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Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to assess alterations of pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ) and muscle deoxygenation on-kinetics during heavy-intensity cycling in youth cyclists over a period of 15 months. Methods: Eleven cyclists (initial age, 14.3 [1.6] y; peak V ˙ O 2 , 62.2 [4.5] mL·min−1·kg−1) visited the laboratory twice on 3 occasions within 15 months. Participants performed an incremental ramp exercise test and a constant workrate test within the heavy-intensity domain during the first visit and second visit, respectively. Subsequently, parameter estimates of the V ˙ O 2 and muscle deoxygenation on-kinetics were determined with mono-exponential models. Results: The V ˙ O 2 phase II time constant decreased from occasion 1 (34 [4] s) to occasion 2 (30 [4] s, P =.005) and 3 (28 [4] s, P =.010). However, no significant alteration was observed between occasions 2 and 3 (P =.565). The V ˙ O 2 slow component amplitude either expressed in absolute values (ie, L·min−1) or relative to end exercise V ˙ O 2 (ie, %) showed no significant changes throughout the study (P =.972 and.996). Furthermore, the muscle deoxygenation on-kinetic mean response time showed no significant changes throughout the study (18 [8], 18 [3], and 16 [5] s for occasions 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P =.279). Conclusion: These results indicate proportional enhancements of local muscle oxygen distribution and utilization, which both contributed to the speeding of the V ˙ O 2 on-kinetics herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Problematic Internet use (i.e., Internet use that disrupts functioning in other important domains; PIU) is increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly among youth. One form of PIU relates specifically to interpersonal interaction and communication, deemed social PIU. Social PIU has been linked to various forms of psychopathology, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet with limited longitudinal research, the direction of this association remains unclear. Moreover, little research investigates whether social PIU is linked to one or both symptom dimensions of ADHD (inattention vs. hyperactivity/impulsivity). METHODS: The present study utilized data from the largest extant longitudinal study of girls with childhood-diagnosed ADHD (N = 228). Linear regression and structural equation models were used to analyze social PIU as both a prospective predictor and outcome of ADHD symptoms. RESULTS: Inattentive ADHD symptoms were positively associated with concurrent social PIU in initial regression models but were non-significant in path analyses. Social PIU was only marginally significant in predicting subsequent inattention six years later. Symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity were unrelated to social PIU among girls at either time point. CONCLUSIONS: Inattentive ADHD symptoms were initially positively linked to concurrent problems with social Internet use, but bidirectional associations were non-significant in path analyses. Relations between PIU and ADHD in girls may be less robust than previously thought, although further longitudinal research with clinical samples is needed to clarify which groups of adolescents are particularly vulnerable to social PIU and its long-term effects.

Substance use disparities among sexual and gender minority (SGM) people are attributed to minority stress, but few studies have examined minority stress and cannabis use over time or investigated differences in cannabis use trajectories by less-studied gender subgroups. We examined if longitudinal cannabis use trajectories are related to baseline minority stressors and if gender differences persisted after accounting for minority stress. Cannabis use risk was measured annually over four years (2017-2021) within a longitudinal cohort study of SGM adults in the United States (N = 11,813). Discrimination and victimization, internalized stigma, disclosure and concealment, and safety and acceptance comprised minority stress (n = 5,673). Latent class growth curve mixture models identified five cannabis use trajectories: 'low or no risk', 'low moderate risk', 'high moderate risk', 'steep risk increase', and 'highest risk'. Participants who reported past-year discrimination and/or victimization at baseline had greater odds of membership in any cannabis risk category compared to the 'low risk' category (odds ratios [OR] 1.17-1.33). Internalized stigma was related to 'high moderate' and 'highest risk' cannabis use (ORs 1.27-1.38). After accounting for minority stress, compared to cisgender men, gender expansive people and transgender men had higher odds of 'low moderate risk' (ORs 1.61, 1.67) or 'high moderate risk' (ORs 2.09, 1.99), and transgender men had higher odds of 'highest risk' (OR 2.36) cannabis use. This study indicates minority stress is related to prospective cannabis use risk trajectories among SGM people, and transgender men and gender expansive people have greater odds of trajectories reflecting cannabis use risk.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental condition characterized by developmentally extreme and impairing symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. Great interest has emerged in the ways ADHD and its underlying symptom dimensions relate to the development of personality traits. Much extant research on this topic is cross-sectional, relying on self-report measures and male samples. Herein, we present data from a prospective, longitudinal study of a socioeconomically and racially diverse sample of girls, including those with ADHD and a matched neurotypical comparison sample. We examined how parent- and teacher-reported ADHD in middle childhood relate to self-reported Big Five personality traits in adolescence. As expected, childhood ADHD diagnosis prospectively predicted lower self-reported Conscientiousness, lower Agreeableness, and higher Neuroticism in adolescence. With ADHD diagnosis covaried, Inattention (IA) predicted only low Conscientiousness, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (HI) predicted only low Agreeableness, and neither predicted adolescent Neuroticism. An exploratory moderator analysis showed that family income moderated the effects of IA and HI on the negativity of adolescent self-descriptions of their own personalities, with more pronounced negative effects for girls in families with higher (rather than lower) income. Familial pressures to achieve in higher-income families may be linked to more pronounced negative ramifications of ADHD on personality development.

Many of the theories used in behavioral cybersecurity research have been applied with a nomothetic approach, which is characterized by cross-sectional data (e.g., one-time surveys) that identify patterns across a population of individuals. Although this can provide valuable between-person, point-in-time insights (e.g., employees who use neutralization techniques, such as denying responsibility for cybersecurity policy violations, tend to comply less), it is unable to reveal within-person patterns that account for varying experiences and situations over time. This paper articulates why an idiographic approach, which undertakes a within-person analysis of longitudinal data, can: (1) help validate widely used theories in behavioral cybersecurity research that imply patterns of behavior within a given person over time and (2) provide distinct theoretical insights on behavioral cybersecurity phenomena by accounting for such within-person patterns. To these ends, we apply an idiographic approach to an established theory in behavioral cybersecurity research--neutralization theory--and empirically test a within-person variant of this theory using a four-week experience sampling study. Our results support a more granular application of neutralization theory in the cybersecurity context that considers the behavior of a given person over time. We conclude the paper by highlighting the contexts and theories that provide the most promising opportunities for future behavioral cybersecurity research using an idiographic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human brain undergoes rapid development during the first years of life. Beginning in utero, a wide array of biological, social, and environmental factors can have lasting impacts on brain structure and function. To understand how prenatal and early life experiences alter neurodevelopmental trajectories and shape health outcomes, several NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices collaborated to support and launch the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study. The HBCD Study is a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, that will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. Influenced by the success of the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®) and in partnership with the NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-term® Initiative, or NIH HEAL Initiative®, the HBCD Study aims to establish a diverse cohort of over 7000 pregnant participants to understand how early life experiences, including prenatal exposure to addictive substances and adverse social environments as well as their interactions with an individuals genes, can affect neurodevelopmental trajectories and outcomes. Knowledge gained from the HBCD Study will help identify targets for early interventions and inform policies that promote resilience and mitigate the neurodevelopmental effects of adverse childhood experiences and environments.

BACKGROUND: Although the link between alcohol involvement and behavioral phenotypes (e.g. impulsivity, negative affect, executive function [EF]) is well-established, the directionality of these associations, specificity to stages of alcohol involvement, and extent of shared genetic liability remain unclear. We estimate longitudinal associations between transitions among alcohol milestones, behavioral phenotypes, and indices of genetic risk. METHODS: Data came from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (n = 3681; ages 11-36). Alcohol transitions (first: drink, intoxication, alcohol use disorder [AUD] symptom, AUD diagnosis), internalizing, and externalizing phenotypes came from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. EF was measured with the Tower of London and Visual Span Tasks. Polygenic scores (PGS) were computed for alcohol-related and behavioral phenotypes. Cox models estimated associations among PGS, behavior, and alcohol milestones. RESULTS: Externalizing phenotypes (e.g. conduct disorder symptoms) were associated with future initiation and drinking problems (hazard ratio (HR)⩾1.16). Internalizing (e.g. social anxiety) was associated with hazards for progression from first drink to severe AUD (HR⩾1.55). Initiation and AUD were associated with increased hazards for later depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (HR⩾1.38), and initiation was associated with increased hazards for future conduct symptoms (HR = 1.60). EF was not associated with alcohol transitions. Drinks per week PGS was linked with increased hazards for alcohol transitions (HR⩾1.06). Problematic alcohol use PGS increased hazards for suicidal ideation (HR = 1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral markers of addiction vulnerability precede and follow alcohol transitions, highlighting dynamic, bidirectional relationships between behavior and emerging addiction.

BackgroundIn contrast to prior research, our study presents longitudinal comparisons of the EQ-5D-5L and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) preference (PROPr) scores. This fills a gap in the literature, providing a much-needed understanding of these preference-based measures and their applications in healthcare research. Furthermore, our study provides equations to estimate one measure from the other, a tool that can significantly facilitate comparisons across studies.MethodsWe administered a health survey to 4,098 KnowledgePanel® members living in the United States. A subset of 1,256 (82% response rate) with back pain also completed the six-month follow-up survey. We then conducted thorough cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the two measures, including product-moment correlations between scores, associations with demographic variables, and health conditions. To estimate one measure from the other, we used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with the baseline data from the general population.ResultsThe correlation between the EQ-5D-5L and PROPr scores was 0.69, but the intraclass correlation was only 0.34 because the PROPr had lower (less positive) mean scores on the 0 (dead) to 1 (perfect health) continuum than the EQ-5D-5L. The associations between the two preference measures and demographic variables were similar at baseline. The product-moment correlation between unstandardized beta coefficients for each preference measure regressed on 22 health conditions was 0.86, reflecting similar patterns of unique associations. Correlations of change from baseline to 6 months in the two measures with retrospective perceptions of change were similar. Adjusted variance explained in OLS regressions predicting one measure from the other was 48%. On average, the predicted values were within a half-standard deviation of the observed EQ-5D-5L and PROPr scores. The beta-binomial regression model slightly improved over the OLS model in predicting the EQ-5D-5L from the PROPr but was equivalent to the OLS model in predicting the PROPr.ConclusionDespite substantial mean differences, the EQ-5D-5L and PROPr have similar cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with other variables. We provide the OLS regression equations for use in cost-effectiveness research and meta-analyses. Future studies are needed to compare these measures with different conditions and interventions to provide more information on their relative validity.

IntroductionConsumption of fast food has been linked to psychiatric distress, violent behaviors, and impulsivity in adolescents. The relationship between eating fast food, anger, and impulsivity has not been widely investigated. The National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence community-based cohort consists of 831 youth, half at elevated risk factors for substance use disorders during adolescence, followed annually.MethodsImpulsivity using Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking Impulsive Behavior scale from annual assessments was examined in relation to self-reported fast-food consumption frequency and mobile application questions of anger. This study tested the hypotheses that youth anger may be predicted by fast-food consumption frequency and impulsivity using multiple regression, in addition to whether adolescent fast-food consumption frequency may be predicted by anger and impulsivity.ResultsAmong youth, higher anger levels and impulsivity predicted greater frequency of fast-food consumption, and greater fast-food consumption frequency and impulsivity predicted higher anger levels.ConclusionsThis study's longitudinal findings are consistent with those of other studies that have found fast-food consumption and anger associated with impulsivity and also reveal a bidirectional link between anger and fast-food consumption. These results may point attention to food selection considerations for those at risk of anger and poorer psychiatric outcomes.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) holds promise for neuropsychiatric conditions where imbalance in network activity contributes to symptoms. Treatment-resistant Combat post-traumatic stress disorder (TR-PTSD) is a highly morbid condition and 50% of PTSD sufferers fail to recover despite psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. Reminder-triggered symptoms may arise from inadequate top-down ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) control of amygdala reactivity. Here, we report long-term data on two TR-PTSD participants from an investigation utilizing high-frequency amygdala DBS. The two combat veterans were implanted bilaterally with quadripolar electrodes targeting the basolateral amygdala. Following a randomized staggered onset, patients received stimulation with adjustments based on PTSD symptom severity for four years while psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and electroencephalography were systematically monitored. Evaluation of vmPFC-Amygdala network engagement was assessed with 18FDG positron emission tomography (PET). CAPS-IV scores varied over time, but improved 55% from 119 at baseline to 53 at 4-year study endpoint in participant 1; and 44%, from 68 to 38 in participant 2. Thereafter, during 5 and 1.5 years of subsequent clinical care respectively, long-term bilateral amygdala DBS was associated with additional, clinically significant symptomatic and functional improvement. There were no serious stimulation-related adverse psychiatric, neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, neurological, or neurosurgical effects. In one subject, symptomatic improvement was associated with an intensity-dependent reduction in amygdala theta frequency power. In out two participants, FDG-PET findings were inconclusive regarding the hypothesized mechanism of suppression of amygdala hyperactivity. Our findings encourage further research to confirm and extend our preliminary observations.

The ability to quantify within-person changes in mental health is central to the mission of clinical psychology. Typically, this is done using total or mean scores on symptom measures; however, this approach assumes that measures quantify the same construct, the same way, each time the measure is completed. Without this quality, termed longitudinal measurement invariance, an observed difference between timepoints might be partially attributable to changing measurement properties rather than changes in comparable symptom measurements. This concern is amplified in research using different forms of a measure across developmental periods due to potential differences in reporting styles, item-wording, and developmental context. This study provides the strongest support for the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Anxiety Scale, Depression/Affective Problems: Cognitive Subscale, and the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Scale; moderate support for the Depression/Affective Problems Scale and the Somatic Scale, and poor support for the Depression/Affective Problems: Somatic Symptoms Subscale of the Dutch Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment Youth Self-Report and Adult Self-Report in a sample of 1,309 individuals (N = 1,090 population-based, N = 219 clinic-based/referred to an outpatient clinic before age 11 years) across six waves of data (mean ages = 11 years at Wave 1 and 26 years at Wave 6).

Early life experiences can exert a significant influence on cortical and cognitive development. Very preterm birth exposes infants to several adverse environmental factors during hospital admission, which affect cortical architecture. However, the subsequent consequence of very preterm birth on cortical growth from infancy to adolescence has never been defined; despite knowledge of critical periods during childhood for establishment of cortical networks. Our aims were to: chart typical longitudinal cortical development and sex differences in cortical development from birth to adolescence in healthy term-born children; estimate differences in cortical development between children born at term and very preterm; and estimate differences in cortical development between children with normal and impaired cognition in adolescence. This longitudinal cohort study included children born at term (≥37 weeks gestation) and very preterm (

It is important for dental researchers to have a general idea of the different types of data that can be collected from a study and the available statistical tools that can be used with such data. By knowing about what is available, researchers will have an informed idea of the types of studies that should be conducted, the data that should be collected, and the proper statistical methods for analyzing collected data. In the first part of this general overview of statistical methods, we walked through the various types of data that traditional statistical techniques, such as t tests and linear regression, can handle. In this second part, we explore more complex types of data that traditional statistical techniques are unable to handle. Specifically, we discuss longitudinal and time-to-event data because both occur frequently in dental studies and require special modeling techniques in order to analyze correctly. Using two different simulated dental datasets, the proper application of techniques such as repeated measures ANOVA, linear mixed modeling, generalized estimating equations, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards models are discussed and illustrated in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: One large focus of personality psychology is to understand the biopsychosocial factors responsible for adult personality development and well-being change. However, little is known about how macro-level contextual factors, such as rurality-urbanicity, are related to personality development and well-being change. METHOD: The present study uses data from two large longitudinal studies of U.S. Americans (MIDUS, HRS) to examine whether there are rural-urban differences in levels and changes in the Big Five personality traits and well-being (i.e., psychological well-being, and life satisfaction) in adulthood. RESULTS: Multilevel models showed that Americans who lived in more rural areas tended to have lower levels of openness, conscientiousness, and psychological well-being, and higher levels of neuroticism. With the exception of psychological well-being (which replicated across MIDUS and HRS), rural-urban differences in personality traits were only evident in the HRS sample. The effect of neuroticism was fully robust to the inclusion of socio-demographic and social network covariates, but other effects were partially robust (i.e., conscientiousness and openness) or were not robust at all (i.e., psychological well-being). In both samples, there were no rural-urban differences in Big Five or well-being change. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the implications of these findings for personality and rural health research.

OBJECTIVE: One critical component of individual and public health is healthcare utilization, or the extent to which individuals have routine check-ups, schedule treatments, or use emergency services. However, we know little about who uses healthcare services and what types, the conditions that exacerbate utilization, or the factors that explain why people seek out services. The present study fills these gaps in the literature by investigating the role of personality factors in predicting various forms of healthcare utilization, how these associations vary by age, socioeconomic resources, and chronic conditions, as well as one potential psychological mediating mechanism (i.e., sense of control). METHODS: We use data from a large longitudinal sample of Americans (N = 7108), with three assessments spanning 20 years. Participants reported on their Big Five personality traits using the Midlife Development Inventory, healthcare utilization across three domains (routine visits, scheduled treatment, urgent care), age, income, insurance, chronic conditions, and sense of control. RESULTS: Multilevel models showed that people who were more agreeable and neurotic tended to use more healthcare services. Moreover, on occasions when people were more extraverted and open, they tended to use more healthcare services. There were several nuances in personality-healthcare utilization associations depending on the type of healthcare service, age, and socioeconomic resources. Longitudinal mediation analyses demonstrated sense of control as one mechanism linking personality traits to healthcare utilization in the U.S. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of interactions between individuals and structural systems for promoting the health of aging U.S. Americans.

BACKGROUND: Refugees and immigrants can experience complex stressors from the process of immigration that can have lasting and severe long-term mental health consequences. Experiences after ayahuasca ingestion are shown to produce positive effects on psychological wellbeing and mental health, including anecdotal reports of improved symptoms of trauma and related disorders. However, data on the longitudinal health impact of naturalistic ayahuasca use in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) immigrant and refugee populations is limited. AIMS: The current longitudinal online survey study was conducted to gather prospective data on ceremonial ayahuasca use in a group (N = 15) of primarily female MENA immigrants and refugees and to provide further insight into the patterns and outcomes surrounding that use. The study sought to assess self-reported changes in physical and mental health, well-being, and psychological functioning, examine relationships between aspects of individual mindset (e.g., psychedelic preparedness) prior to ayahuasca use and observed outcomes during (e.g., subjective drug effects) and afterwards (i.e., persisting effects), characterize risks and negative experiences, and describe trauma exposure and personal history. RESULTS/OUTCOMES: Our findings revealed ceremonial use of ayahuasca is associated with significant improvements in mental health, well-being, and psychological functioning, including reductions in depression, anxiety, and shame, and increases in cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion. Most participants reported no lasting adverse effects and experienced notable positive behavioral changes persisting months after ingestion. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: While preliminary, results suggest naturalistic ayahuasca use might hold therapeutic potential for MENA populations exposed to trauma prior to and during the process of migration.

Herpetic geometric glossitis is a unique morphologic variant of HSV (herpes simplex virus) type 1 infection on the dorsum of the tongue that presents as an extremely painful linear central lingual fissure with a branched pattern. in the center of the tongue; there is a branched pattern of fissures that extend bilaterally from the central linear fissure. Herpetic geometric glossitis has been reported in 11 patients; 8 of these individuals were immunocompromised. Medical conditions and immunosuppressive medication treatment (7 patients) or only medical disorders (3 patients) or neither (1 patient) were present. HSV type 1 infection was diagnosed by viral culture in (7 patients), Tzanck preparation (2 patients) or clinically (2 patients). Mucocutaneous HSV infection at non-lingual locations--including the lips, labial mucosa, face and chest--were observed in 5 patients. All patients' symptoms and lesions responded to treatment with oral antiviral therapy: acyclovir (9 patients), famciclovir (1 patient) or valacyclovir (1 patient). The lingual pain and dorsal tongue fissures completely resolved completely within two to 14 days. In summary, herpetic geometric glossitis is a unique HSV type 1 infection, usually in immunocompromised patients, that occurs on the dorsal tongue and responds completely after treatment with orally administered antiviral therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior studies on cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive trajectories are limited and have had conflicting results. Furthermore, most studies have used a single measure of CR that may not reflect a comprehensive exposure. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of individual and composite CR measures on cognitive decline over a 6-year period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 55,340 participants from 16 European countries, aged 50 and older, who participated in the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. We used cognitive measures (including immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency, and numeracy) and 3 CR factors (education, occupation, and cognitive activities) collected in 4 waves from 2011 to 2017. Structural equation modeling was used to construct the composite CR score, analyzed as tertile. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the study aims. RESULTS: At baseline, the highest composite CR tertile was associated with a higher cognition score than the middle and lowest CR tertiles (β: -0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.29 to -0.26; β: -0.71, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.70, respectively), as well as for all individual cognitive domains. At longitudinal results, compared with the lowest CR, the highest but not the middle CR tertile demonstrated a slower 6-year decline in global cognition (β: -0.02, 95 % CI: -0.03 to -0.01), as well as in all cognitive domains (p

This study examined individual variation in change over time in sedentary behaviour and factors associated with higher or lower sedentary behaviour and change in sedentary behaviour in 110 toddlers from 18 to 36 months of age. Mother/child dyads were recruited into the study when children were 6 months of age. Mothers completed surveys, and children were measured at 6-month intervals to 36 months. Children wore accelerometers for one week at each time point, and height and weight were measured. Growth curve modelling examined relationships between demographic, early life, and environmental factors and sedentary behaviour from 18 to 36 months. Fifty-one percent of the children were boys. The trajectory of sedentary behaviour increased from 18 to 24 months then declined. Children with higher sedentary behaviour were less likely to be enrolled in daycare (p < 0.05), and they engaged in higher TV/electronic media use (p < 0.05). Children with lower sedentary behaviour were more likely to have been breastfed (p < 0.05). Children with higher locomotion scores at 6 months were less sedentary at 18 months (p < 0.05), but this difference diminished over time. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed, limit their child’s TV/electronic media use, and provide opportunities for their young children to be physically active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study leverages a unique combination of PISA survey data and Danish registry data to explore the educational gaps in Denmark between adolescents with native and non-Western immigrant backgrounds, focussing on personality traits, school wellbeing, parental involvement and family norms. The study investigates gaps in GPA at age 16 and in length of final education at around age 30. Key findings indicate that parental involvement and family norms significantly mediate the immigrant–native GPA gap, while personality traits do not significantly explain the immigrant–native gaps. Furthermore, the immigrant–native gap in length of final education at age 30 is more than fully explained when accounting for adolescence socio-economic characteristics and parental expectations and involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: How cognition is influenced by electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is still debated. The development and etiology of neurocognitive impairment in MDD were examined by investigating the cognitive profile following ECT related to the state, scar, and trait perspectives, with the former predicting improvements parallel with depressive symptoms, while the two latter expected persisting impairments. Executive functions (EF) and attention are central to cognition and alterations in these functions could influence other domains like memory. The main aims of the present study were to examine the short and long-term effects of ECT on EF and attention in patients with major depressive disorder by exploiting the rapid antidepressant effect of this treatment. Methods: A case-control longitudinal follow-up design was used to investigate the effects of unilateral brief-pulse ECT on EF and attention in patients with depression (n = 36) compared to untreated healthy controls (n = 16). EF and attention were measured pre-treatment, approximately two weeks, and six months post-treatment. Results: The patient group showed significantly worse performance on most tests compared to healthy controls pre-treatment, and no short- or long-term worsening of EF and attention following ECT was found. Significant improvement was identified in patients' attention, processing speed and inhibition after ECT. Conclusions: The present study showed that there was no cognitive worsening after ECT treatment. An improvement in several of the tests measuring inhibition, attention, and processing speed was parallel to symptom reduction, with the former showing associations to symptom change, suggesting state-related effects from improved mood. Still, the patient group performed significantly worse on most measures both pre-treatment and at the short and long-term follow-ups, indicating prevailing trait or scar effects on cognitive functions and potential lack of practice effects. Clinical trial number: NCT04348825 (14.04.20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Method Results Conclusions Consistent data support an association between anxiety and eating disorders (EDs), and theoretical models of EDs suggest that anxiety may be involved in the etiology and maintenance of ED symptoms over time. However, the directionality of relations between these variables remains under‐characterized, particularly within treatment settings.We used bivariate latent change score models to explore longitudinal associations between anxiety and ED symptoms in a sample of ED patients (N = 548, 93.2% female, Mage = 21.16, 78.8% White, 79.6% Non‐Hispanic/Latinx) throughout intensive treatment and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up.Best‐fitting models exploring change in each variable independently (i.e., univariate models) suggested that changes in ED and anxiety symptoms decreased over time, but that change was influenced by an individual's symptom severity at the previous timepoint. Models exploring associations between changes in both variables over time (i.e., bivariate latent change score models) suggested the best fit for a model where both anxiety and ED symptoms at one timepoint were associated with later change in the other. Specifically, parameters within these models suggested that higher levels of anxiety were associated with increased subsequent reductions in ED symptoms, whereas elevations in ED symptoms were associated with decreased later reductions in anxiety.Our findings suggest that anxiety and ED symptoms are intricately related both within and outside of intensive treatment. Future multi‐modal research exploring real‐time links between anxiety and ED symptoms throughout treatment is critical to extend this work and inform improvements in targeted, mechanistic interventions for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusions Impact Patient or Public Contribution To explore the stability of resilience among frontline nurses and to analyse the predictive role of internal and external factors on the patterns of resilience transformation in China during public health emergencies.The study used a longitudinal design and surveyed 258 frontline nurses at three different time points: February–March 2020 (T1), May–June 2020 (T2) and May–June 2022 (T3). The survey included the 10‐item Connor–Davidson resilience scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Simple Coping Style Questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis were used to examine the potential classes and changes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the predictors of resilience transitions.The resilience of frontline nurses was divided into three categories: fragile group, general group and high resilience group. From T1 to T2, the general group exhibited the least stability, with a probability of maintaining its original latent state at 72.9%. Marriage and positive coping styles significantly impacted the transition between resilience categories. From T2 to T3, the fragile group showed the lowest stability, with a 74.9% likelihood of retaining its initial latent state. In this context, supportive hospital management (including psychological counselling, restful environments, and both spiritual and material incentives) and individuals' emotional regulation and sleep quality significantly affected the transition between resilience categories.These findings emphasise the necessity for early intervention. For frontline nurses, conducting initial assessments of resilience coupled with sustained hospital support is crucial for maintaining mental health and improving the quality of nursing care in public health emergencies.This study offers a fresh perspective for understanding the resilience of frontline nurses during public health emergencies. At the same time, it reveals the factors that promote or hinder the change in resilience among frontline nurses at both individual and organisational levels. This provides a theoretical basis for future resilience interventions and helps us formulate effective crisis management strategies to respond to future public health emergencies. For frontline nurses with diverse resilience characteristics and relevant transformation factors, a personalised multi‐mode resilience improvement plan can be developed to mitigate public health emergencies' potential adverse psychological impact on frontline nurses, especially those in the fragile group.No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measures of parasympathetic regulation, such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), predict executive function outcomes, including inhibitory control, across childhood. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia augmentation tends to be associated with more maladaptive outcomes, compared to RSA suppression, but the literature regarding RSA profiles and inhibitory control development across infancy and early childhood is contradictory. The goal of our current study was to examine the longitudinal and interactive effects of infant RSA during a frustrating task with negative maternal characteristics on inhibitory control during early childhood. Participants included 410 children (209 girls, 77.6% White, 92.9% non‐Hispanic) and their mothers. With small to moderate effect sizes (r2 range from 0.124 to 0.143), we demonstrated that maternal negative affect when children were 36 months old moderated the association between 10‐month‐old RSA during a frustrating task and 48‐month‐old inhibitory control, such that RSA suppression predicted higher levels of inhibitory control, but only when mothers exhibited high levels of negative affect. Our results highlight the biosocial framework under which child inhibitory control develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) improve outcomes in advanced melanoma, but many patients are refractory or experience relapse. The gut microbiota modulates antitumor responses. However, inconsistent baseline predictors point to heterogeneity in responses and inadequacy of cross-sectional data. We followed patients with unresectable melanoma from baseline and during anti-PD-1 therapy, collecting fecal and blood samples that were surveyed for changes in the gut microbiota and immune markers. Varying patient responses were linked to different gut microbiota dynamics during ICI treatment. We select complete responders by their stable microbiota functions and validate them using multiple external cohorts and experimentally. We identify major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I)-restricted peptides derived from flagellin-related genes of Lachnospiraceae (FLach) as structural homologs of tumor-associated antigens, detect FLach -reactive CD8+ T cells in complete responders before ICI therapy, and demonstrate that FLach peptides improve antitumor immunity. These findings highlight the prognostic value of microbial functions and therapeutic potential of tumor-mimicking microbial peptides. [Display omitted] • Microbiome dynamic during immunotherapy correlates with clinical response in melanoma • Stable microbial functions carried by responders hold cross-cohort prognostic value • MHC class I peptides from stable flagellin-related genes mimic tumor-associated antigens • They induce reactivity on PBMC and TIL from responders and improve antitumor immunity Macandog et al. utilized longitudinal data to identify key gut microbial features in immunotherapy-responsive patients with melanoma. Functions stably carried by responders are specific to gut commensals that reportedly evolved mechanisms for human tolerance. These functions could provide advantage during immunotherapy by mimicking tumor antigens that stimulate effective tumor-clearing immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Significance Anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) is an effective treatment for drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), although language deficits may occur after both left and right ATLR. Functional reorganization of the language network has been observed in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres within 12 months after ATLR, but little is known of longer‐term plasticity effects. Our aim was to examine the plasticity of language functions up to a decade after ATLR, in relation to cognitive profiles.We examined 24 TLE patients (12 left [LTLE]) and 10 controls across four time points: pre‐surgery, 4 months, 12 months, and ~9 years post‐ATLR. Participants underwent standard neuropsychological assessments (naming, phonemic, and categorical fluency tests) and a verbal fluency functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task. Using a flexible factorial design, we analyzed longitudinal fMRI activations from 12 months to ~9 years post‐ATLR, relative to controls, with separate analyses for people with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Change in cognitive profiles was correlated with the long‐term change in fMRI activations to determine the “efficiency” of reorganized networks.LTLE patients had increased long‐term engagement of the left extra‐temporal and contralateral temporal regions, with better language performance linked to bilateral activation. Those with HS exhibited more widespread bilateral activations. RTLE patients showed plasticity in the left extra‐temporal regions, with better language outcomes associated with these areas. Both groups of patients achieved cognitive stability over 9 years, with more than 50% of LTLE patients improving. Older age, longer epilepsy duration, and lower pre‐operative cognitive reserve negatively affected long‐term language performance.Neuroplasticity continues for up to ~9 years post‐epilepsy surgery in LTLE and RTLE, with effective language recovery linked to bilateral engagement of temporal and extra‐temporal regions. This adaptive reorganization is associated with improved cognitive outcomes, challenging the traditional view of localized surgery effects. These findings emphasize the need for early intervention, tailored pre‐operative counseling, and the potential for continued cognitive gains with extended post‐ATLR rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Hip structural analysis parameters are associated with risk of fracture in women across a long follow-up period, with buckling ratio persisting independent of total hip BMD. Purpose: Hip structural analysis (HSA) uses dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) hip scans to calculate geometries of narrow neck (NN), intertrochanter (IT), and shaft (S), which may complement bone mineral density (BMD) for assessing fracture risk. We aimed to determine whether HSA parameters were associated with fracture. Methods: Participants were women (n = 986, ages 40–94 year) from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. HSA was calculated from Lunar DPX-L scans. Low-trauma incident fractures were identified radiologically. Participants were followed from baseline to first fracture, death, or end of follow-up period (31/12/16) (13,487 person-years follow-up). Time-updating Cox-proportional hazards modelling investigated associations between HSA parameters and fracture. Results: Three hundred thirty-five participants reported fractures (rate: 24.99/1000 person-years [95% CI 22.46–27.80]). Higher NN BMD (HR:0.12, 95% CI:0.05–0.29), cross-sectional area (CSA) (0.37, 0.26–0.52), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (0.66, 0.50–0.89), section modulus (SM) (0.40, 0.24–0.68) and cortical thickness (CT) (0.00, 0.00–0.01 due to rounding) were associated with decreased risk. IT BMD (0.08, 0.04–0.20), CSA (0.58, 0.49–0.69), CSMI (0.90, 0.85–0.94), and SM (0.69, 0.59–0.81) were similarly associated. Decreased risk was observed at increased values of S BMD (0.20, 0.10-0.38), CSA (0.60, 0.47–0.76), SM (0.60, 0.43–0.83), and CT (0.03, 0.01–0.14). Higher S endocortical diameter (1.81, 1.29–2.53), and buckling ratio (BR) at all sites (NN: 1.07, 1.04-1.11; IT: 1.08, 1.05–1.11, S: 1.31, 1.19–1.46) were associated with increased risk. After adjustment for total hip BMD, the associations with BR at the shaft (1.14, 1.00–1.30) were sustained. Other associations were attenuated. Conclusion: A greater shaft buckling ratio was associated with an increased risk for fracture, independent of total hip BMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the longitudinal predictors of lifestyle behaviours among stroke survivors in New South Wales, Australia. This longitudinal study utilised data from the baseline survey (2005–2009) and a sub-study survey (2017) of the 45 and Up Study. Physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and supplement use were included as dependent variables. Generalised estimating equation models were employed to assess the longitudinal association between the dependent variable and demographic and health status measures. The average age of the participants (n = 576) was 67 (SD = 9) years at baseline and 76 (SD = 9) years at the sub-study survey time, with 54.9% being male. The longitudinal analysis revealed that the likelihood of moderate/high physical activity significantly declined over time and was lower among participants with diabetes, but was higher among those with university education. The likelihood of smoking was significantly higher in females, moderate/high-risk alcohol consumers, and those with depression, but was lower among supplement users. The likelihood of moderate/high-risk alcohol consumption significantly declined with time, and was lower among females, but higher among smokers. The likelihood of supplement use significantly declined over time, but was higher among females and/or those with asthma. Our findings help illustrate that many stroke survivors may benefit from further support in adopting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle as part of their stroke management and long-term rehabilitation, which is crucial to optimising their quality of life and successful secondary stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Although it is widely assumed that avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) originates in childhood, there is little prospective research to substantiate this claim. We therefore aimed to determine whether presumed childhood risk factors predict AvPD traits at 16 years.A population‐based sample (n = 1,077; 50.9% female) from the 2003 and 2004 birth cohorts in (blinded for review) Norway was examined biennially from 4 to 16 years. The number of AvPD traits at the age of 16 was assessed with the structured clinical interview for DSM‐5 personality disorders and regressed on the intercept and growth in child risk and protective factors until the age of 14.The prevalence of AvPD at the age of 16 was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.2–4.1). Higher levels and an increased number of social anxiety symptoms over time, as well as increased negative affectivity/neuroticism, predicted a higher number of AvPD traits. When the levels and changes in these factors were adjusted for, less and decreasing extraversion forecasted more AvPD traits, as did declining self‐worth, higher levels of parental AvPD traits, and increased onlooking behavior.Neuroticism, low extraversion, social anxiety symptoms, passive onlooking behavior, and low self‐worth predicted a higher number of AvPD traits in adolescence, as did more AvPD traits in parents. Efforts to enhance self‐worth, reduce social anxiety, and promote peer interaction among onlooking children may reduce the development of AvPD traits in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Individuals with gambling disorder (GD) harbor cognitive distortions and dysfunctional beliefs about gambling that may foster problematic gambling behaviour. Evidence on particularly detrimental attitudes and beliefs is however lacking. To close this knowledge gap, we analysed associations between gambling attitudes and beliefs (Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey (GABS-15)) and severity of gambling disorder (DSM-5 criteria met) in a German cohort of 123 individuals receiving outpatient gambling treatment. Methods: Data from the "Katamnese-Study" covering a 36-months timeframe with 5 assessment points was pooled. The multidimensional structure of the GABS-15 was examined using explorative and confirmatory factor analyses, followed by mixed-effect regression models using different operationalizations of the GABS-15. Results: A three-factorial structure comprising "attitudes while gambling", "sensation-seeking / excitement", and "gambling fallacies" demonstrated better fit indices than the GABS-15 sum score. Only the "gambling fallacies " factor (1.00, p<0.05; 15.36, p < 0.01) was significantly associated with increased severity of GD. Discussion: As a one-dimensional conceptualization of gambling-related attitudes and beliefs might not sufficiently guide staff of outpatient treatment facilities regarding priority setting in gambling care, evidence on attitudes with particularly detrimental associations is highly warranted. Here, focussing on mitigating "gambling' fallacies" by tailored treatment strategies appears promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) project is the largest study of adolescent brain development. ABCD longitudinally tracks 11,868 participants aged 9–10 years from 21 sites using standardized protocols for multi‐site MRI data collection and analysis. While the multi‐site and multi‐scanner study design enhances the robustness and generalizability of analysis results, it may also introduce nonbiological variances including scanner‐related variations, subject motion, and deviations from protocols. ABCD imaging data were collected biennially within a period of ongoing maturation in cortical thickness and integrity of cerebral white matter. These changes can bias the classical test–retest methodologies, such as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). We developed a site‐wise adaptive ICC (AICC) to evaluate the reliability of imaging‐derived phenotypes while accounting for ongoing brain development. AICC iteratively estimates the population‐level age‐related brain development trajectory using a weighted mixed model and updates age‐corrected site‐wise reliability until convergence. We evaluated the test–retest reliability of regional fractional anisotropy (FA) measures from diffusion tensor imaging and cortical thickness (CT) from structural MRI data for each site. The mean AICC for 20 FA tracts across sites was 0.61 ± 0.19, lower than the mean AICC for CT in 34 regions across sites, 0.76 ± 0.12. Remarkably, sites using Siemens scanners consistently showed significantly higher AICC values compared with those using GE/Philips scanners for both FA (AICC = 0.71 ± 0.12 vs. 0.46 ± 0.17, p < 0.001) and CT (AICC = 0.80 ± 0.10 vs. 0.69 ± 0.11, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate site‐and‐scanner related variations in data quality and underscore the necessity for meticulous data curation in subsequent association analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The objective of this case report was to describe an ultrasound‐guided, minimally invasive method for longitudinal mammary gland tissue collection from the bovine species. Materials and Methods: Biopsies were performed on 14 8‐week‐old calves and 113 10‐week‐old calves. A subset of 36 animals had repeated mammary gland biopsies through the first lactation. Mammary gland biopsies were performed using a disposable biopsy punch. The technique was also performed on multiparous cows on other independent research trials. Results: One‐hundred and thirteen animals healed from the 10‐week biopsies with no complications. Of the 36 animals that received repeated biopsies, one developed mastitis due to premature suture removal and one had recurring mastitis in all quarters. Thirty‐three animals underwent all biopsies during gestation. Thirty of the original 36 are currently in lactation and still undergoing repeated biopsies. The method has also been successfully replicated on multiparous cows in separate studies. Discussion and Conclusion: The described technique is a safe, reliable method for cattle mammary gland biopsies beginning at eight weeks of age and can be utilized to obtain repeated tissue collection from individual animals. The technique is also straightforward to perform and utilizes simple tools while providing acceptable amounts of tissue for most applications, with low risk for infection and long‐term tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In cross‐sectional and retrospective research, parental binge eating is associated with their children's eating psychopathology. The current study extended the evidence by cross‐sectionally and longitudinally examining the relation between parental binge eating and binge eating and weight‐control behaviors in the next generation of their adolescent children and young adult children in a population‐based sample. Methods: Adolescents (Time 1: M = 14.5, SD = 2.0 years) (n = 2367), followed into adulthood (Time 2: M = 22.1, SD = 2.0 years), and their parents (n = 3664) were enrolled in EAT 2010–2018 and Project F‐EAT 2010. The current study examined parental binge eating, and child binge eating and weight‐control behaviors. Adjusted models covaried for child gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Results: Approximately 7% of adolescents at Time 1 had at least one parent who reported binge eating with no differences by child's age, gender, or race/ethnicity. Having at least one parent experiencing binge eating at Time 1 (vs. not) was associated cross‐sectionally with adolescent children's use of extreme weight‐control behaviors (9.6% vs. 4.8%; Risk Difference [RD] = 4.9%) and associated longitudinally with binge eating during young adulthood (21.1% vs. 11.6%; RD = 9.5%). Other associations did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Children of parents with binge eating appear to have elevated risk of extreme weight‐control behaviors during adolescence and binge eating in young adulthood. Clinicians should assess whether eating psychopathology extends to other family members, and offer additional support to parents with binge eating. Further research is needed to identify risk factors in the children of parents with binge eating and to assess strategies for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Alcohol consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic have varied notably. Participants: We examined the acute impact of the pandemic on alcohol use disorder (AUD) in a generalizable sample of college students who were surveyed pre-pandemic and re-surveyed in May 2020. Method: Items assessed pre-pandemic included DSM-5 AUD and mental health symptoms. A COVID-19 impacts questionnaire was administered, and alcohol and mental health items re-assessed. Results: AUD symptoms decreased from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic, demonstrating a change in trajectory compared to prior cohorts. Students with persistent AUD reported greater concurrent symptoms of PTSD, depression, and alcohol consumption than those with remitted AUD (ps ≤.02), but not increased COVID-19 impact. Persistent AUD status was predicted by higher sensation seeking and alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Students with concurrent mental health problems are at continued risk for persistent AUD. Findings highlight the impact of the college environment and social context for drinking on AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in telomere length as an indicator of current and future health. Although early childhood is a period of rapid telomere attrition, little is known about the factors that influence telomere biology during this time. Adult research suggests that telomere length is influenced by psychological characteristics. This study's goal was to test associations among repeated measures of temperament and telomere length in a community sample of children (N = 602; 52% male, 73% non-Hispanic White, middle-to-high socioeconomic status) from infancy to age 3 years. Relative telomere length was assessed from DNA in saliva samples collected at infancy (M = 8.4 months), 2 years (M = 24.9 months), and 3 years (M = 37.8 months). Temperament was assessed via maternal report questionnaires administered at infancy (Infant Behavior Report Questionnaire–Revised) and ages 2 and 3 years (Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire). Temperament was operationalized in two ways: using the established domains of negative affectivity, surgency/extraversion, and regulation/effortful control and using person-centered scores that identified three groups of children with similar profiles across domains (emotionally and behaviorally regulated; emotionally and behaviorally dysregulated; introverted and overcontrolled). Analyses revealed that greater regulation/effortful control was associated with longer telomere length across time points. Additionally, higher surgency/extraversion, beginning in infancy, was associated with decreased rate of telomere attrition. There were no sex differences in the relations between temperament and telomere measures. These findings suggest that, as early as infancy, temperament may influence telomere biology, with a potential protective effect of positive temperament characteristics on telomere erosion. Public Significance Statement: This study suggests that positive temperament characteristics may buffer telomere erosion in early childhood. Telomere erosion is a measure of cellular aging that may contribute to many diseases across the lifespan. Identifying factors in early life that influence telomeres may enhance our understanding of the origins of health and disease and our ability to identify at-risk individuals and to develop targeted, effective interventions that maximize health outcomes across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burnout is frequent among intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare professionals and may result in medical errors and absenteeism. The COVID‐19 pandemic caused additional strain during working hours and also affected off‐duty life. The aims of this study were to survey burnout levels among ICU healthcare professionals during the first year of COVID‐19, describe those who reported burnout, and analyse demographic and work‐related factors associated with burnout. Methods: This was a national prospective longitudinal cohort study of 484 nurses, physicians and leaders working in intensive care units with COVID‐19 patients in Norway. Burnout was measured at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up, after a registration of baseline data during the first months of the COVID epidemic. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), was used (range 0–100), burnout caseness defined as CBI ≥50. Bi‐ and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine baseline demographic variables and work‐related factors associated with burnout caseness at 12 months. Results: At 6 months, the median CBI score was 17, increasing to 21 at 12 months (p =.037), with nurses accounting for most of the increase. Thirty‐two per cent had an increase in score of more than 5, whereas 25% had a decrease of more than 5. Ten per cent reported caseness of burnout at 6 months and 14% at 12 months (n.s.). The participants with burnout caseness were of significantly lower age, had fewer years of experience, reported more previous anxiety and/or depression, more moral distress, less perceived hospital recognition, and more fear of infection in the bivariate analyses. Burnout was the single standing most reported type of psychological distress, and 24 out of 41 (59%) with burnout caseness also reported caseness of anxiety, depression and/or post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Multivariate analysis showed statistically significant associations of burnout caseness with fewer years of professional experience (p =.041) and borderline significance of perceived support by leader (p =.049). Conclusion: In Norway, a minority of ICU nurses, physicians and leaders reported burnout 1 year into the pandemic. A majority of those with burnout reported anxiety, depression and/or PTSD symptoms combined. Burnout was associated with less years of professional experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-being of college students is critical to their academic engagement and achievement. This study therefore investigated a mechanism - presence of meaning in life – that might account for the associations between gratitude and caring for bliss and an indicator of well-being, flourishing, using a longitudinal design. Participants were 402 students from the United States who completed questionnaires at three time points over the course of approximately 12 weeks. Gratitude and caring for bliss at time 1 predicted the presence of meaning in life at time 2, which, in turn, predicted flourishing at time 3 controlling for the presence of meaning in life at time 1 and flourishing at time 2. In addition, the presence of meaning in life at time 2 mediated the associations between gratitude and caring for bliss at time 1 and flourishing at time 3. These findings can help refine positive psychology programs to promote students' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the degree to which an extended religious experience during Ramadan might promote interpersonal forgiveness. With six waves of data from a sample of N = 215 Pakistani Muslim students, we used random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling to examine the associations between decisional and emotional forgiveness from before to after Ramadan in 2020. We observed three key findings. First, we demonstrated the strong cross-time measurement invariance of both the Decision to Forgive and the Emotional Forgiveness scales. Second, both decisional and emotional forgiveness remained relatively stable during the holy month of Ramadan. Third, there was evidence supporting positive bidirectional temporal relations between decisional and emotional forgiveness, such that each construct demonstrated at least one positive lagged association with the other. We discuss some implications of the findings, including the potential for positive emotional changes to evoke positive changes in behavioral intentions towards transgressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perpetrating or witnessing acts that violate one's moral code are frequent among military personnel and active combatants. These events, termed potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), were found to be associated with an increased risk of depression, in cross-sectional studies. However, the longitudinal contribution of PMIEs to depression among combatants remains unclear. Method: Participants were 374 active-duty combatants who participated in a longitudinal study with four measurement points: T1-one year before enlistment, T2-at discharge from army service, and then again 6- and 12-months following discharge (T3 and T4, respectively). At T1, personal characteristics assessed through semi-structured interviews. At T2-T4, PMIEs and depressive symptoms were assessed. Results: At discharge (T2), a total of 48.7% of combatants reported experiencing PMIEs incident, compared with 42.4% at T3 and 30.7% at T4. We found a significant interaction effect in which combatants endorsing PMIEs at discharge reported higher severity of depression symptoms at discharge (T2) than combatants who reported no PMIEs. This effect decreased over time as depression levels were lower at T3 and T4. Conclusions: PMIE experiences, and especially PMIE-Betrayal experiences, were found to be valid predictors of higher severity of depression symptoms after the first year following discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Suicidal ideation (SI) during the postpartum phase is linked with suicide, a leading cause of death during this period. Antenatal depression and anxiety symptoms have both been linked with increased risk for postpartum SI. However, research aimed at examining the relative contributions of antenatal anxiety and depression symptoms towards postpartum SI remains nascent. In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of antenatal anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and SI towards postpartum SI. Design: These data are from a longitudinal study in which American mothers were assessed during pregnancy and again at six- to eight weeks postpartum. Methods: Data were analyzed using correlations and logistic regression models. Results: Antenatal anxiety symptoms and antenatal depression symptoms were significantly correlated with postpartum SI. Results from a logistic regression model indicated that antenatal anxiety symptoms (T1; OR = 1.185 [1.125, 1.245], p =.004), but not antenatal depression symptoms (T1; OR = 1.018 [0.943, 1.093], p =.812) or antenatal SI (T1; OR = 1.58 [0.11, 22.29], p = 0.73), were significantly associated with postpartum SI. Conclusions: Antenatal anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and SI were positively associated with postpartum SI. When examined simultaneously, anxiety symptoms during the antenatal phase (but not depression symptoms or SI) predicted SI in the postpartum phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies examined depressive symptoms across adolescence, the impact of school transitions is often neglected. This study examined trajectories of depressive symptoms surrounding the transition to vocational education. Additionally, it examined gender differences and co‐occurring trajectories of parental emotional support and adolescents' self‐esteem. The sample comprised 840 adolescents and their parents (53% boys, 92% German, ageat_T1 = 16–19, average participation rate = 3.44). Adolescents reported trait items for depressive symptoms from the State‐Trait‐Depression Scale. Heterogeneous linear mixed models revealed four trajectories, with the majority exhibiting relatively stable low levels of depressive symptoms in two distinct trajectories. However, 10% experienced temporary increases, while another 10% experienced temporary decreases following the transition. Initial high levels of parental emotional support seemed to co‐occur with temporary decreases in depressive symptoms, whereas self‐esteem co‐occurred with low levels of depressive symptoms. Although school transitions may provide new opportunities and may induce stress, the transition to vocational education had little to no relation to self‐reported trait items of depressive symptoms in the present study. For those affected, self‐esteem and social support seem vital resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between social inhibition and behavior problems in preschoolers, as well as the potential moderating role of maternal parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) in this relationship. A total of 196 preschoolers aged 3–4 years (MT1 = 3.460, SD =.594) and their mothers participated in the study, which involved two‐time points. Specifically, teachers assessed preschoolers' social inhibition at the first time point (November 2018). After 1 year (November 2019), mothers reported parenting styles and preschoolers' behavior problems. The results revealed that higher levels of social inhibition were positively associated with increased behavior problems in preschoolers. Furthermore, it was found that a high maternal authoritative parenting style buffered the positive association between social inhibition and preschoolers' behavior problems. However, maternal authoritarian and permissive parenting styles did not act as moderators. These findings emphasized the importance of maternal authoritative parenting style for behavior problems in preschoolers with social inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing work on the contribution of life events and person characteristics to changes in attachment has mostly overlooked interactions between events and characteristics. Using 15 common events and ten personality characteristics in a multi-wave longitudinal study of 6,566 people, we examined whether person characteristics moderate the impact of life events on change in attachment. Although we found more interactions than were expected by chance, they did not consistently involve specific events or person characteristics and had small effect sizes. The largest number of event-person interactions were observed for changes in attachment security, followed by anxiety and avoidance. We found a similar number of interactions between events and within-person variation in person characteristics and "traditional" PxE interactions where the person characteristics are stable. These results suggest the need to look at both the traditional PxE interactions and the way dynamically varying person characteristics interact with events to understand changes in attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pornography use is a common sexual activity for many individuals including those in a romantic relationship. Some studies have shown that violent content depicted in pornography is a risk factor for perpetration of violence in real life. Even if most of these studies examined perpetration of violent behaviors in general, not specifically toward the intimate partner, some studies have shown that pornography use frequency is related to a greater perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), while other studies have found that it is not significantly related. However, most previous studies were cross-sectional, sampled individuals rather than couples, and did not include separately forms of IPV (e.g., physical, psychological, and sexual). The present study examined the associations between pornography use frequency and the perpetration of physical and psychological IPV, and sexual coercion among young adult couples. A convenience sample of 113 couples aged between 16 and 29 years old completed self-reported online questionnaires two times over a 2-year period. The results of autoregressive cross-lagged models showed that a person's pornography use frequency at Time 1 was related to their own higher sexual coercion perpetration 2 years later and that a person's sexual coercion perpetration was related to their partner's lower pornography use frequency 2 years later. However, no significant association between pornography use frequency and physical and psychological IPV emerged. In line with previous studies, our results suggest that pornography use represents an important risk factor for the perpetration of sexual coercion. Findings support the need to include education around pornography use in sexual violence prevention programs to avoid that young adults reproduce pornographic scripts in their sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although socioeconomic disadvantage is linked with academic underachievement, many children from low‐income backgrounds perform well in school. Which modifiable factors predict this academic resilience? We examine between‐ and within‐person predictors of one important academic metric – mathematics performance – across adolescence in 1715 (796 male, 919 female) youth living in poverty in Ireland, using data from three waves (9, 13, and 17/18 years) of the Growing Up in Ireland study. Using linear mixed models, math performance was worse when adolescents had more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties, more child–parent relationship conflict, parents had lower expectations of the adolescent's educational achievement, and when primary caregivers had less education. Adolescents who had better intellectual self‐concept and attended a non‐disadvantaged school had greater math performance. This research adds to the growing body of work suggesting academic resilience is dynamic and multisystemic; it provides potential targets at multiple levels to promote such resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined early adolescent predictors of later distress and adaptive coping in early adulthood, using data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study (n = 786). In early adolescence (age 13), we assessed indicators of mental health (internalizing symptoms), stressor exposure (cumulative stressful life events), and family socialization (supportive parent–child interactions). In early adulthood (age 22), during the first COVID-19-related Swiss national lockdown, we assessed cumulative pandemic-related stressors, distress (poor well-being, hopelessness, and perceived disruptions to life) and adaptive coping. Early adolescent internalizing symptoms predicted lower well-being, more hopelessness, and perceived lifestyle disruptions in early adulthood, during the pandemic. Cumulative stressful life events during early adolescence moderated the association between cumulative pandemic-related stressors and perceived lifestyle disruptions. Supportive parent–child interactions fostered subsequent engagement in adaptive coping, which, in turn, predicted less hopelessness and better well-being. Findings reveal that early adolescent development is linked with distress and adaptive coping in later periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes toward Muslims are at the core of addressing the anti-Muslim environments Muslims encounter in college and society writ large. Using longitudinal data, this study shows that colleges can spur the development of appreciative attitudes toward Muslims by non-Muslim students when they engage in two or more informal or formal social engagements across religious and spiritual identity differences. Institutional campus culture is also meaningfully connected to Muslim appreciation. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of major depressive disorder is compounded by a limited understanding of its risk factors, the limited efficacy of treatments, and the lack of precision approaches to guide treatment selection. The Texas Resilience Against Depression (T-RAD) study was designed to explore the etiology of depression by collecting comprehensive socio-demographic, clinical, behavioral, neurophysiological/neuroimaging, and biological data from depressed individuals (D2K) and youth at risk for depression (RAD). This report details the baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and functional features from the initial cohort (D2K N = 1040, RAD N = 365). Of the total T-RAD sample, n = 1078 (76.73 %) attended ≥2 in-person visits, and n = 845 (60.14 %) attended ≥4 in-person visits. Most D2K (84.82 %) had a primary diagnosis of any depressive disorder, with a bipolar disorder diagnosis being prevalent (13.49 %). RAD participants (75.89 %) did not have a psychiatric diagnosis, but other non-depressive diagnoses were present. D2K participants had 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores at or near the moderate range (10.58 ± 6.42 > 24 yrs.; 9.73 ± 6.12 10–24 yrs). RAD participants were in the non-depressed range (2.19 ± 2.65). While the age ranges in D2K and RAD differ, the potential to conduct analyses that compare at-risk and depressed youth is a strength of the study. The opportunity to examine the trajectory of depressive symptoms in the D2K cohort over the lifespan is unique. As a longitudinal study, missing data were common. T-RAD will allow data to be collected from multiple modalities on a clinically well-characterized sample. These data will drive important discoveries on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depression. • Heterogeneity in symptoms and treatment response hinders treatment of depression. • Longitudinal clinical and biological data are needed for Precision Psychiatry. • Texas Resilience Against Depression is a naturalistic observational cohort study. • The study is gathering longitudinal data in depressed adults and at-risk youth. • Data collected include self-report measures, EEG, MRI, blood, and stool samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]