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7. Integration of very-high-resolution seismic and CPTU data from a coastal area affected by shallow landsliding – the Finneidfjord natural laboratory

Author

Vanneste, M, primary, Forsberg, C, additional, Knudsen, S, additional, Kvalstad, T, additional, L'Heureux, J, additional, Lunne, T, additional, Vardy, M, additional, Chand, S, additional, Longva, O, additional, Morgan, E, additional, Kopf, A, additional, Mörz, T, additional, Steiner, A, additional, Brendryen, J, additional, and Haflidason, H, additional

Published
2015
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15. Expedition report CCGS Hudson 2002-026: Gulf of Maine

Author

Todd, B J, primary, Asprey, K W, additional, Atkinson, A S, additional, Blasco, R, additional, Fromm, S, additional, Girouard, P R, additional, Kostylev, VE, additional, Longva, O, additional, Lynds, T, additional, Rainey, W A, additional, Spencer, P L, additional, Uyesugi, MS, additional, and Valentine, P C, additional

Published
2003
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18. Landslides cause tsunami waves: insights from Aysén Fjord, Chile

Author

Lastras Membrive, Galderic, Amblàs i Novellas, David, Calafat Frau, Antoni, Canals Artigas, Miquel, Frigola, J., Hermanns, R.L., Lafuerza, S., Longva, O., Micallef, A., Sepúlveda, S.A., Vargas, G., De Batist, M., Van Daele, M., Azpiroz, M., Bascuñán, I., Duhart, P., Iglesias Cerdeira, Olaia, Kempf, P., Rayo, X., Lastras Membrive, Galderic, Amblàs i Novellas, David, Calafat Frau, Antoni, Canals Artigas, Miquel, Frigola, J., Hermanns, R.L., Lafuerza, S., Longva, O., Micallef, A., Sepúlveda, S.A., Vargas, G., De Batist, M., Van Daele, M., Azpiroz, M., Bascuñán, I., Duhart, P., Iglesias Cerdeira, Olaia, Kempf, P., and Rayo, X.

Abstract

On 21 April 2007, an Mw 6.2 earthquake produced an unforeseen chain of events in the Aysén fjord (Chilean Patagonia, 45.5°S). The earthquake triggered hundreds of subaerial landslides along the fjord flanks. Some of the landslides eventually involved a subaqueous component that, in turn, generated a series of displacement waves tsunami- like waves produced by the fast entry of a ubaerial landmass into a water body within the fjord [Naranjo et al., 2009; Sepúlveda and Serey, 2009; Hermanns et al., 2013]. These waves, with run-ups several meters high along the shoreline, caused 10 fatalities. In addition, they severely damaged salmon farms, which constitute the main economic activity in the region, setting free millions of cultivated salmon with still unknown ecological consequences.

Published
2014

21. Slow rock-slope deformation

Author

Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, Crosta, G, AGLIARDI, FEDERICO, CROSTA, GIOVANNI, FRATTINI, PAOLO, Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, Crosta, G, AGLIARDI, FEDERICO, CROSTA, GIOVANNI, and FRATTINI, PAOLO

Abstract

Giant, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD) affecting entire high-relief valley walls are common in alpine areas, and influence the evolution of mountain landscapes and the related hazards. In the last few years, new characterisation approaches and emerging technology shed new light on the occurrence, distribution, activity, and mechanisms of these spectacular slope failures. This chapter is aimed at providing an overview of alpine DSGSD, as well as a discussion of outstanding issues and future research needs. We review the definition of DSGSD and its typical features, field evidence, settings, and mechanisms. We discuss the distribution and controls on DSGSD occurrence based on the analysis of the first-ever orogen-scale inventory of these phenomena, including over 900 individual phenomena in the European Alps. We demonstrate that DSGSDs are widespread in active orogenic settings and chiefly occur in formerly glaciated areas under significant structural controls, and show that alpine DSGSDs are often active phenomena with a engineering significance. We use the emblematic case study of the Cima di Mandriole sackung to illustrate the complex relations among rock structure, the morpho-climatic evolution of Alpine valleys, and man-made structures, and point out future research needs.

Published
2012

22. Rockfall characterization and modeling

Author

Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, Crosta, G, FRATTINI, PAOLO, CROSTA, GIOVANNI, AGLIARDI, FEDERICO, Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, Crosta, G, FRATTINI, PAOLO, CROSTA, GIOVANNI, and AGLIARDI, FEDERICO

Abstract

Rockfalls pose a significant threat to life and property, although significant advances in rockfall protection have been made in the past decade. Determining rockfall processes and related hazard, however, remains a difficult task, because of the complexity and intrinsic stochastic nature of the physics involved. Appropriate application of rockfall modelling tools requires a thorough understanding of their logic, assumptions, advantages, and limitations, as well as careful assessment of rockfall sources, block and slope characteristics, and model calibration data. This chapter provides a discussion of major issues in rockfall definition, characterisation, and modelling, with special emphasis on rockfall runout. Our discussion is supported by modelling examples carried out using the 3D simulator Hy-STONE. Different modelling approaches are critically evaluated, including the empirical shadow angle method, and 2D and 3D mathematical models. Application of the shadow angle concept requires the user to be aware of several issues related to definition of the shadow angle and the effects of morphological constraints. Most limitations of empirical approaches can be overcome with mathematical models that account for slope morphology and roughness, energy dissipation at impact or by rolling, and the effects of vegetation, block fragmentation, and block-structure interaction. We discuss different modelling approaches and calibration problems and the important dependency of model parameters and results on correct characterisation of topography.

Published
2012

23. TOPO-EUROPE: the geoscience of coupled deep earth-surface processes

Author

Cloetingh, S. A. P. L., Ziegler, P. A., Bogaard, P. J. A., Andriessen, P. A. M., Artemieva, I. M., Bada, G., van Balen, R. T., Beekman, F., Ben-Avraham, Z., Brun, J.P., Bunge, H. P., Burov, E. B., Carbonell, R., Facenna, C., Friedrich, A., Gallart, J., Green, A. G., Heidbach, O., Jones, A. G., Matenco, L., Mosar, J., Oncken, O., Pascal, C., Peters, G., Sliaupa, S., Soesoo, A., Spakman, W., Stephenson, R. A., Thybo, H., Torsvik, T., de Vicente, G., Wenzel, F., Wortel, M. J. R., Achauer, U., Adam, A., Barabas, A., Behrmann, Jan Hinrich, Beylich, A., Bonow, J. M., Braun, J., Buiter, S., Csontos, L., Dehls, J., Dezes, P., Dinu, C., Dombradi, E., Ebbing, J., Eide, E., Fancsik, T., Fodor, L. I., Fredin, O., Frisch, W., Gemmer, L., Genser, J., Grenerczy, G., Hagedoorn, J. M., Harangi, S., Hegedus, W., Helge, A., Hendriks, B., Horvath, F., Horvath, E., Houseman, G. A., Igel, H., Japsen, P., Kiss, J., Klemann, V., Kuhlemann, J., Lankreijer, A., Larsen, E., Lauterjung, J., Longva, O., Ludden, J., Lundin, E. R., Maradasi, A., Maguire, P., Molnar, G., Nador, A., Negendank, J., Neubauer, F., Novak, A., Oleson, O., Osmundsen, P. T., Puidgefabregas, C., Rise, L., Ruszkiczay, Z., Sacchi, M., Schmid, S., Smelror, M., Stackebrandt, W., Stalsberg, K., Steel, R., Steinberger, B., Szabo, C., Szafian, P., Szarka, L., Szekely, B., Szanto, O., Tesauro, M., Thieken, A., Timar, G., Toth, L., van Enst, J., van Wees, J. D., Varga, G., Weber, Z., Wilson, M., Wolf, D., Cloetingh, S. A. P. L., Ziegler, P. A., Bogaard, P. J. A., Andriessen, P. A. M., Artemieva, I. M., Bada, G., van Balen, R. T., Beekman, F., Ben-Avraham, Z., Brun, J.P., Bunge, H. P., Burov, E. B., Carbonell, R., Facenna, C., Friedrich, A., Gallart, J., Green, A. G., Heidbach, O., Jones, A. G., Matenco, L., Mosar, J., Oncken, O., Pascal, C., Peters, G., Sliaupa, S., Soesoo, A., Spakman, W., Stephenson, R. A., Thybo, H., Torsvik, T., de Vicente, G., Wenzel, F., Wortel, M. J. R., Achauer, U., Adam, A., Barabas, A., Behrmann, Jan Hinrich, Beylich, A., Bonow, J. M., Braun, J., Buiter, S., Csontos, L., Dehls, J., Dezes, P., Dinu, C., Dombradi, E., Ebbing, J., Eide, E., Fancsik, T., Fodor, L. I., Fredin, O., Frisch, W., Gemmer, L., Genser, J., Grenerczy, G., Hagedoorn, J. M., Harangi, S., Hegedus, W., Helge, A., Hendriks, B., Horvath, F., Horvath, E., Houseman, G. A., Igel, H., Japsen, P., Kiss, J., Klemann, V., Kuhlemann, J., Lankreijer, A., Larsen, E., Lauterjung, J., Longva, O., Ludden, J., Lundin, E. R., Maradasi, A., Maguire, P., Molnar, G., Nador, A., Negendank, J., Neubauer, F., Novak, A., Oleson, O., Osmundsen, P. T., Puidgefabregas, C., Rise, L., Ruszkiczay, Z., Sacchi, M., Schmid, S., Smelror, M., Stackebrandt, W., Stalsberg, K., Steel, R., Steinberger, B., Szabo, C., Szafian, P., Szarka, L., Szekely, B., Szanto, O., Tesauro, M., Thieken, A., Timar, G., Toth, L., van Enst, J., van Wees, J. D., Varga, G., Weber, Z., Wilson, M., and Wolf, D.

Abstract

TOPO-EUROPE addresses the 4-D topographic evolution of the orogens and intra-plate regions of Europe through a multidisciplinary approach linking geology, geophysics, geodesy and geotechnology. TOPO-EUROPE integrates monitoring, imaging, reconstruction and modelling of the interplay between processes controlling continental topography and related natural hazards. Until now, research on neotectonics and related topography development of orogens and intra-plate regions has received little attention. TOPO-EUROPE initiates a number of novel studies on the quantification of rates of vertical motions, related tectonically controlled river evolution and land subsidence in carefully selected natural laboratories in Europe. From orogen through platform to continental margin, these natural laboratories include the Alps/Carpathians–Pannonian Basin System, the West and Central European Platform, the Apennines–Aegean–Anatolian region, the Iberian Peninsula, the Scandinavian Continental Margin, the East-European Platform, and the Caucasus–Levant area. TOPO-EUROPE integrates European research facilities and know-how essential to advance the understanding of the role of topography in Environmental Earth System Dynamics. The principal objective of the network is twofold. Namely, to integrate national research programs into a common European network and, furthermore, to integrate activities among TOPO-EUROPE institutes and participants. Key objectives are to provide an interdisciplinary forum to share knowledge and information in the field of the neotectonic and topographic evolution of Europe, to promote and encourage multidisciplinary research on a truly European scale, to increase mobility of scientists and to train young scientists. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of continental topography research, and of the challenges to TOPO-EUROPE researchers in the targeted natural laboratories

Published
2007
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28. The 1990 Submarine Slide Outside The Nidelv River Mouth, Trondheim, Norway.

Author

Lykousis, Vasilis, Sakellariou, Dimitris, Locat, Jacques, L'Heureux, J.-S., Longva, O., Hansen, L., and Vingerhagen, G.

Abstract

The Trondheim harbor has been the locus for many large flow slides during the last century. The most recent of these occurred in 1990 just outside the mouth of the Nidelv River and mobilized ca. 5 106 m3 of sediments. The mass movement took place as a liquefaction-induced flow slide outside the river outlet and developed into a lateral spread. The sediment mass slid along a weak layer of loose silty sand recognized by a distinct seismic reflection interpreted from high resolution seismic data. A combination of static and dynamic loading probably triggered the slide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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29. ROCK SLOPE FAILURES IN NORWEGIAN FJORD AREAS: EXAMPLES, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPORAL PATTERN.

Author

Evans, Stephen G., Mugnozza, Gabriele Scarascia, Strom, Alexander, Hermanns, Reginald L., BLIKRA1, L.H., LONGVA, O., BRAATHEN, A., ANDA, E., DEHLS, J. F., and STALSBERG, K.

Abstract

Rock avalanches and related tsunamis represent one of the most serious natural hazards in Norway, and during the last 100 years more than 170 people have lost their lives in western Norway. Large-scale rock-slope failures range from sliding of relatively intact masses of rock, to fully disintegrated rock avalanches. A wide variety of features mirror rock avalanches plunging into valleys or fjords. Bouldery fans, lobes and ridges characterize the proximal parts, while thin debris-flow deposits often occur far beyond this zone. Major deformations of valley-fill and fjord sediments are commonly related to the impact of large volumes of rock. The spatial and temporal pattern of rockavalanche events in Norway demonstrates that such events are common and occur within certain regions, and are important data for evaluating background hazard levels. The mechanisms for occurrence and triggering of rock-slope failures are still uncertain, but seismic ground shaking and creep processes are probably important although, in some areas, effects of glacial unloading during the deglaciation phase cannot be excluded. The geographic concentrations of events indicate that relatively large earthquakes may have played a role as triggering mechanisms. This hypothesis is strengthened by the identification of postglacial faults in two of the rock-failure zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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34. The 1888 shoreline landslide and tsunami in Trondheimsfjorden, central Norway.

Author

L'Heureux, J.-S., Glimsdal, S., Longva, O., Hansen, L., and Harbitz, C.

Subjects
SHORELINES, TSUNAMIS, OCEAN waves, LANDSLIDES
Abstract

The 1888 landslide and tsunami along the shore of the bay of Trondheim, central Norway, killed one person and caused major damage to port facilities. Recent bathymetric surveys, high-resolution seismic profiles and CPTU piezocone tests provide detail information about the morphology of the seafloor and landslide mechanisms, which can be used in tsunami simulations. Based on our integrated data set we suggest the 1888 sequence of events started with an initial underwater landslide near-shore, by detachment along a weak clayey sediment layer. Geomorphology indicates the landslide transformed rapidly into a debris flow, which subsequently triggered slope failures on the flanks of a deep underwater channel. One of the slope failures is associated with the triggering of the 1888 tsunami wave, with documented run-up heights of several meters. The interpreted sequence of events is supported by eyewitness testimony and further validated by slope stability analysis, slide dynamics modelling and 2D tsunami simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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35. ACOUSTIC RESONANCE IN PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS.

Author

NORWEGIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT KJELLER, Longva,O. H., NORWEGIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT KJELLER, and Longva,O. H.

Abstract

A propagating acoustic wave in a piezoelectric semiconductor suffers a damping engendered by interaction with conduction electrons. The mechanism of this damping is studied, with particular regard to its effect on acoustic resonance and thus on electric impedance. Explicit relations for electric impedance near acoustic resonance are given. Specific numerical examples for electrical impedance near longitudinal mode acoustic resonance are given for cadmium sulphide and zinc oxide. (Author-PL).

Published
1964

39. Rockfall characterization and modeling

Author

Paolo Frattini, Giovanni B. Crosta, Federico Agliardi, Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, and Crosta, G

Subjects
geography, Rockfall, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geotechnical engineering, rockfall, modeling, 3D, hazard, impact, fragmentation, energy line, Geology, GEO/05 - GEOLOGIA APPLICATA
Abstract

Rockfalls pose a significant threat to life and property, although significant advances in rockfall protection have been made in the past decade. Determining rockfall processes and related hazard, however, remains a difficult task, because of the complexity and intrinsic stochastic nature of the physics involved. Appropriate application of rockfall modelling tools requires a thorough understanding of their logic, assumptions, advantages, and limitations, as well as careful assessment of rockfall sources, block and slope characteristics, and model calibration data. This chapter provides a discussion of major issues in rockfall definition, characterisation, and modelling, with special emphasis on rockfall runout. Our discussion is supported by modelling examples carried out using the 3D simulator Hy-STONE. Different modelling approaches are critically evaluated, including the empirical shadow angle method, and 2D and 3D mathematical models. Application of the shadow angle concept requires the user to be aware of several issues related to definition of the shadow angle and the effects of morphological constraints. Most limitations of empirical approaches can be overcome with mathematical models that account for slope morphology and roughness, energy dissipation at impact or by rolling, and the effects of vegetation, block fragmentation, and block-structure interaction. We discuss different modelling approaches and calibration problems and the important dependency of model parameters and results on correct characterisation of topography.

Published
2012

40. Slow rock-slope deformation

Author

Giovanni B. Crosta, Federico Agliardi, Paolo Frattini, Clague, JJ, Stead, D, Roberts, N, Korup, O., Hovius, N, Meunier, P, Waythomas, CF, Davies, T, McSaveney, M, Hermanns, RL, Longva, O, Jakob, M, Holm, K, Torrance, JK, Piper, DJW, Mosher, DC, Campbell, DC, Bornhold, BD, Thomson, RE, Huggel, C, Khabarov, N, Obersteiner, M, Fell, R, Stapledon, D, MacGregor, P, Coggan, J, Petley, D, Griffiths, JS, Whitworth, M, McDougall, S, McKinnon, M, Hungr, O, Jibson, RW, Agliardi, F, Crosta, GB, Frattini, P, Eberhardt, E, Picarelli, L, Leroueil, S, Olivares, L, Pagano, L, Tommasi, P, Urciuoli, G, Bromhead, EN, Hosseyni, S, Torii, N, Jaboyedoff, M, Derron, MH, Jakubowski, J, Oppikofer, T, Pedrazzini, A, Loew, S, Gischig, V, Willenberg, H, Alpiger, A, Moore, JR, Froese, CR, Charrière, M, Humair, F, Blikra, LH, Bianchi Fasani,G, Esposito, C, Lenti, L, Martino, S, Pecci, M, Scarascia Mugnozza, G, Kalenchuk, KS, Hutchinson, DJ, Diederichs, M, Moore, D, Ghirotti, M, Hencher, SR, Malone, AW, Chigira, M, Wang, G, Wu, X, Bulmer, MHK, and Crosta, G

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Landslide classification, deep seated slope deformation, landslide, inventory, modeling, slope-struvture interation, Rockslide, Deformation (meteorology), GEO/05 - GEOLOGIA APPLICATA, Slump, Rockfall, Creep, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Geotechnical engineering, Shear strength (discontinuity), Geomorphology, Geology
Abstract

Giant, deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD) affecting entire high-relief valley walls are common in alpine areas, and influence the evolution of mountain landscapes and the related hazards. In the last few years, new characterisation approaches and emerging technology shed new light on the occurrence, distribution, activity, and mechanisms of these spectacular slope failures. This chapter is aimed at providing an overview of alpine DSGSD, as well as a discussion of outstanding issues and future research needs. We review the definition of DSGSD and its typical features, field evidence, settings, and mechanisms. We discuss the distribution and controls on DSGSD occurrence based on the analysis of the first-ever orogen-scale inventory of these phenomena, including over 900 individual phenomena in the European Alps. We demonstrate that DSGSDs are widespread in active orogenic settings and chiefly occur in formerly glaciated areas under significant structural controls, and show that alpine DSGSDs are often active phenomena with a engineering significance. We use the emblematic case study of the Cima di Mandriole sackung to illustrate the complex relations among rock structure, the morpho-climatic evolution of Alpine valleys, and man-made structures, and point out future research needs.

Published
2012

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