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På vegne av Norsk Romsenter har NILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning og CICERO Senter for klimaforskning utarbeidet et veikart for hvordan Norge kan nyttiggjøre seg data fra CO2 Monitoring-satellittene (CO2M) og tjenesten CO2-emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity (CO2MVS) i forvaltning, forskningsmiljøer og næringsliv. Veikartet avslutter med anbefalinger for veien videre for Norge vedrørende CO2M og CO2MVS. On behalf of the Norwegian Space Agency, NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research and CICERO Center for Climate Research have drawn up a road map for how Norway can make use of data from the CO2 Monitoring satellites (CO2M) and the service "CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity" (CO2MVS) in government bodies, research environments and business. The roadmap concludes with recommendations for the way forward for Norway’s role developing and utilizing CO2M and CO2MVS.

I et samarbeidsprosjekt med Lørenskog kommune utførte NILU en målekampanje rundt ett av boligbyggeprosjektene på Lørenskog. Formålet med målingene var å få økt kunnskap om svevestøvnivåer i omgivelsene til anleggsplasser. Målingene ble utført ved 2 steder rundt en byggeplass på Skårerbyen. Måleresultatene viser at PM10 nivået var høyere rundt anleggsplassen enn ved en nærliggende veinær målestasjon. Observasjonene tyder på at anleggsaktivitet var årsaken. Et viktig resultat fra målekampanjen er at målinger av svevestøv med optiske målemetoder ikke anses som egnet i områder der anleggsstøv dominerer. In a collaborative project with Lørenskog municipality, NILU carried out a measurement campaign around one of the housing construction projects in Lørenskog. The purpose of the measurements was to gain increased knowledge of suspended dust levels in the surroundings of construction sites. The measurements were carried out at two locations around a construction site in Skårerbyen. The measurement results show that the PM10 level was higher around the construction site than at a nearby roadside measuring station. The observations suggest that construction activity was the cause. An important result based on the observations was that optical particle analysers are not considered suitable for monitoring the airborne dust concentration where construction dust dominates.

NILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning har, i samarbeid med Transportanalyse AS, utarbeidet en tiltaksutredning for bedre luftkvalitet i Lørenskog. Utredningen er gjennomført på oppdrag av Lørenskog kommune. Tiltaksutredningen omfatter en kartlegging av luftkvaliteten i Lørenskog kommune ved trafikkberegninger og utslipps- og spredningsberegninger for PM10, PM2,5 og NO2 for Dagens situasjon 2019 og Referansesituasjonen 2030 med eksisterende og eventuelle nye tiltak. Basert på resultatene fra beregningene og i samarbeid med oppdragsgiver og referansegruppen, er det foreslått en revidert handlings- og beredskapsplan som skal behandles politisk. The air quality assessment for Lørenskog covers mapping of the air quality through traffic, emission and dispersion calculations of PM10, PM2,5 and NO2 for the present situation (2019) and future scenarios (2030) with existing and possible future measures. Based on the calculations and in coordination with Lørenskog municipality and the reference group, a plan for improved local air quality and a management plan for periods with high concentration levels is proposed for political processing.

The report describes the EmSite model developed to estimate exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) used in building and construction. The model is based on a complete national database of the exact location of construction and building activity, machine registries and variables that affect emissions (ground conditions, meteorology, type of ground material). EmSite model allows us to determine, i) the location, area and time of construction projects at fine resolution; ii) energy demand for NRMM; and iii) fuel consumption, air pollutants and GHGs emissions. For exhaust emissions, specific dynamic emission factors for NRMMs were developed. For non-exhaust emissions, an approach based on the Tier 1 (EMEP/EEA Guidebook, 2019) was chosen. EmSite allows for bottom-up estimates for NRMM employed in construction, and the results are comparable with official air pollutant and GHGs emissions. Denne rapporten beskriver den nyutviklede EmSite modellen. En modell for å beregne både eksos og diffuse utslipp fra bygg og anleggsmaskiner i Norge. Modellen er basert på matrikkeldata som dekker den nøyaktige posisjonen til alle bygningsarbeider. Den benytter seg i tillegg av en detaljert maskinpark-database, meteorologi og geoteknisk informasjon om grunnforhold. Basert på dette blir energibehovet beregnet innen forskjellige bygningsfaser og maskintyper. Vi presenterer utslipp for 2009-2020 hvor det for hvert år er tatt hensyn til endringer innen aktivitet, meteorologi og utslippsfaktorer. Dette er, oss bekjent, den første modellen i verden av sitt slag som beregner utslipp fra byggeaktivitet på denne måten og med denne graden av detaljer.

The current study aims at evaluating the impact of anthropogenic emission changes on air quality and human health by using the air quality model CHIMERE. This is a continuation of the work initiated in the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME; report 2019/8) on the effect of the development of renewable energy sources (RES) since 2005 on emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants. According to the simulation results using emissions based on official data, significant increases of particulate matter concentrations exceeding 1 µg/m3 were found for some countries, linked primarily to the increase in residential wood burning when comparing 2005 with 2016. Exceptions were Portugal and Greece (two countries that decreased their use of biomass for heating). At the scale of the EU27+UK, in 2016, the interplay between emission increases due to biomass use and emission decreases due to all other RES growth is estimated to be responsible for around 9 200 premature deaths and 97 000 years of life lost. As such, the increase in solid biomass heating alone, (due particularly to the high emissions of fine particulate matter from domestic stoves), is estimated to be responsible for an increase of around 10 700 premature deaths and 113 000 years of life lost in 2016. These premature deaths could have been prevented by promoting the development of other RES than solid biomass heating., OCP/EEA/ACC/18/001-ETC/ATNI

The report holds a comprehensive literature review on the non-exhaust PM emission from transport. All types of wear particles are considered (brake, tyre, road surface) and all modes (road, rail, aviation), with strong emphasis on road. The report serves as an input to review current emission inventories, summarizing the current emission estimates, the estimation methodologies, uncertainties and future trends, briefly zooming in on the relevance of electric vehicles. The report considers both air quality as well as the relevance of non-exhaust emission as a source of microplastics. To conclude, the report includes a brief overview of technological and policy options to reduce the environmental impact. Rail, aviation and in particular road transport are a source of non-exhaust PM emission, associated with tyre, brake and road surface wear and tear. While exhaust emissions from transport are under control and steadily declining as a results of ever stringent fuel standards and emission standards, non-exhaust PM-emission are increasing as transport demand increases, without any policies in place to specifically reduce non-exhaust PM-emissions. Estimating non-exhaust PM emission is subject to high uncertainty, due to the lack of up-to-date emission inventory guidelines and lack of research. By all estimates we found, non-exhaust PM-emission from transport have already overtaken exhaust PM-emissions in importance, first for PM10 and more recently for PM2.5 as well. Non-exhaust PM-emission thus require a stronger policy focus, especially as there is emerging evidence wear and tear is an important source for microplastics in the environment. Technological options are available to reduce the impact and policy makers have a variety of regulatory options available to tackle the issue of non-exhaust PM, in the same way as exhaust emissions from transport has been addressed in the past decades., OCP/EEA/ACC/18/001-ETC/ATNI

We present emissions from Norway’s tourist travel by the available transport modes, i.e., aviation, maritime (ferries and cruises) and land-based transport (road and railways). Our study includes detailed information on both domestic and international tourist travel within, from and to Norway. We have coupled statistics from several large surveys with detailed emission data to allow us to separate the purpose of the travel (holiday or business). Total transport emissions for tourists in 2018 were estimated to be 8 530 kt, equivalent to 19% of the reported Norwegian national emissions. Of these emissions, international tourists visiting Norway were responsible for 3 273 kt , whereas travel by Norwegians accounted for 4 875 kt , most of which occur outside Norway’s reporting obligations. Aviation and maritime transport were found to be the largest emission sources, responsible for 71% and 21% of total emissions, respectively. The reduction due to the COVID-19 pandemic was approximately 60% in 2020, and was sustained throughout the year. Our study shows that officially reported emissions, as limited to the countries territory, are not suitable for accurate evaluation of transport emissions related to tourism. A consumer or tourist-based calculation gives a marked redistribution of emission responsibility. Our results indicate that emissions from Norwegian residents travelling abroad are 1 602 kt higher than those from tourists coming to Norway. This is driven by frequent trips to popular tourist destinations such as Spain, Thailand, Turkey and Greece. Globally consumer based calculations would shift the responsibility of emissions by tourists to the large wealthy nations, with the most international tourists. The understanding of emission distributed by population group or market support in addition the developing of marketing strategies to attract low emission tourist markets and create awareness among the nations with higher shares of international tourist.

This report presents the results from exploring the available input data to develop a model for estimating air pollutants and GHG-emissions based on a bottom-up approach, including both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. The availability of reliable input data is the limiting factor and the most critical part of designing such a bottom-up approach. In this study, we have focussed on assessing input data that allow defining; i) the exact location and area affected during building and construction; ii) the starting and finalization dates; iii) the type of construction activity; iv) the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) activity within building and construction; v) roads in the vicinity of construction sites. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra analyse av tilgjengelige inngangsdata for å utvikle en modell for estimering av luftforurensende stoffer og klimagassutslipp basert på en «bottom-up»-tilnærming, inkludert både eksos- og ikke-eksosutslipp. Tilgjengeligheten av pålitelige inngangsdata er den begrensende faktoren og den mest kritiske delen av utformingen av en slik «bottom-up»-tilnærming. I denne studien har vi fokusert på å vurdere inngangsdata som gjør det mulig å definere; i) den nøyaktige plasseringen og området som påvirkes under bygging og konstruksjon, ii) start- og sluttdatoer; iii) typen byggeaktivitet; iv) aktiviteter med ikke-veigående mobile maskiner (NRMM) innen bygg og anlegg; v) veier i nærheten av byggeplasser.

This report presents the update of the MetVed-model (Grythe et al., 2019). Among the updates are new emission factors and several new species that include climate gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O). There is now a new parameter that describes the emission altitude and a new and improved time variation. Activity data has been updated to the most recent year (2019), which also has required updates to the model and model input variables. The largest update has been the holiday cabin emission module, which is an entirely new addition. Emissions from cabins differ in several ways from residential emissions. The most notable difference is that cabins are spread over more rural areas and are more dispersed than the residential dwellings. The model differentiates alpine and coastal cabins, which is an important distinction as a high density of cabins exists along the coast and they are mainly used during summer. Denne rapporten presenterer den oppdaterte MetVed-modellen (Grythe et al., 2019). Oppdateringene inneholder nye utslippsfaktorer som innbefatter flere komponenter enn tidligere, som også er relevante for klima (CO2, CH4 og N2O); flere nye parametere som utslippshøyde og en ny forbedret beskrivelse av tidsvariasjon. Aktivitetsdata er oppdatert til 2019 og ettersom flere inngangsdata er forbedret er det også noe endring i utslippene fra boliger. Den desiderte største oppdateringen er allikevel hytteutslippene, som er en ny modul bygget opp fra bunnen. Utslippene fra hytter skiller seg fra de fra boliger ettersom hytter er spredt over et større område og er preget av at det er stor variasjon over året med hensyn til når de er i bruk. I tillegg ligger det i modellen en antagelse om at mange hytter er sommerhytter (langs kysten) hvor vinterbruken og dermed vedforbruket, er mer begrenset enn for hytter i skog og fjell. Dette kommer frem ved en rekke data som er samlet inn, og benyttet for å beskrive forbruket på forskjellige typer hytter.

Residential wood combustion (RWC) is one of the most important sources of particulate matter () in urban areas. As a consequence, different types of regulatory instruments are being implemented to reduce emissions. In this study, we evaluate both the potential and actual effect of a subsidy programme for stove exchange, which has been in place for over 20 years in Oslo (Norway). The subsidy programme provides economic support to the inhabitants for substituting old stoves for RWC with new and cleaner stoves as a measure to reduce emissions. Different approaches were selected to assess the potential effect of the Oslo subsidy programme. First, we evaluate the potential for reductions in emissions and pollution levels through the use of emission and dispersion modelling under different scenarios. We then assess the actual reductions associated with the stoves already replaced with the subsidy. We conclude the study by evaluating the time variation (2005 to 2018) in emissions, wood consumption and emission factors in Oslo in comparison with other municipalities with and without subsidy programmes in place. Results from emission and dispersion modelling show that the replacement of old wood stoves for new ones could have a significant effect on the reduction of emissions (up to 46%) and levels (up to 21%). Despite that, with near 8% of the total existing stoves in Oslo being exchanged with subsidy, the potential for reduction based on improved emission factors was estimated to be smaller by an order of magnitude. We find no evidence that municipalities with subsidy reduce emissions faster than those without subsidy. We therefore conclude that there is no evidence from our modelling results, supported by available observation data, that indicate that the emissions or concentrations in Oslo have been reduced as a result of the subsidy programme.

Målet med studien er å vurdere effekten av tilskudd til utskifting av gamle vedovner til nye rentbrennende ovner, og i hvilken grad ordningen har påvirket det totale partikkelutslippet og luftkonsentrasjoner i Oslo kommune. NILU har utført tre beregninger; 1) utslippsmodellering og spredningsberegninger for 4 ulike scenarioer; 2) utslippsreduksjon fra tilskuddsordningen i Oslo kommune; og 3) vurdering av tidsutvikling av vedfyringsutslipp, vedforbruk og utslippsfaktorer for kommuner med og uten tilskuddsordning. Modellering og vurdering av den potensielle utslippsreduksjonen som kan tilskrives tilskuddsordningen, viser at tilskuddsordningen potensielt har en stor effekt på reduksjon av partikkelutslipp og konsentrasjoner av PM2.5 og PM10. Beregnigene viser at tilskuddsordningen i Oslo kommune gir betydelig redusert utslippsfaktor over tid, men effekten på totalt PM-utslipp er liten. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of the subsidy to replace old wood stoves for new clean burning stoves, and to what extent the scheme has influenced the total particle emissions and pollution concentrations in Oslo municipality. NILU selected three methods; 1) emission and dispersion modelling for 4 different scenarios; 2) estimate the emission reduction associated with the subsidy scheme in Oslo municipality; and 3) a comparison of changes in emissions, wood consumption and emission factors over time in municipalities with and without subsidy. Modeling and assessment of the potential emission reduction associated with the subsidy scheme shows that it has a potentially significant effect on the reduction of particulate emissions and concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. The estimates show that the subsidy scheme in Oslo municipality gives a significant reduction in average emission factor over time. However, the effect on total PM-emissions is small.

This report presents the results from a screening study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Quintero-Puchuncaví region (Chile). Two different methods were selected, one quantitative (canisters samplers / analysis by Medusa/GC-MS) and a second semi-quantitative (Tenax TA/analysis by GC-MS). NILU evaluated the results of 4 compounds (methyl chloroform, nitrobenzene, iso-butane and toluene), which were previously reported at very high concentrations and intensively discussed in the media. NILU’s measurement results show much lower concentrations and it was concluded that the former measurements were done with a significant error in the calibration. The average concentration of ambient benzene was 1.0 µg/m3 at industrial areas and 0.3 µg/m3 at the residential/background areas, both lower than international limit values. The main compounds emitted from the industrial areas are light hydrocarbons, which were detected at low concentration levels. Rapporten presenterer resultatene fra målinger foretatt i Quintero-Puchuncaví regionen (Chile) for å kartlegge flyktige organiske forbindelser (VOC). To ulike metoder ble benyttet, en kvantitativ (kanister prøvetaker / analyse med Medusa/GCMS) og en semi-kvantitativ (Tenax TA / analyse med GC-MS). NILU evaluerte resultatene av 4 forbindelser (metylkloroform, nitrobenzen, isobutan og toluen), som tidligere rapporter viste meget høye konsentrasjoner av og som har vært mye omtalt i media. NILUs måleresultater viser mye lavere konsentrasjoner, og konkluderer med at målingene som ble foretatt tidligere ikke ble riktig kalibrert. Den gjennomsnittlige konsentrasjonen av benzen var 1,0 μg/m3 i industriområder og 0,3 μg/m3 i bolig- / bakgrunnsområder, begge lavere enn internasjonale grenseverdier. Hovedforbindelsene i utslippene fra industriområdene er lette hydrokarboner, som ble påvist ved lave konsentrasjonsnivåer.