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Macroautophagy/autophagy is a self-degradative process necessary for cells to maintain their energy balance during development and in response to nutrient deprivation. Autophagic processes are tightly regulated and have been found to be dysfunctional in several pathologies. Increasing experimental evidence points to the existence of an interplay between autophagy and cilia. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from the cell surface of mammalian cells that perform a variety of motile and sensory functions and, when dysfunctional, result in disorders known as ciliopathies. Indeed, selective autophagic degradation of ciliary proteins has been shown to control ciliogenesis and, conversely, cilia have been reported to control autophagy. Moreover, a growing number of players such as lysosomal and mitochondrial proteins are emerging as actors of the cilia-autophagy interplay. However, some of the published data on the cilia-autophagy axis are contradictory and indicate that we are just starting to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, the current knowledge about this axis and challenges are discussed, as well as the implication for ciliopathies and autophagy-associated disorders. publishersversion published

Funding: We thank Liliana Bento for valuable assistance in formatting the manuscript. This article was supported by the LYSOCIL project. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 811087. CGA has funding from Maratona da Saúde 2016 and Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ˜ , I.P. (CEECIND/00410/2017). FMP is a Wellcome Investigator in Science and a Royal Society Wilson merit award holder. Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has revealed that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling, and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyse lysosome morphology, positioning, motility, and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies, and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists. publishersversion published

The neo-glaciation, characterized by a cooling and a decrease in humidity, despite the existence of several episodes of slight climatic improvement, which occurred between the middle of the 4th and the end of the 2nd millennia BCE in the Iberian Northwest, is a well-known reality. The effects of this climate change on the Atlantic coast are also known. It was found that the coastline would be more to the west and irregular than it currently is, with numerous lagoons and different types of wetlands favourable to salt extraction. In this region the earliest evidences of sea salt exploitation are the removable sinks, excavated in slabs of schist. One of these was discovered in a camp-size found at Praia de Carreço in Viana do Castelo, dated by the thermoluminescence of the end of the 3rd, beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, a period that, in regional terms, is considered from the end of the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Due to the geographic distribution of this type of sinks in the north coast, the exploitation of salt during the Bronze Age would have been a relevant activity. Other archaeological evidence of sea salt exploration during the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE comes from the Areias Altas site in Oporto. At this locus, remains of poorly preserved, fragile and fragmented ceramic vessels have been found morphologically similar to those found in other prehistoric salt extraction contexts in western and eastern Europe (Fig. 1). These are containers used for the evaporation of salt water through the brine process, or as moulds for salt. On the northwest coast, in areas with an abundance of granite outcrops or other rocks other than shale, there are also innumerable rock sinks. These were performed by percussion, probably with stone hammers, and polished with rolled pebbles. Some of them are currently on the coastline. By their manufacturing conditions they can also begging in the Bronze Age. In the rare excavations carried out in its environs, still unpublished, they were find network weights, on rolled pebbles, whose chronology dates back at least to the 2nd millennium BCE, in moments of the Middle Bronze Age. Extraction of sea salt may explain, at least in part, the intensity of settlement during the Bronze Age at the edge of the shoreline.

Introdução: A discinésia ciliar primária (DCP) é uma doença genética rara que determina alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais dos cílios, cujo diagnóstico foi alvo de padronização recente. O objectivo deste estudo foi descrever os resultados dum processo de diagnóstico centralizado aplicado a um grupo de crianças elegíveis. Métodos: Análise descritiva dos casos com diagnóstico de DCP efectuados num período de dois anos (07/2014-06/2016). Recolha retrospectiva de dados demográficos, clínicos e dos resultados dos testes de diagnóstico efectuados. Resultados: Foram diagnosticados dez doentes com idade mediana de 9,9 (3-16,5) anos, cinco rapazes. Os padrões clínicos mais frequentes foram o início precoce, com dificuldade respiratória neonatal (9), e doença respiratória supurativa alta [otite média crónica/recorrente (10)] e baixa [tosse produtiva crónica (8) e bronquiectasias (6)]. A medição do óxido nítrico nasal (nNO) foi normal em dois casos, reduzido, mas acima do valor de cut-off para DCP em dois doentes e muito reduzido, sugestivo de DCP, nos restantes seis. A avaliação da ultraestrutura ciliar por microscopia eletrónica de transmissão (MET) identificou alterações em sete doentes e três foram inconclusivos. A análise do padrão e frequência do batimento ciliar por videomicroscopia de alta velocidade (VMAV) detectou alterações compatíveis em sete doentes, e foi inconclusiva em três. O estudo genético encontra-se em curso. Discussão: Estes são os primeiros resultados duma série de crianças com o diagnóstico de DCP efectuado através dum processo estruturado, centralizado e interdisciplinar. Tal como sugerido em literatura recente a existência de exames inconclusivos ou normais foi avaliada pela interpretação conjunta dos resultados. publishersversion published

Funder: Maratona da Saúde, Funder: Royal Society Wolfson, Funder: Wellcome; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010269, Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a self-degradative process necessary for cells to maintain their energy balance during development and in response to nutrient deprivation. Autophagic processes are tightly regulated and have been found to be dysfunctional in several pathologies. Increasing experimental evidence points to the existence of an interplay between autophagy and cilia. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from the cell surface of mammalian cells that perform a variety of motile and sensory functions and, when dysfunctional, result in disorders known as ciliopathies. Indeed, selective autophagic degradation of ciliary proteins has been shown to control ciliogenesis and, conversely, cilia have been reported to control autophagy. Moreover, a growing number of players such as lysosomal and mitochondrial proteins are emerging as actors of the cilia-autophagy interplay. However, some of the published data on the cilia-autophagy axis are contradictory and indicate that we are just starting to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, the current knowledge about this axis and challenges are discussed, as well as the implication for ciliopathies and autophagy-associated disorders.

Submitted by Amália Marques (amalia.marques@fcm.unl.pt) on 2022-01-07T19:00:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedroso, Daniela TD 2021.pdf: 5801462 bytes, checksum: 0e520f0961958e826cec5b269562a05e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-07T19:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedroso, Daniela TD 2021.pdf: 5801462 bytes, checksum: 0e520f0961958e826cec5b269562a05e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-11-15