks 195; ventral length to mouth cone apex 500; postocular setae 65. Pronotum, length 160; width 280; major setae: am 40, aa40, ml 45, epim110, pa 95. Mesonotal lateral setae 35. Metanotal median setae 60. Fore wing length 900; sub-basal setae 35, 50, 65. Tergite IX setae S1 95, S2 100. Tube length 155. Antennal segments III���VIII length 70, 70, 68, 68, 55, 30. Female microptera. Very similar to macroptera, ocelli well developed; metascutum more transverse (Fig. 10); fore wing lobe 160 microns. Male macroptera and microptera. Similar to female but smaller; fore tarsal tooth scarcely larger; sternite VIII largely occupied by pore plate; tergite IX setae S2 stout and 60% as long as S1. Specimens studied: Mexico, Sinaloa State, Mazatlan, paratype female microptera of brevitubus Moulton, from deformed leaves of unknown plant, 26.vii.1927 (Ferris), in The Natural History Museum, London. Mexico, Chiapas State, Tapachula, 3 female, 2 male macropterae, 9 female, 7 male micropterae, from distorted leaves of Jatropha curcas [Euphorbiaceae], 13.i.2015 (A. Goldarazena), in Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, and the Natural History Museum, London., Published as part of Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo & Hance, Thierry, 2016, Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico, pp. 594-599 in Zootaxa 4208 (6) on page 596, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1929) New Mexican Thysanoptera. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 6, 11 - 20.","Karny, H. (1912) GallenbewohnendeThysanopterenaus Java. Marcellia, 1, 115 - 169."]}

There are nearly 280 species of Liothrips listed from around the world (ThripsWiki 2016), all of them presumably feeding and breeding on the leaves of higher plants, and sometimes inducing or being associated with galls (Mound 1994). Despite this, for most of these species the identity of the plant species on which they are dependent is rarely known, and a particularly high proportion of the species are based on few specimens or even single individuals (cf Table 1). As a result, the identity of many of these named species continues to be in doubt. Modern identification keys are available only to the 23 Liothrips species known from Japan (Okajima 2006), the four European species known from Iran (MinaeiMound 2014), and 14 species from Illinois (Stannard 1968). In contrast, the keys to 16 species of Liothrips from Brazil (Moulton 1933), to more than 80 species from Indonesia (Priesner 1968), and to 50 species from India (AnanthakrishnanSen 1980), are of little more than archival interest, in that they are based on few specimens with little allowance for intraspecific variation. MoundMarullo (1996) listed over 80 Liothrips species from the Americas, although some of these are now placed in Pseudophilothrips (see Mound et al. 2010). That list included two homonyms of the Indonesian species Liothrips brevitubus Karny, one from Mexico and one from California. The homonym from Mexico is here recognised as applying to a species that in 2015 caused severe damage to a crop of Jatropha curcas in Chiapas. The objectives here are to provide a valid name for this pest, to facilitate its recognition among the 13 species of Liothrips recorded from Mexico (Table I), and also to replace the homonym from California.

Altres ajuts: CONACYT/GCPS/44519 Although Structured Treatment Interruptions (STI) are currently not considered an alternative strategy for antiretroviral treatment, their true benefits and limitations have not been fully established. Some studies suggest the possibility of improving the quality of life of patients with this strategy; however, the information that has been obtained corresponds mostly to studies conducted in adults, with a lack of knowledge about its impact on children. Furthermore, mutations associated with antiretroviral resistance could be selected due to sub-therapeutic levels of HAART at each interruption period. Genotyping methods to determine the resistance profiles of the infecting viruses have become increasingly important for the management of patients under STI, thus low-abundance antiretroviral drug-resistant mutations (DRM's) at levels under limit of detection of conventional genotyping (

Background:A number of studies have demonstrated that receptor and co-receptor expression levels which may affect viral entry, promoting cervical HIV infection. The aim was to evaluate the expression levels of CCR5, CXCR4and DC-SIGN mRNA in a sample of heterosexually HIV infected Mexican women.Methods:We enrolled twenty-six HIV heterosexual infected women attending a local infectious diseases medical unit.RNA was isolated from the cervix and gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR.Results:Expression rates for mRNA of CCR5 (median 1.82; range 0.003–2934) were higher than those observed for CXCR4 (0.79; 0.0061–3312) and DC-SIGN (0.33; 0.006–532) receptors (p < 0.05). A high correlation was found between the mRNA expression levels of these three receptors (rs = 0.52 to 0.85, p < 0.01).Conclusion:Levels of expression of the tested chemokine receptors in the cervix are different from each other and alsovary from woman to woman, and seem to support the suggestion that chemokine receptor expression in genital tissues may be playing a role in the HIV transmission.

Genotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Mexico were investigated in a multicenter study that involved centers in five geographic regions of the country. Study samples (n = 65) collected from male patients in 1998-1999 were sequenced within the C2-V5 region of the gp120 env gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that subtype B predominates in Mexico. The level of interpatient nucleotide diversity (mean value of 8.9%) was congruent with multiple introductions of the virus and the "aging" epidemic in Mexico. One-third of samples (30.8% of cases) showed polymorphism within the crown of the V3 loop demonstrating non-GPGR motifs. Two new motifs in the V3 loop crown - HPGG and GPEG - were observed. The evolution of the AIDS epidemic in Mexico should be closely monitored since non-B HIV-1 subtypes might be introduced. The nucleotide sequences were deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers AF200855-AF200869, AF200871-AF200892, and AF200894-AF200921.