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AIM: This study aims to identify the key risk factors that lead to subtypes of physical frailty assessed by walking speed and grip strength among community-dwelling Japanese individuals, stratified by the presence of musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) and age group. METHODS: We included 302 participants aged 70 or 80 years who did not exhibit subtypes of physical frailty at baseline through the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians, Investigation with Centenarians (SONIC) study. Our study was a longitudinal study. The outcome was the incidence of subtypes of physical frailty after 3 years. Subtypes of physical frailty were defined as a weak grip strength or slow walking speed, or both, based on the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study Index. The risk factors for subtypes of physical frailty incidence were examined by age group and MSD, using multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of the 302 participants, 110 (36.4%) had MSD. Those with MSD were significantly more likely to have subtypes of physical frailty after 3 years compared with those without MSD. Among all participants, older age was a risk factor of subtypes of physical frailty (P

BACKGROUND: Different job strain formulations based on the Job Demand-Control model have been developed. This study evaluated longitudinal associations between job strain and psychological distress and whether associations were influenced by six formulations of job strain, including quadrant (original and simplified), subtraction, quotient, logarithm quotient, and quartile based on quotient, in randomly selected Japanese workers. METHODS: Data were from waves I and II of the Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA), with a 4-year follow-up period. The study sample consisted of 412 participants working at baseline and had complete data on variables of interest. Associations between job strain at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up were assessed via multivariable linear regression, and results were expressed as β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals including R2 and Akaike information criterion (AIC) evaluation. RESULTS: Crude models revealed that job strain formulations explained 6.93-10.30% of variance. The AIC ranged from 1475.87 to 1489.12. After accounting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and psychological distress at baseline, fully-adjusted models indicated significant associations between all job strain formulations at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up: original quadrant (β: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.12, 2.21), simplified quadrant (β: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.85), subtraction (β: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.70), quotient (β: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67), logarithm quotient (β: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.72), and quartile based on quotient (β: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.36, 2.08). CONCLUSION: Six job strain formulations showed robust predictive power regarding psychological distress over 4 years among Japanese workers.

Objective: Longitudinal changes in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior patterns from preconception to postpartum are not fully characterized. We examined changes and baseline sociodemographic/clinical correlates of PA and sedentary behavior in women from preconception to postpartum. Methods: The Singapore Preconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes cohort recruited 1032 women planning pregnancy. Participants completed questionnaires at preconception, 34 to 36 weeks gestation, and 12 months postpartum. Repeated-measures linear regression models were used to analyze changes in walking, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), screen time, and total sedentary time, and to identify sociodemographic/clinical correlates associated with these changes. Results: Of the 373 women who delivered singleton live births, 281 provided questionnaires for all time points. Walking time increased from preconception to late pregnancy but decreased postpartum (adjusted means [95% CI]: 454 [333–575], 542 [433–651], and 434 [320–547] min/wk, respectively). Vigorous-intensity PA and MVPA decreased from preconception to late pregnancy but increased postpartum (vigorous-intensity PA: 44 [11–76], 1 [−3–5], and 11 [4–19] min/wk, MVPA: 273 [174–372], 165 [95–234], and 226 [126–325] min/wk, respectively). Screen time and total sedentary time remained consistent from preconception to pregnancy but decreased postpartum (screen: 238 [199–277], 244 [211–277], and 162 [136–189] min/d, total: 552 [506–598], 555 [514–596], and 454 [410–498] min/d, respectively). Individual characteristics of ethnicity, body mass index, employment, parity, and self-rated general health significantly influenced women's activity patterns. Conclusion: During late pregnancy, walking time increased, while MVPA declined significantly, and partially returned to preconception levels postpartum. Sedentary time remained stable during pregnancy but decreased postpartum. The identified set of sociodemographic/clinical correlates underscores need for targeted strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Food insecurity and metabolic diseases both disproportionately affect Hispanic children. Cross-sectional studies have linked food insecurity with adverse cardiometabolic markers, including elevated plasma triglycerides and glucose concentrations. However, the association between changes in food insecurity and changes in cardiometabolic markers in children remains to be explored. Furthermore, few studies have assessed the impact of school-based nutrition interventions on household food insecurity. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to assess the effect of the TX Sprouts intervention on household food insecurity and to examine the association between changes in household food insecurity and changes in cardiometabolic markers over 1 academic year. METHODS: This secondary analysis used data from TX Sprouts, a cluster-randomized school-based gardening, cooking, and nutrition trial. The study enrolled 3rd-5th-grade students from 16 schools that served primarily (>50%) Hispanic families with low income in Austin, TX. Participants (n = 619) provided household food insecurity data and fasting lipid panels at both baseline and postintervention, ∼9 mo following. RESULTS: There was no intervention effect on household food insecurity. Independent of the intervention, a 1-point increase in food insecurity, indicative of becoming more food insecure, was associated with a 2.61 mg/dL increase in triglycerides (P = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.19) at follow-up. Children who were food insecure at baseline and became food secure at follow-up had a mean 5.05 mg/dL decrease in triglycerides compared with a 7.50 mg/dL increase in triglycerides in children who remained food insecure throughout (95% CI: -23.40, -1.71, P = 0.023). There were no other associations between changes in food insecurity and cardiometabolic markers. CONCLUSION: Although the intervention did not improve food insecurity, reductions in food insecurity over 9 mo were associated with improved cardiometabolic markers in high-risk children, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting food insecurity. The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov under NCT02668744 (https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT02668744).

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic's "Great Online Transition" significantly impacted teachers. Existing research on Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) lacks longitudinal designs and consideration of subject-specific contexts. This study, using the Stressor-Strain-Outcome framework, investigates psychological needs thwarting (PNT) during ERT on teachers' well-being and online teaching intentions, considering subject of instruction as a potential factor. Methods: Data were collected from 1,369 Chinese primary and middle school teachers of Chinese literature, mathematics, and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at two time points: two weeks after ERT implementation (Time 1, mid-November 2021) and two months later, after returning to face-to-face teaching (Time 2, mid-January 2022). PNT, emotional exhaustion, psychological distress, and intention towards online teaching were evaluated. Results: Among the types of PNT, competence thwarting emerged as the strongest predictor of emotional exhaustion, which was, in turn, associated with reduced online teaching intention and increased psychological distress. EFL teachers showed stronger associations between PNT, emotional exhaustion, and adverse outcomes, indicating higher susceptibility to strain during ERT. Conclusion: Subject of instruction, particularly for EFL teachers, significantly influences the relationship between PNT and teacher outcomes during ERT. Our findings underscore the need for subject-specific support strategies in online teaching environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the modifying effects of surgery status on the association between the Standard Deviation of NN Intervals (SDNN) of the heart rate variability and the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development. Participants with physical injury were recruited from a trauma center and followed for two years. Baseline assessment included SDNN and surgery status. Socio-demographic and clinical covariates were collected. PTSD was diagnosed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. Logistic regression analyses were performed. Among 538 participants, 58 (10.8%) developed PTSD during the study, with prevalence rates of 8.4% at 3 months, 6.5% at 6 months, 4.7% at 12 months, and 2.5% at 24 months. A significant modifying effect was found that lower SDNN were significantly associated with PTSD in non-surgical patients but not in surgical patients, with significant interaction terms. This pattern was observed from 3 to 12 months but not at 24 months. Surgery-dependent associations between SDNN and PTSD development were observed, highlighting the need for tailored PTSD prevention strategies considering SDNN and surgery status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rs768705 (TMEM161B) is one of the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Paranoid personality traits are independently associated with the risk of MDD. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect between rs768705 (TMEM161B) and paranoid personality traits on the new-onset risk of MDD in Chinese freshmen. A longitudinal study was conducted among 7642 Chinese freshmen without lifetime MDD at baseline in 2018. 158 new-onset MDD cases were ascertained in 2019. DNA samples were extracted to detect the genotype of rs768705. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV criteria were used to determine MDD and personality disorder traits. Multiplicative interaction was assessed by logistic regression models. Tomas Andersson's method for calculating biological interactions was used to estimate the additive interaction. Rs768705(AG) (OR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.24–2.83) and paranoid personality traits (OR = 3.68, 95 % CI: 2.57–5.26) were significantly associated with the risk of MDD. The multiplicative interaction model with the product term of rs768705 and paranoid personality trait traits had a significant interaction effect (OR = 4.20, 95 % CI:1.62–10.91). There was also a significant additive interaction effect (RR = 7.08, 95 % CI:4.31–11.65) for the incidence of MDD. Seventy seven percent patients among new MDD cases were attributed to the additive interaction effect between rs768705 and paranoid personality traits. Rs768705 (AG) may interact with paranoid personality traits to increase the incidence of MDD among Chinese college students. Schools and psychosocial health organizations should pay more attention to individuals with paranoid personality traits for MDD intervention and prevention. • This was a 1-year longitudinal study conducted among 7642 Chinese freshmen. • There was an addictive interaction effect between rs768705 (AG) and paranoid personality traits on occurrence of MDD. • 77% of new MDD patients were attributed to the interaction effect of rs768705 (AG) & paranoid personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the trajectories of NSSI behavior during the pandemic is scarce and mainly short-term. Furthermore, studies have not explored the buffering mechanisms that may have altered risk trajectories during this vulnerable period. This study aims to analyze the univariate change of NSSI during adolescence and to examine the alteration of the univariate growth due to the time-varying effect of COVID-19-related stress, parenting dimensions (i.e., positive and negative parenting), and their interaction. Participants included 830 Italian adolescents (44.2 % females; M age = 14.52; SD = 0.80), who participated in at least one time point of data collection, from a three-wave longitudinal study (T1: from December 2019 to January 2020; T2: December 2020; T3: December 2021). The Latent Growth Curve Analyses show a linear increase in NSSI over time. In regards to time-varying, at T1, the results highlight that higher levels of negative parenting are associated with higher levels of NSSI at the same time point. Instead, at T2, results show that pandemic stress is associated with higher levels of NSSI at T2. Regarding the interaction effect, positive parenting significantly buffered the effect of COVID-19 stress on NSSI at both T2 and T3. Only some dimensions of parenting style (i.e., positive and negative parenting) are included. This study attempts to deepen the trajectory of NSSI behavior during the two years of the pandemic and examine the changes caused by the time-varying effects, thus providing suggestions for designing programs to prevent engagement in NSSI. • There was a significant increase in NSSI during the pandemic among adolescents. • Time-varying effects of COVID-19-related stress, parenting dimensions, and their interaction. • Positive parenting buffered the effect of stress on NSSI engagement. • High levels of positive parenting were a protective factor during the pandemic. • Low levels of positive parenting were associated with higher NSSI two years after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes expanded knowledge about parents’ difficulties in reconciling work and family and their work-family strategies by studying how these difficulties and strategies change over time, e.g. from the early childhood years to the school-age/preteen years. Drawing on qualitative, longitudinal interviews with Swedish parents of school-age children who were interviewed when their first child was about 1.5 years of age, and then later when that child was 11 years of age, the article addresses the following research questions: What are the main difficulties in the parents’ reconciliation of paid work and caring responsibilities, and how have these difficulties changed over time? What are the parents’ most important work-family strategies for reconciling paid work and caring responsibilities and how have these strategies changed over time? The article draws on theories of work-family conflict, gender and time, and the results indicate change and continuity concerning the work-family difficulties and work-family strategies. Time famine appears to be a central difficulty that is consistent throughout the years. The findings also indicate gendered aspects of some of the strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusions This study examined long‐term changes in body composition and bone mineral characteristics among male long‐distance runners from a high‐profile university team, focusing on concerns about impaired musculoskeletal development due to extreme leanness and weight management practices in this population.Trajectory analyses were performed using multilevel modeling of 608 dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry datasets from 109 runners (mean age, height, and weight of 18.0 years, 171.4 cm, and 56.8 kg at baseline, respectively) collected biannually over 4 years.Linear increases in total and regional lean mass (LM) were observed on average, with the increase in leg LM being double that of arm LM (0.07 vs. 0.03 kg per occasion, respectively). Similarly, total bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) exhibited linear growth on average, with BMD accrual being greater in the legs than in the arms (0.004 vs. 0.001 g/cm2 per occasion, respectively). However, rib BMD and BMC were predicted to decrease. Individually predicted growth rates in total LM were significantly associated with those in total BMD (r = 0.347, p < 0.001) and BMC (r = 0.424, p < 0.001).These results indicate site‐specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long‐distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) has emerged as a novel marker for evaluating the distribution and dysfunction of visceral adipose tissue, yet its correlation with numerous diseases, particularly new-onset chronic conditions, remains underexplored. Therefore, we aim to explore the association of cardiometabolic index (CMI) and new-onset chronic diseases. Methods: The analysis utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with a baseline in 2011 and follow-ups biennially until 2020. Fourteen new-onset chronic diseases were diagnosed based on self-report, and separate cohorts were created for each disease. CMI was calculated as triglycerides/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol multiplied by the waist-to-height ratio. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between CMI and new-onset chronic diseases, while restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were employed to explore potential nonlinear effects. Additional and sensitivity analyses included Kaplan-Meier survival curves, subgroup analyses, multiple imputations, and exclude outcome events at the first follow-up. Results: Higher levels of CMI were associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension (HR=1.05, 95% CI=1.04-1.06, P<0.001), diabetes (HR=1.08, 95% CI=1.06-1.09, P<0.001), dyslipidemia (HR=1.07, 95% CI=1.06-1.09, P<0.001), liver disease (HR=1.05, 95% CI=1.03-1.07, P<0.003), and stroke (HR=1.04, 95% CI=1.02- 1.06, P<0.001), although the association with stroke was not significant after adjusting for confounders (HR=1.02, 95% CI=1.00-1.05, P=0.054). Participants in the highest quartile of CMI had a significantly higher risk of these diseases compared to those in the lowest quartile. RCS analyses showed a significant nonlinear relationship between CMI and the risk of these diseases above. Conclusions: CMI showed a significant positive association with the risk of new- onset chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver disease. Future applications of CMI hold promise as an effective marker for early identification of chronic disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The longitudinal association between changes in depressive symptoms (improvement/worsening) and arthritis is unclear. Methods: Study data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2018. The 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) was used to examine participant depressive symptoms and data on self-reported history of arthritis were collected. Depressive symptoms improving is defined as depression at baseline and no depression at follow-up. Similarly, depressive symptoms worsening is defined as no depression at baseline and depression at follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effects of improvement or deterioration in depressive symptoms on arthritis. Participants with missing data on depression and arthritis, having arthritis in 2011 CHARLS and lost to follow-up was excluded. Results: A total of 8556 participants free of arthritis were included from 2011 to 2018. After adjustment for confounders, depressive symptoms were associated with a 54% increased risk of developing arthritis. Each 1-point increase in CES-D-10 score was associated with a 4% higher risk of arthritis. Participants with depressive symptoms at baseline but improved symptoms (without depressive symptoms) at follow-up had a 25% lower rate of arthritis, and a 1-point reduction in CES-D-10 score during 8 years of follow-up was associated with a 5% lower risk of developing arthritis. Participants with no depressive symptoms at baseline but depression at follow-up had a 66% higher rate of arthritis, and a 1-point increase in CES-D-10 score during 8 years of follow-up was associated with a 5% higher risk of arthritis. Conclusions: Improvement in depressive symptoms was associated with lower risk of arthritis and worsening of depression was associated with higher risk of arthritis. These findings suggest that the relationship between depression and arthritis is complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life satisfaction is vital for older adults' well‐being, impacting various life aspects. It is dynamic, necessitating nuanced approaches to capture its trajectories accurately. This study aimed to explore the diverse trajectories and predictors of life satisfaction among older adults in China using longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Latent class growth modeling and growth mixture modeling were employed to identify distinct trajectories of life satisfaction. Machine learning (ML) models were developed to predict different trajectories and identify important predictors of different trajectories. Four distinct trajectories of life satisfaction were identified, showcasing nuanced patterns of life satisfaction that changed over time. ML models, especially random forest, effectively predicted these trajectories. Emotional experiences (particularly the frequency of happiness and loneliness), body mass index, and self‐report health emerged as significant predictors of different life satisfaction trajectories. Our finding revealed the importance of focusing on individuals or groups with consistently low life satisfaction and paying more attention to mental and physical health predictors. Our models might guide future targeted preventative treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between knee osteoarthritis (OA) and miRNAs has been widely reported. However, the utility of miRNAs as predictors of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression in longitudinal studies has not been reported. We aimed to identify circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) associated with KOA progression in the general population and to examine their potential use as predictors of KOA progression. In 2012 and 2018, 66 participants (128 knees) took part in a resident health check-up in the Yakumo study. If the KL classification progressed two or more levels, the patient was classified as having progressive OA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to screen 21 c-miRNAs. The expression levels of those c-miRNAs were compared between the progressive OA group and non-progressive OA group using student-t-test. Logistic analysis was performed in c-miRNAs less than p < 0.10 in univariate analysis. The progressive OA group consisted of 78 knees. The results of the comparison between the progressive OA group and the non-progressive OA group showed that six c-miRNAs as follows; let7d (p = 0.030), c-miRNA-122 (p < 0.001), 150 (p = 0.070), 199 (p = 0.078), 21 (p = 0.016) and 320 (p = 0.093) were extracted as factors related to the progression of knee OA. In addition, logistic regression analysis identified c-miRNA-122 as an independent factor involved in the progression of knee osteoarthritis (odds ratio: 1.510, 95% confidence interval: 1.060–2.140, p = 0.023). The ROC curve showed by c-miRNA-122 for the progression of OA risk had an area under the curve of 0.702 (95% CI: 0.609–0.795). The threshold of c-miRNA-122 was −4.609. The expression level of c-miRNA-122 was associated with the risk of KOA progression in community dwelling Japanese people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety is common, however, the effect of chronicity of anxiety on dementia has not been explored. This study aims to assess the longitudinal relationship between chronic versus resolved versus new onset anxiety, and all‐cause dementia risk. Methods: A total of 2132 participants with mean age 76 years from the Hunter Community Study were recruited. Anxiety was measured using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Dementia was defined as per International Classification of Disease—10 codes. The Fine–Gray subdistribution hazard model was computed to assess dementia risk, while adjusting for the competing risk of death. Results: Chronic anxiety and new onset anxiety at follow‐up were associated with all‐cause dementia risk (HR 2.80, 95% CI 1.35–5.72 and HR 3.20, 95% CI 1.40–7.45 respectively) with an average time to dementia diagnosis of 10 years (SD = 1.7) whereas resolved anxiety was not. In subgroup analyses, these results were driven particularly by chronic and new anxiety among participants below the age of 70 years (HR 4.58, 95% CI 01.12–18.81 and HR 7.21, 95%CI 1.86–28.02 respectively). Sensitivity analyses imputing missing data and addressing reverse causation gave very similar results. Conclusion: Chronic and new anxiety were associated with increased risk of all‐cause dementia, and this association was significant in those 70 years and younger. However, the resolved anxiety at follow‐up reduced the risk, similar to that of the non‐exposed group. These results suggest that timely management of anxiety may be a viable strategy in reducing the risk of dementia. See related Editorial by Karp and Lenze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal studies provide developmental science with invaluable information about how variables and the associations between variables change across time, but typically give limited attention to the length of time over which that change occurs. The present study re-analyzed data from previously published meta-analyses of longitudinal data across a broad range of developmental science to ascertain how lag may have impacted coefficients of stability (k meta-analyses = 6, k studies = 157) and prediction (k meta-analyses = 15, k studies = 270). We additionally analyzed how average participant age interacts with lag to test how the impact of lag might change across the lifespan. Findings indicate that conventional lags (e.g., 6 months, 12 months) were used at extremely high rates: More than 75% of lags were selected based on convention. Linear and nonlinear models indicated that lag moderated stability and predictive associations, although the significance, magnitude, and direction of this impact changed depending on the phenomenon under investigation. Average participant age interacted with lag in certain cases, providing a possibility for more time-specific developmental theory. However, these results should not be considered conclusive due to the high number of conventional lags in our sample, which likely restricted both variability in lags and the length of those lags. Future longitudinal studies should measure phenomena at varying lags, and future meta-analysts should consider both lag and average participant age when synthesizing longitudinal research. Both practices would enable developmental science to determine the interval over which a phenomenon occurs and facilitate advancements in developmental theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between a mother and child stands as one of the most profound and intricate human connections, weaving a rich tapestry of behavioral and emotional bonds during the formative years. Although mother–child interactions have received substantial attention in the developmental science literature, few studies have tapped into the extensive corpus of speech data available to uncover the nuances of these interactions across developmental stages. This study applied text mining and sentiment analysis on narratives extracted from mother–child conversations to identify the developmental trend of mother–child interactions from early to middle childhood. The results, based on three key areas of dyadic interactions, demonstrated a shift toward more balanced turn-taking dynamics and linguistic congruence as children age. Also, there was a significant interdependence of mother and child expressed emotions across time. Further investigation of the dyadic emotionality revealed a nonlinear effect of mother-expressed emotion on child-expressed emotion: mother-expressed negative emotions followed a cubic-like pattern, while positive emotions followed a mild quadratic trend. Taken together, the findings of this study present a picture of progressive augmentation of mother–child synchrony over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol levels in fingernail samples are known to represent cumulative hormone levels. However, findings on the association between fingernail cortisol and perceived stress have been inconsistent. Since the effect of confounding factors cannot be excluded in cross-sectional studies, this study longitudinally examined the effects of perceived stress and negative life events on changes in fingernail cortisol levels over a period of six months. In total, 113 university students rated their perceived stress and negative life events twice, fingernail samples were collected every 15 days during a six-month period. Furthermore, fingernail cortisol levels were quantified according to each stress and negative life event assessment. We conducted longitudinal multilevel analyses to estimate the effects of perceived stress and negative life events in changes within an individual (within-person change) as well as individual differences of them over the study period (between-person level) on changes in fingernail cortisol levels. Within-person increase in perceived stress and negative life events did not significantly predict within-person increase in fingernail cortisol levels. In the between-person level, higher average levels of negative life events did not significantly predict the rate of increase in fingernail cortisol levels than those with lower levels. However, individuals with higher average levels of perceived stress showed a steeper slope of time in fingernail cortisol levels. These findings suggest that prolonged high levels of perceived stress may be associated with fingernail cortisol levels. • Longitudinal association of perceived stress and fingernail cortisol examined. • Changes in perceived stress were not related to changes in cortisol levels. • High perceived stress levels were related to increased cortisol levels over time. • Prolonged high perceived stress may be associated with fingernail cortisol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study reports the results of a 20-yr (2005 to 2024) follow-up study of two 2-time Olympic and 6-time world champion rowing athletes. To provide a comprehensive picture of adaptations in physiological and performance characteristics to long-term training, we monitored the athletes’ physiological and performance data annually through five 4-yr developmental phases. Methods: Maximal oxygen uptake ( V̇O2max), maximal minute power (MMP), and power output corresponding to anaerobic threshold (PAT) were derived from a rampwise exercise test on a rowing ergometer. In addition, average power output sustained during all-out tests over 2000 and 6000 m on a rowing ergometer was also obtained. Results: V̇O2max peaked at age 22 for athlete A and at age 25 for athlete B (at ~7 L·min-1 ) before stabilizing and then gradually declining to a range of 6.2 to 6.5 L·min-1 for both athletes. MMP stabilized in both rowers at values between 550 and 575 W and displayed minimal fluctuations over the final two phases of the study. In addition, MMP closely resembled the corresponding average power output sustained during the 2000-m all-out tests on a rowing ergometer. Average power output during 2000 and 6000-m all-out tests showed steady improvements over the monitored phases of the study, with the highest power output crew averages for both 2000-m (532 W; 5 min 48 s) and 6000-m (463 W; 18 min 4 s) tests recorded during the last 4-yr phase of the assessment. Conclusions: Improvements in rowing ergometer performance over 2000 and 6000 m appear to be largely independent of the multiyear changes in V̇O2max. Long-term rowing training resulted in continuous improvements in MMP and PAT throughout the monitored phases, which more closely mimicked improvements in rowing ergometer performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose/Objective: To investigate the occurrence of behavioral problems 7 years after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), and their evolution from 3 months to 7 years postinjury. Method/Design: Thirty-four participants, 38% girls, M (SD) age at injury 7.6 (4.7) years, age at assessment 15 (4.6) years, underwent comprehensive assessments 7 years after severe TBI from March 2014 to March 2016 and were matched to a control group by age, gender, and parental education. A subgroup of 20 participants had available behavioral assessments at 3, 12, and 24 months postinjury. Internalizing, externalizing, and total behavioral problems were assessed with self- and parent reports of the Achenbach's Behavioral Checklist. Additional data included sociodemographic background, initial injury severity, and specific outcomes assessed concurrently 7 years postinjury. Results: Compared to controls: (a) a significant proportion of participants with severe TBI fell above the clinical cutoff for self- (42%) and parent-reported (36%) externalizing problems, but not for self- (33%) or parent-reported (45%) internalizing problems; (b) withdrawn/depressed, intrusive behavior, and somatic complaints were significantly higher in self-reports; and (c) rule-breaking behavior, attention, and social problems were significantly higher in parent reports. Parent-reported internalizing problems were associated with older age at injury, whereas externalizing problems correlated with greater injury severity and concurrent levels of greater overall disability, lower intellectual ability, and poorer family functioning. In multiple hierarchical regression analyses, overall disability and worse family functioning significantly predicted externalizing problems. Parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems persisted over time. Conclusions/Implications: These results highlight the importance of long-term follow-up and individualized behavioral interventions for children who sustained severe TBI. Impact and Implications: Approximately half of the parents of children who sustained severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) report clinically significant internalizing and externalizing behavior problems 7-year postinjury, indicating long-term persistence of behavioral issues with significant consequences on participation and overall academic achievement. Concordance between parent- and self-reports assessing internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems is high, suggesting that patients who sustained severe childhood TBI and their parents might perceive and deal more frequently with symptoms related to more overtly noticeable behaviors, such as externalizing symptoms, but might also be particularly aware of symptoms pertaining to withdrawnness, depression, and somatic complaints in the long-term. These internalizing symptoms should not be neglected and appropriate support should be considered, even in the absence of externalized behaviors. Persistence of internalizing and externalizing problems 7 years after severe TBI underlines the importance of follow-up interventions aimed at behavioral adjustment. During follow-up, it is important to organize and implement serial assessments of neuropsychological and general functioning, educational attainment, and school issues, as well as mood and behavior, in order to detect and quantify disorders, and to implement timely, individualized, patient- and family-centered targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recent studies suggest that psychological resilience (PR) is associated with more well-preserved cognition in healthy subjects (HS), but an investigation of such phenomenon in patients with motor neuron diseases (MNDs) is still lacking. The aim of our study was therefore to evaluate PR and its relationship with baseline cognitive/behavioral and mood symptoms, as well as longitudinal cognitive functioning, in MNDs. Methods: 94 MND patients and 87 demographically matched HS were enrolled. PR was assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Patients were further evaluated both at baseline and every 6 months for cognitive/behavioral disturbances using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS), and for mood symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). CD-RISC scores were compared between patients and HS using the Mann–Whitney U test, and regression models were applied to evaluate the role of CD-RISC scores in predicting baseline cognitive/behavioral and mood measures, as well as longitudinal cognitive performances, in MND patients. Results: MND cases showed significantly greater PR compared to HS (p from <0.001 to 0.02). In MNDs, higher PR levels were significant predictors of both greater cognitive performance (p from 0.01 to 0.05) and milder mood symptoms (p from <0.001 to 0.04) at baseline, as well as less severe memory decline (p from 0.001 to 0.04) longitudinally. Conclusions: PR is an important protective factor against the onset and evolution of cognitive/mood disturbances in MNDs, suggesting the usefulness of resilience enhancement psychological interventions to prevent or delay cognitive and mood disorders in these neurodegenerative conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendous impact on public mental health and on psychological resources such as optimism. In this context, positive psychological interventions like the best possible self (BPS) intervention may be useful tools for resource activation. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial, conducted between January and December 2021, compared BPS (n = 87), C-BPS (n = 85), and daily activity writing groups (DA; n = 82) on psychological outcomes. Each group completed a writing task over four consecutive weeks. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANCOVA, controlling for age, gender, educational attainment, relationship status, current work status, dyslexia (perceived or diagnosed), and perceived social support. The BPS led to short-term increases in positive affect and mood, and decreases in negative affect. However, this effect was limited to the first week, but the trajectories suggest temporal trends that warrant further investigation. In addition, the approach holds promise for specific groups (e.g. people with depression). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children's lie‐telling behavior is associated with their theory of mind (ToM) development. However, current evidence is primarily based on cross‐sectional studies, with very little longitudinal evidence on the causal relation between the two constructs. The current study provided much‐needed cross‐lagged longitudinal evidence on the association between ToM and lying in young children. Adopting a short‐term longitudinal design, we tested 104 normally developing children's (64 boys, M = 54.0 months) false belief understanding and lie‐telling behaviors three times at 4‐month intervals. Results showed the cross‐lagged model fit the data well. Lie‐telling behaviors exhibited moderate stability across the three time points, while ToM exhibited moderate stability between the first two time points but not between Time 2 and Time 3. Earlier false belief understanding significantly predicted children's later lie‐telling behavior, controlling for family socioeconomic status, child age, gender, only child status, and Time 1 verbal ability and inhibitory control. On the contrary, earlier lie‐telling did not predict later false beliefs understanding. We concluded that earlier false belief understanding predicts later lie‐telling behavior in preschool children, but not vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the longitudinal association between Theory of Mind (ToM) and reading comprehension (RC) in middle childhood, focusing on three advanced ToM (AToM) components: social reasoning, reasoning about ambiguity and recognition of social norm transgressions. Over the course of a year, 112 nine‐year‐olds (61 girls, 51 boys; Mage = 9; 0 years, ±4 months at wave 1) were followed from Grade 3 to Grade 4 and assessed for AToM predictors of Grade‐4 RC. Findings show that only social reasoning predicts RC, independent of general intelligence and prior RC performance. In turn, RC did not predict any AToM component. These findings contribute to understanding cognitive development in educational contexts, emphasizing the significance of AToM, particularly social reasoning, in RC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have inconsistently linked cognitive performance and change over time to an elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy), with few conducted among urban adults. Longitudinal data [Visit 1 (2004–2009) and Visit 2 (2009–2013)] were analyzed from up to 1430 selected Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) participants. Baseline and follow-up blood Hcy was measured, while 11 cognitive function test scores were assessed at either of these two visits. Overall, sex- and race-stratified associations were evaluated using mixed-effects linear regression models, adjusting for key potential confounders. Interaction effects between Hcy and serum levels of folate and vitamin B-12 were also tested. We found that greater LnHcy v1 was significantly associated with poorer baseline attention based on higher Log e (TRAILS A, in seconds) [β (SE): 0.101 (0.031), P = 0.001]. Heterogeneity was also found by sex and by race. Most notably, among men only, LnHcy v1 was associated with faster decline on the BVRT (# of errors), a measure of visuo-spatial memory (β (SE): 0.297(0.115), P = 0.010, reduced model); while among African American adults only, an elevated and increasing LnHcy over time was associated with faster rate of decline on Log e (TRAILS B, in seconds) [β (SE): +0.012 (0.005), p = 0.008], a measure of executive function. Interactions between Hcy, folate and vitamin B-12 blood exposures were also detected. In summary, sex- and race-specific adverse association between elevated Hcy and cognitive performance over time were detected among middle-aged urban adults, in domains of attention, visuo-spatial memory and executive functioning. • This study analyzed longitudinal data from 1430 Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span participants. • Higher levels of homocysteine (Hcy) were associated with poorer baseline attention and slower decline in visuo-spatial memory. • This was particularly true among men and African American adults. • The study also found that increased Hcy was associated with faster decline in executive function. • The findings suggest a sex- and race-specific adverse association between elevated Hcy and cognitive performance in middle-aged urban adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many existing student persistence and retention studies overlooked the different types of departure (e.g., dropout, transfer) and aggregate them into a single departure variable, as a result, the estimates from these studies are spurious when one is interested in what student characteristics prompt dropout but not transfer. This can be especially relevant when studying the departure behavior of specific student subgroups, such as first-generation students. In response to this shortcoming in previous studies, this study longitudinally analyzed first-generation students' dropout and transfer behaviors. Paired with nationally represented data, this study uncovered how various student characteristics impact dropout and transfer behaviors differently over time. First-generation students were more likely than students with college-educated parents to leave the system than to transfer. A higher sense of belonging was found to reduce the likelihood of students transferring to other institutions academic years one through four. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study is based on family systems theory and aims to explore the association between the quality of the separated parents' relationship and the frequency of father–child contact up to five years after parental separation. Using data collected from 408 families from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD), multilevel analyses and latent growth curve model were carried out. The results highlight a positive association between the separated parents' relationship and father–child contact and demonstrate the impact of the initial contact frequency on the evolution over time of the separated parents' relationship. They also highlight the contribution of custody tension, the child's age, the length of time the couple lived together, and the socio-economic status on the initial levels of the studied trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed a new variable called semi-ordinal variable. This variable exhibits a combination of responses, with a portion of them taking on ordinal values and the remaining values following a continuous distribution, often with truncation. In longitudinal analyses, variable of this type may be described by a pair of regression models, for example, one approach to analyze this variable is to use ordinal regression for the ordinal component and a conditional linear model for the continuous component. We have proposed a two - part ranom effects model for longitudinal semi-ordinal responses. A full likelihood-based approach that allows yielding maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters is used. To illustrate the utility of the proposed model, we apply a new method for analysis outlier data. Also, the model is applied to using data from a large data set excerpted from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important question in teamwork research is how to maximize performance and the aspects of the team's dynamics and collaboration process that underpin it. Prior research has shown that when team members who are collaborating towards a common purpose experience flow together (team flow; optimal experiences that occur simultaneously at the individual and team levels, entailing deep focus and intrinsic motivation to perform an activity), the team significantly improves its performance and team members experience many positive results at both the individual and team levels. Further advances have built a model of team flow and a means for measuring the construct, as well as qualitative results in business teams to confirm how the elements of team flow interact to generate the positive experiences and higher performance. This study adds practical value to the research by providing proof‐of‐concept for an intervention that promotes team flow in business teams. This cross‐case‐study of 15 teams across five different organizations uses the Team Flow Monitor as a barometer of team health and dynamics, which in turn serves as the centerpiece of an iterative intervention protocol for leading/guiding teams in targeted self‐reflection that can generate virtuous cycles of improving dynamics and performance. In addition to a significant amount of qualitative data confirming the efficacy of the intervention in enabling teams to overcome obstacles and experience more team flow, quantitative analysis of Team Flow Monitor scores showed an increase on average team flow scores across the teams over the course of the intervention (Cohen's d = 0.6). Implications for translating team flow research to field situations are discussed, along with further potential uses of the Team Flow Monitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Very preterm and/or very low birthweight (VP/VLBW; <32 weeks' gestation and/or <1500 g birthweight) individuals rated their partner and peer relationships lower than term‐born individuals in emerging adulthood, but their quality of relationships with parents has been rarely investigated. Moreover, it is unclear whether previously reported differences in social relationship characteristics persist or lessen from emerging to established adulthood.To investigate changes in social relationship characteristics in VP/VLBW adults compared to term‐born adults from 26 to 34 years and whether the association between VP/VLBW and social relationship characteristics varies according to sex.In this prospective whole‐population birth cohort study in South Bavaria, Germany, social relationship characteristics with parents, partners and peers, and overall social relationships across these domains were evaluated with a Life Course Interview at 26 and 34 years. Interview items related to these domains were extracted and scored as 0 (optimal) and 1 (non‐optimal). Each score was summed into domain‐specific composite scores and standardised according to the total sample.Participants included 262 VP/VLBW (52.7% males) and 230 term‐born individuals (47.0% males). VP/VLBW adults had lower overall social relationship scores than term‐born adults (β = −.61, 95% CI −0.85, −0.37). Specifically, partner (β = −.50, 95% CI−0.74, −0.27) and peer relationship scores (β = −.55, 95% CI−0.78, −0.32) were lower than those of term‐born adults, but scores did not differ for parent relationships. On average, partner (β = .25, 95% CI 0.14, 0.35) and peer relationship scores increased (β = .16, 95% CI 0.03, 0.29), while parent relationship scores decreased (β = −.64, 95% CI−0.79, −0.49) from 26 to 34 years. These changes were similar for VP/VLBW and term‐born individuals.Patterns of change for the improved partner and peer but worsening parental social relationship scores were common across VP/VLBW and term‐born adults, but differences between the two groups persisted from 26 to 34 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the developmental trajectories in children who do not use canonical babbling (CB) at 10 months. The aim was to examine how speech, language, cognitive and motor abilities developed in children without CB. For 15 children identified as not having CB, consonant production, expressive vocabulary and general development were assessed at 12, 18 and 36 months from audio–video recordings. Twelve (79%) children still lacked CB at 12 months. At 18 months, six (40%) had parent-reported expressive vocabulary results below the 10th percentile, and two (14%) did not use dental/alveolar stops. The percentage of consonants correct for the group was at the level of peers at 36 months (89%, SD 0.17), but the group had fewer established target consonants than age norms. Most children had a small expressive vocabulary in comparison with Swedish age norms for younger children as well as with age-matched norms for other Nordic languages. The general development (Bayley-III) for three children (21%) who did not use speech was 1–2 SD below the average range in at least one domain (cognitive, language or motor), but the results for the whole group were within the average range. In conclusion, the heterogeneity in early consonant development in the study group resembles that of children in clinical groups with known risk for speech and language difficulties and the expressive vocabulary resembles that of children with delayed expressive vocabulary. For about one-fifth of the children, the absence of canonical babbling at age 10 months could be seen as an early sign of a more comprehensive developmental disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have longitudinally assessed the determinants of depressive symptoms among persons 80 years and older. The aim of this study was to estimate the determinants of depressive symptoms among persons 80 years and older based on 4-wave national longitudinal data from Thailand. Methods: Data from the Health, Aging, and Retirement in Thailand study from 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2022 were utilized. The sample was restricted to community-dwelling persons 80 years and older (analytic sample: n = 2763 observations). For the pooled sample, average age was 85.0 years (range 80–117 years). Established measurements were used to assess depressive symptoms. Linear fixed effects regression was applied to assess the time-variant determinants and outcomes. Results: Regressions found that higher functional disability and an increase in the number of chronic conditions worsened depressive symptoms. More favourable self-rated physical health, and higher exercise frequency improved depressive symptoms. In addition, among women higher subjective economic status decreased depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This longitudinal study enhances our understanding of the determinants of depressive symptoms among persons 80 years and older. Strategies to delay or decrease functional disability, chronic conditions, increase physical activity, and improve subjective economic status may help in reducing depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPerfectionism is widely recognised as a key factor in students’ learning experiences, but such evidence is primarily derived from cross-sectional studies testing unidirectional links. To fill in the gap, our study used a longitudinal design and made the initial attempt to examine the bi-directional links between two types of perfectionism (personal standards and concerns over mistakes), two types of academic motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation), and academic engagement. Results from the cross-lagged panel analysis among Chinese university students found that personal standards and intrinsic motivation were positively and reciprocally related. Another reciprocity was revealed: intrinsic motivation positively predicted later extrinsic motivation, while extrinsic motivation negatively predicted later intrinsic motivation. Besides, our study revealed several unidirectional links: intrinsic motivation positively predicted later academic engagement, extrinsic motivation positively predicted later concerns over mistakes, and academic engagement negatively predicted later concerns over mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greenspace is an important modifiable environmental factor that is associated with health and well-being. Although previous research has shown that exposure to greenspace is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, studies have rarely focused on early subclinical health outcomes such as electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormality. Methods: We developed a longitudinal study using data from the China National Stroke Screening Survey (2013–2019). Monthly exposure to greenspace was assessed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. ECG abnormality was diagnosed by physicians based on the results of the 12-lead electrocardiogram. We used fixed-effects logistic regression with participant-specific intercepts to estimate the association between exposure to greenspace and ECG abnormalities. Results: A total of 132,108 visits from 61,029 participants with ≥ 2 ECG measurements were included. At baseline, the lag-1 month average NDVI value was 0.29 (SD = 0.15). In the fully adjusted model, per 0.1-unit increment in lag-1 month average NDVI value was associated with a 3.0% (95% CI -1.6 ∼ 7.4%) decreased risk of ECG abnormality. In urban areas, the decreased risk associated with per 0.1-unit increment in NDVI was 14.81% (95% CI 9.38 ∼ 19.92%). Conclusion: Our study found that higher exposure to greenspace was associated with a decreased risk of ECG abnormality, especially in urban areas. Our findings suggested that monthly exposure to greenspace might be beneficial to cardiovascular health, and greenspace provision and maintenance could be considered an important public health intervention in urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the generalizability of the sensitivity-security link in a sample of 35 preschooler-mother dyads from a low socioeconomic district in Lima, Peru. We first describe maternal sensitivity and attachment security at two timepoints during early childhood. Second, we investigated the stability of attachment security and maternal sensitivity over a time span of one year. Third, we tested the association between sensitivity and security at each timepoint. Finally, we investigated whether changes in maternal sensitivity predict changes in child security. The results indicated that sensitivity and security were lower than scores reported in the literature for middle-class samples. T2 maternal sensitivity scores were significantly higher than T1 sensitivity scores, and no significant differences were found between T1 and T2 security. Sensitivity and security were associated at both timepoints, after controlling for socio-demographic variables. One-tail test indicated that changes in maternal sensitivity were associated with changes in child security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of smart glasses in goods logistics and order picking has mainly been studied through cross-sectional experimental studies. Our longitudinal field study investigated the effects of smart glasses on the eyesight of 43 employees at two German companies. We combined ophthalmological examinations and questionnaire surveys at two points in time, six months apart. The vision of the employees was examined before and after each work shift. Mixed effects logistic regression was conducted to determine the associations between smart glasses use and effects on visual acuity. In the baseline examination, differences in eyesight before and after shifts were small and not statistically significant. However, some individuals experienced deteriorations, especially in visual acuity at near distances (n = 7 for the right eye, n = 6 for the left). Participants over 40 years of age had 16.1 times higher odds of deterioration compared to those under 40 years (95% CI: 2.7–95.9, p = 0.002). The most commonly reported eye strains were eye fatigue (n = 32), rubbing (n = 25), and burning (n = 24). If smart glasses are to be implemented in logistics companies, it is recommended to offer employees eye tests with an industrial physician in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most personality science is conducted with samples from wealthy Western countries, home to only 11% of the world's population. Longitudinal studies have been particularly informative for psychology, but they are virtually absent from the rest of the world. The Africa Long Life Study (ALLS) brings African perspectives to lifespan research in personality and mental health. Large (N = ∼1000), relatively-representative samples of 18-year-olds were recruited from throughout Namibia, Kenya, and South Africa in 2022. Participants complete two surveys each year. At the time of the fifth wave, we describe here the goals of the ALLS with emphasis on personality psychology, and the contextualized measurement and methodological approaches we have developed, including the process of finding participants again at later waves. Sample characteristics and retention and attrition over the first three waves are reported. Initial lessons learned and reflections on conducting longitudinal research and personality science in Africa are discussed. Plain language summary: Most personality science is conducted with samples from wealthy Western countries, home to only 11% of the world's population. Longitudinal studies have been particularly informative for psychology, but they are virtually absent from the rest of the world. The Africa Long Life Study, a new longitudinal study in Sub-Saharan Africa, brings African perspectives to lifespan research in personality, mental health, and cultural mindset. Large (N = ∼1000), relatively-representative samples of 18-year-olds were recruited from throughout Namibia, Kenya, and South Africa in 2022. Participants complete two surveys each year, allowing us to test findings in personality psychology for cross-cultural relevance. We describe here the goals of the ALLS and the contextualized approach we have taken, including the process of finding participants again for later waves. Details about the particpants and how many stayed with the project into the second and third surveys are reported. We reflect on what it is like to conducting longitudinal research in Africa today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between obesity and depressive symptoms remains controversial. The Weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) shows advantages in assessing central obesity. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between WWI and depressive symptoms. This prospective cohort study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) spanning 2011–2020. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressive Symptoms Scale (CESD-10) scores. Linear mixed models were used to examine longitudinal associations. A total of 6835 participants over the age of 45 were included. WWI was positively associated with CESD-10 scores (β per 1 SD increase = 0.052SD; 95%CI: 0.021 to 0.083SD) and was linked to a faster increase in CESD-10 scores over time (β = 0.095SD/year; 95%CI: 0.090 to 0.100 SD/year). Conversely, BMI was negatively associated with CESD-10 scores (β per 1 SD increase = −0.067SD; 95%CI: −0.097 to −0.038SD). However, the negative association between BMI and CESD-10 scores weakened over time (β per 1 SD increase = 0.008SD/y; 95%CI: 0.003 to 0.013 SD/y). Nonlinear associations were detected between both WWI and BMI with CESD-10 scores. Self-reported depressive symptoms assessments may have introduced information bias. The observational design limits ruling out unobserved confounding factors. Our findings highlight the association between WWI and the long-term progression of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. WWI may enhance our understanding of the link between obesity and depressive symptoms and could be superior to BMI in predicting depressive symptom progression. • The association between obesity and depression remains controversial. • Weight-adjusted Waist Index has advantages in reflecting abnormal body composition. • Heterogeneity in depression trajectories was detected among older adults. • Weight-adjusted Waist Index may accelerate the progression of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While dehydration is associated with pediatric renal impairment, the regulation of hydration status can be affected by sleep. However, the interaction of hydration and sleep on kidney health remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a cohort study among 1914 healthy primary school children from October 2018 to November 2019 in Beijing, China. Four-wave urinary β2-microglobulin and microalbumin excretion were assayed to assess transient renal tubular and glomerular impairment, and specific gravity was measured to determine hydration status with contemporaneous assessment of sleep duration, other anthropometric, and lifestyle covariates. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to assess longitudinal associations of sleep duration and hydration status with renal impairment. Results: We observed 1378 children with optimal sleep (9–<11 h/d, 72.0%), 472 with short sleep (<9 h/d), and 64 with long sleep (≥11 h/d, 3.3%). Over half (55.4%) of events determined across 6968 person-visits were transient dehydration, 19.4% were tubular, and 4.9% were glomerular impairment events. Taking optimal sleep + euhydration as the reference, the results of generalized linear mixed-effects models showed that children with long sleep + dehydration (odds ratio [OR]: 3.87 for tubular impairment [tubules] and 3.47 for glomerular impairment [glomerulus]), long sleep + euhydration (OR: 2.43 for tubules), optimal sleep + dehydration (OR: 2.35 for tubules and 3.00 for glomerulus), short sleep + dehydration (OR: 2.07 for tubules and 2.69 for glomerulus), or short sleep + euhydration (OR: 1.29 for tubules) were more likely to present transient renal impairment, adjusting for sex, age, body mass index z-score, systolic blood pressure z-score, screen time, physical activity, and Mediterranean diet adherence. Conclusions: Dehydration and suboptimal sleep aggravate transient renal impairment in children, suggesting its role in maintaining pediatric kidney health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Edentulism is considered the ultimate sign of oral health disease burden. It is a common and frequent clinical disease, mostly seen in the elderly, which has been reported to be closely associated with many diseases. While physical activity is known to benefit many chronic diseases, the relationship between the volume of physical activity and edentulism remains unclear. Materials and methods: The CHARLS provided the data for this study. A total of 6,480 participants were enrolled in this study, of whom 46.02% were male and 53.98% were female. The edentulism was defined according to self-report and physical activity volume can be represented by metabolic equivalents. Multiple logistic regression, smooth curve fitting, threshold effects analysis, and Cox regression models were used to explore the relationship between physical activity volume and edentulism. Results: In the fully adjusted model, physically active participants had a 24% lower risk of edentulism compared to those who were physically inactive. Then, we subdivided participants with adequate physical activity into four levels: 600 ≤ PAV < 1200; 1200 ≤ PAV < 1800; 1800 ≤ PAV < 3000; and PAV ≥ 3000. We found that the risk of developing edentulism was lowest and statistically significant at the level of 1,800-3,000 MET-minutes/week physical activity volume (OR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24–0.69, p < 0.001). A U-shaped relationship between physical activity volume and edentulism with an inflection point of 2514 (MET-minutes/week) was observed. The results of the longitudinal study also confirm the benefits of physical activity volume with edentulism, participants with adequate physical activity volume had a 21% lower risk of developing edentulism than participants with inadequate physical activity volume (HR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67–0.94, p = 0.008). Conclusions: This study reveals a U-shaped relationship between physical activity volume and edentulism. Physical activity reduces the risk of developing edentulism in middle-aged and older populations, but it is important to control the appropriate volume of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Very few studies to date investigated the prospective association of changes in exposure to the food environment with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aim to explore if time-varying exposure to the food environment was associated with hospitalization and mortality due to total and specific types of CVD in The Netherlands. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 4,641,435 Dutch adults aged 35 + years who did not change residence in 2002–2018 were identified through registry data. Exposure to the food environment was defined as time-varying Food Environment Healthiness Index (FEHI) scores (range: − 5 to 5) and time-varying kernel density of specific food retailers (e.g., fast food outlets, supermarkets) around the home location between 2004 and 2018. The main outcome measures were hospitalization and mortality due to overall CVD, stroke, HF, and CHD occurring between 2004 and 2020, based on hospital and death registries. Results: In Cox regression models, each unit increase in the FEHI was associated with a lower hospitalization and mortality of CVD (hospitalization hazard ratio (HRh) = 0.90 (0.89 to 0.91), mortality hazard ratio (HRm) = 0.85 (0.82 to 0.89)), CHD (HRh = 0.88 (0.85 to 0.91), HRm = 0.80 (0.75 to 0.86)), stroke (HRh = 0.89 (0.84 to 0.93)), HRm = 0.89 (0.82 to 0.98)), and HF (HRh = 0.90 (0.84–0.96), HRm = 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92)). Increased density of local food shops, fast food outlets, supermarkets, and convenience stores and decreased density of food delivery outlets and restaurants were associated with a higher risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, and HF hospitalization and mortality. Conclusions: In this observational longitudinal study, changes in exposure to a healthier food environment over 14 years were associated with a risk reduction in CVD hospitalization and mortality, in particular in urbanized areas and for younger adults and those with higher incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical performance, a competitive edge for children, has received ample attention from stakeholders, especially from parents. However, the association between parenting style and children's mathematics performance remains open to debate, and longitudinal studies are lacking. Therefore, this study used longitudinal data from four waves of surveys (2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018), with an initial sample of 1042 children (51.5% girls) aged 11, 13, and 15 years. Positive associations between supportive parenting style and higher mathematics scores were observed across all waves, both in unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear regression models, with all p < 0.05. Even after running five sets of sensitivity analyses (e.g., controlling counting skills in toddlerhood, imputing key covariates), the positive association remained robust. Ultimately, we found that supportive parenting style was positively associated with improved mathematical performance in adolescents measured up to six years later. This finding underscores the importance of supportive parenting in enhancing adolescents' mathematical performance and suggests that integrating supportive parenting strategies into family-based approaches may effectively improve children's mathematical achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of osteoporosis has drastically increased recently. It is not only the most frequent but is also a major global public health problem due to its high morbidity. There are many risk factors associated with osteoporosis were identified. However, most studies have used the traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) to explore their relationships. Recently, machine learning (Mach-L) has become a new modality for data analysis because it enables machine to learn from past data or experiences without being explicitly programmed and could capture nonlinear relationships better. These methods have the potential to outperform conventional MLR in disease prediction. In the present study, we enrolled a Chinese post-menopause cohort followed up for 4 years. The difference of T-score (δ-T score) was the dependent variable. Information such as demographic, biochemistry and life styles were the independent variables. Our goals were: (1) Compare the prediction accuracy between Mach-L and traditional MLR for δ-T score. (2) Rank the importance of risk factors (independent variables) for prediction of δ T-score. Totally, there were 1698 postmenopausal women were enrolled from MJ Health Database. Four different Mach-L methods namely, Random forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Naïve Bayes (NB), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), to construct predictive models for predicting δ-BMD after four years follow-up. The dataset was then randomly divided into an 80% training dataset for model building and a 20% testing dataset for model testing. A 10-fold cross-validation technique for hyperparameter tuning was used. The model with the lowest root mean square error for the validation dataset was viewed as the best model for each ML method. The averaged metrics of the RF, SGB, NB, and XGBoost models were used to compare the model performance of the benchmark MLR model that used the same training and testing dataset as the Mach-L methods. We defined that the priority demonstrated in each model ranked 1 as the most critical risk factor and 22 as the last selected risk factor. For Pearson correlation, age, education, BMI, HDL-C, and TSH were positively and plasma calcium level, and baseline T-score were negatively correlated with δ-T score. All four Mach-L methods yielded lower prediction errors than the MLR method and were all convincing Mach-L models. From our results, it could be noted that education level is the most important factor for δ-T Score, followed by DBP, smoking, SBP, UA, age, and LDL-C. All four Mach-L outperformed traditional MLR. By using Mach-L, the most important six risk factors were selected which are, from the most important to the least: DBP, SBP, UA, education level, TG and sleeping hour. δ T score was positively related to SBP, education level, UA and TG and negatively related to DBP and sleeping hour in postmenopausal Chinese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders share substantial similarities in their etiology and treatment. In recent decades, these commonalities have been increasingly recognized in classification systems and treatment programs crossing diagnostic boundaries. Methods: To examine the prospective effects of different transdiagnostic markers on relevant treatment outcomes, we plan to track a minimum of N = 200 patients with emotional disorders during their routine course of cognitive behavioral therapy at two German outpatient clinics. We will collect a wide range of transdiagnostic markers, ranging from basic perceptual processes and self-report measures to complex behavioral and neurobiological indicators, before entering therapy. Symptoms and psychopathological processes will be recorded before entering therapy, between the 20th and 24th therapy session, and at the end of therapy. Discussion: Our results could help to identify transdiagnostic markers with high predictive power, but also provide deeper insights into which patient groups with which symptom clusters are less likely to benefit from therapy, and for what reasons. Trial Registration: The trial was preregistered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00031206; 2023–05-09). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions Previous evidence on the relation between early head circumference (HC) growth and behavioural outcomes in preschoolers has been inconsistent.We aimed to investigate whether HC growth from birth to 5 years of age was related to internalising or externalising behavioural problems at 5 years of age in a sex‐specific manner.Among 303 girls and 318 boys from the MINA‐Brazil birth cohort, we examined the associations between changes in HC from birth to 5 years of age and internalising and externalising behaviour problem scores at 5 years according to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents. HC values were transformed into sex‐ and age‐specific z‐scores (HCZ) using World Health Organisation standards, and the differences between values at 5 years of age and birth were classified into quintiles. We estimated adjusted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals in behavioural problem scores between HCZ change quintiles using multivariable linear regression by sex. To examine nonlinear associations, we included cubic spline terms.Head circumference growth from birth to 5 years of age was inversely and nonlinearly associated with internalising problems in girls. Compared with girls at the lowest quintile of HC growth, those above had an adjusted 1.27 (95% confidence interval 0.28, 2.27) points lower mean internalising problems score. This association was mostly driven by HC growth during the first 2 years. We found no association between HC growth and externalising behaviour in either sex.Impaired HC growth was related to higher mean internalising problem scores at 5 years of age in girls but not in boys. HC growth was not associated with externalising problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental distress among retirees and older people is a severe public health challenge, and information on new risk groups is needed. This study aims to identify subgroups of old-age retirees with varying associations between low social support and mental distress by applying model-based recursive partitioning (MOB). Methods: We used the Helsinki Health Study follow-up survey data of old-age retired former municipal sector employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland. Phase 1 data were collected in 2000–2002, when all participants were employed, Phase 2 in 2007, Phase 3 in 2012, Phase 4 in 2017, and Phase 5 in 2022 (n = 4,466, 81% women). Social support and covariates were measured at each Phase 1–5 and the outcome, mental distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales [DASS-21]) was measured at a single occasion, during Phase 5. The three subscales and the common factor of general distress were analysed separately. An approach rooted in computational statistics was used to investigate risk factor heterogeneity in the association of low social support and mental distress. MOB combines decision trees with regression analysis to identify subgroups with the most significant heterogeneity among risk factors. Results: Median (IQR) general distress score from DASS-21 was 5.7 (3.0, 9.0), while Social Support Questionnaire number-score (SSQN) was 1.5 (1.15, 2.05). The primary effect modifier for the association between social support and general distress was education (p < 0.001). Those with high education had a different association of low social support and general distress than those with low or medium education. Additionally, the subgroup with low and medium education had a significant effect modification for age (p = 0.01). For the association between low social support and depressive symptoms, the moderating effect of education was dependent on gender, as men with medium–high education had the weakest association, while for women with medium–high education the association was strongest. Conclusions: Our results suggest that stratification by sociodemographic variables is justifiable when investigating risk factors of mental distress in old-age retirees. The incongruent association of low social support and depressive symptoms in men with medium–high education compared to women with medium–high education is a promising target for confirmatory research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the chronicity of mental disorder in children with chronic physical illness (CPI) are limited. We examined the prevalence and predictors of homotypic and heterotypic continuity of mental disorder in children with CPI. A sample of 263 children aged 2–16 years with physician-diagnosed CPI were recruited from outpatient clinics (e.g., dermatology, respiratory) at a Canadian pediatric academic hospital and followed for 24 months. Parent and child-reported mental disorders (mood, anxiety, behavioral, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months. Marginal regression models were computed to identify clinical, parent, and demographic factors associated with mental comorbidity over time. Mental disorder was observed in 24–27% of children with CPI based on child reports and 35–39% based on parent reports. Parent-reported models revealed significant homotypic continuity for all mental disorders (ORs = 4.2–9.5), and heterotypic continuity between mood and anxiety disorders (OR = 2.2), ADHD and behavioral disorders (OR = 5.1), and behavioral and each mental disorder (ORs = 6.7–8.4). Child-reported models revealed significant homotypic continuity for mood (OR = 8.8) and anxiety disorder (OR = 6.0), and heterotypic continuity between anxiety and mood disorders (OR = 12.4). Child disability (ORs = 1.3–1.5) and parent psychopathology (ORs = 1.2–1.8) were the most consistent predictors of both child- and parent-reported mental disorder over time. Mental comorbidity was prevalent and persistent in children with CPI with homotypic and heterotypic continuity common across informants. Child disability and parent psychopathology may be priority targets within integrated family-centered models of care to prevent mental comorbidity in children with CPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study aimed to explore the change trend and group heterogeneity of psychosocial adjustment level and to determine its influencing factors among young and middle-aged patients with first-episode acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods and results The Psychosocial Adjustment Scale of Illness was used to assess the psychosocial adjustment level of the patients at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge, respectively. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation analysis, generalized estimating equations, and growth mixed models. A total of 233 patients were included, and their psychosocial adjustment scores at the three time points were 57.18 ± 15.50, 36.17 ± 15.02, and 24.22 ± 12.98, respectively. The trajectories of changes in patients' psychosocial adjustment levels were divided into three latent categories: moderate adjustment improvement group (72.5%), low adjustment improvement group (16.3%), and persistent maladjustment group (11.2%). Among them, predictors of the persistent maladjustment group included no spouse, low monthly family income per capita, normal body mass index, never smoking, never exercising, combined with hyperlipidaemia, low social support, submission coping, and high perceived stress. Conclusion The psychosocial adjustment level of young and middle-aged patients with first-episode AMI showed an upward trend within 6 months after discharge, and there was group heterogeneity in the change trajectory of psychosocial adjustment level. It is suggested that a multicentre, large-sample longitudinal study should be carried out in the future, and the time of follow-up investigation should be extended to further clarify the change trajectory and influencing factors of psychosocial adjustment of patients with different subtypes, to provide the theoretical basis for formulating targeted intervention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]