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Grafting is a technique that provides a substantial way to enhance nutrient utilization thereby improves plant growth and yield quality. Although it is commonly practised in horticultural crops, the impact of scion-rootstock interaction on nutrient distribution is still unclear. Here, 'Newhall' navel orange plants grafted on Trifoliate orange (T) as the original rootstock were inarched with trifoliate orange (N/Tt combination) or carrizo citrange (N/Tc combination) rootstock seedlings. The experimental plants were treated with isotope 10B solution for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of different inarched rootstocks on B distribution and translocation by using a two-root system. From this study, the original rootstock played a more dominant role in B distribution to scion tissues than the inarching rootstock either in N/Tt or N/Tc combination. From inarched combinations, the carrizo citrange in the N/Tc combination had a higher ability to distribute B to new leaves, new twigs and old twigs than trifoliate orange in the N/Tt combination. However, the original rootstock of N/Tt distributed more B to scion tissues than N/Tc and the B concentration in old leaves and new leaves of N/Tt plants was significantly higher than that of N/Tc plants. These results suggest that scion B status is influenced by the B distribution of two inarching rootstocks in an inarching plant, as well as the affinity between the inarching rootstock and grafted plant. In addition, by either adding 10B to the inarching rootstock or original rootstock, we could detect 10B in the other rootstock root in both N/Tt and N/Tc combinations. The results further suggest that B can translocate from rootstock to leaves and then, re-translocate from scion to rootstock through the cycling of B transportation.

The persistent consumption of citrus fruit mainly depends on its sweet–sour taste as well as pulp texture. To date, the simple facility by covering plastic film just over trees is commonly used in different citrus species for harvest time extension and quality improvement. In this study, the effect of covering trees of Citrus reticulata cv. Kinokuni with plastic films was investigated. Results indicated that simply covering plastic film over trees significantly decreased the soil water content, the light intensity, and then the photosynthetic rate, however, moderately increased the internal average temperature of 0–3 °C. Moreover, it significantly facilitated soluble sugar accumulation, increased water soluble pectin content, and decreased protopectin content. Investigating transcript profile showed that only 351 gene transcripts were significantly influenced by covering plastic film. Interestingly, most differently expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in carbohydrate and cell wall metabolisms except some DEGs were related to signal transduction and environmental adaption. Taken together, covering plastic film over trees comprehensively modified the internal environmental condition and improved the fruit sweetness and mastication trait by promoting soluble sugar accumulation, increasing water soluble pectin content, and decreasing protopectin content through the alteration of transcript level.

Iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis is a yield-limiting problem in citrus production regions with calcareous soils. Physiological and transcriptional analyses of fragrant citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) leaves from Fe-sufficient (IS) and Fe-deficient (ID) plants were investigated in this study. The physiological results showed that Fe, potassium, and nitrogen levels decreased by 12, 15, and 41% in ID leaves, respectively. However, zinc and copper levels increased by 49 and 35% in ID leaves, respectively. The chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate in ID leaves decreased by 55, 33, 38, and 42%, respectively, compared with IS leaves. Moreover, transcriptional profiling analysis showed that genes associated with Chl metabolism, photosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism were dramatically downregulated by Fe deficiency. The expression of glutamyl-tRNA reductase 1, chlorophyll(ide) b reductase, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase in ID leaves was 0.26–0.37 times that in IS leaves. The expression levels of 16 photosynthesis-related genes were severely downregulated by Fe deficiency. In addition, the transcription levels of nitrate transporter, nitrate reductase, and ferredoxin-nitrite reductase genes in ID leaves were 0.38–0.45 times those in IS leaves. Taken together, these results indicated that the block of Chl biosynthesis, the reduction of photosynthesis, and the repression of nitrogen absorption resulted in the chlorosis symptoms observed in fragrant citrus leaves.

Boron (B) deficiency stress is frequently observed in citrus orchards and causes considerable loss of productivity and fruit quality. Carrizo citrange (Cc) has been reported as a rootstock more tolerant to B deficiency than Trifoliate orange (To). The ‘Newhall’ navel orange (Ns) performed better when grafted onto Cc (Ns/Cc) than when grafted onto To (Ns/To) under long-term B deficiency. The present study confirmed that Ns/Cc had higher boron content, leaf fresh weight, lower leaf chlorosis and stronger photosynthesis ability than Ns/To. Moreover, B-deficiency significantly reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Ns/To. The content of total soluble sugar and lignin were dramatically increased and the expression levels of photosynthesis-related genes were substantially down-regulated in Ns/To by B-deficient treatment. B-deficiency also strongly induced expression levels of chlorophyll decomposition-related genes, glucose synthesis-related genes and lignin synthesis-related genes, and significantly inhibited the expression of carotenoid synthesis-related genes in Ns/To. Overall, these findings suggested that the influence of To on the scion of Ns was worse than that of Cc due to differently regulating these metabolic pathways under the long term of B-deficiency. The transcriptome analysis provided further information for understanding the mechanism of the different responses of scion-rootstock combinations to B-deficiency stress.

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) has been suggested to be a key, regulatory point in the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and in the utilization of citric acid through GABA shunt pathway. In this study we discovered two GAD genes, named as CsGAD1 and CsGAD2, in citrus genome database and then successfully cloned. Both CsGAD1 and CsGAD2 have a putative pyridoxal 5-phosphate binding domain in the middle region and a putative calmodulin-binding domain at the carboxyl terminus. Gene structure analysis showed that much difference exists in the size of exons and introns or in cis-regulatory elements in promoter region between the two GAD genes. Gene expression indicated that CsGAD1 transcript was predominantly expressed in flower and CsGAD2 transcript was predominantly expressed in fruit juice sacs; in the ripening fruit, CsGAD1 transcript level was at least 2-time higher than CsGAD2 transcript level. Moreover, CsGAD1 transcript level was increased significantly along with the increase of GAD activity and accompanied by a significant decrease of titratable acid (TA), suggesting that it is CsGAD1 rather than CsGAD2 plays a role in the citric acid utilization during fruit ripening. In addition, injection of abscisic acid and foliar spray of K2SO4 significantly increased the TA content of Satsuma mandarin, and significantly decreased GAD activity as well as CsGAD1 transcript, further suggesting the important role of CsGAD1 in the citrate utilization of citrus fruit.

Soil plastic film mulch is commonly employed in citrus production regions of East Asia to improve fruit quality. In the present study, Ponkan tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was mulched under the tree canopy with silver-black reflective film during fruit development. At about 12 days after mulching, total soluble sugar and citric acid contents in the segment membrane and/or juice sacs of fruit from mulched trees increased significantly relative to the control. In the segment membrane, the activities of acid invertase (AI) and sucrose synthase (SS; cleavage direction) increased significantly following mulch treatment. However, the activities of other enzymes, including neutral invertase, SS (synthetic direction) and sucrose phosphate synthase did not respond significantly under mulch treatment. In the juice sacs, SS activity (cleavage direction) from mulched treatments was significantly lower than that from control trees while SS activity (synthetic direction) from mulched trees was significantly higher than that from control trees. Moreover, the activities of cytoplasm aconitase (cyt-Aco) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (cyt-IDH) were significantly lower than those in the control fruits after 36 days of mulching. In conclusion, the activities of SS (synthetic direction) and AI were significantly enhanced while those of cyt-Aco and cyt-IDH were significantly reduced by soil plastic film mulch. A schematic model is present indicating the possible important roles that these key enzymes play in sugar and acid accumulation in citrus fruits under soil plastic film mulch.

Growth-regulating factor (GRF) is an important protein in GA-mediated response, with key roles in plant growth and development. However, it is not known whether or how the GRF proteins in citrus to regulate organ size. In this study, nine citrus GRF genes (CsGRF1–9) were validated from the ‘Anliu’ sweet orange (AL, Citrus sinensis cv. Anliu) by PCR amplification. They all contain two conserved motifs (QLQ and WRC) and have 3–4 exons. The transcript levels of genes were detected by qRT-PCR. Transcript analysis showed that (1) CsGRF 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9 expressed predominantly in young leaf, CsGRF 3 and 4 expressed predominantly in fruit immature juice sacs and CsGRF 8 expressed predominantly in root; (2) all citrus GRF genes had significantly higher expression in young leaves than mature leaf; (3) in juice sacs, the transcript levels of CsGRF1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 increased significantly while the transcript levels of CsGRF2, 3, 7, and 9 had no significant change from 80 DAF to 100 DAF. Besides, GA3 treatment did not affect the transcript levels of CsGRF5 and CsGRF6 but significantly increased the transcript levels of the other seven CsGRF genes in young leaves. These results suggested that all CsGRF genes involve in the leaf development, CsGRF1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 act developmentally whilst CsGRF2, 3, 7, and 9 play fundamental roles in fruit cell enlargement, which may be through GA pathway or GA-independent pathway.

The multidentate ligand, 4-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) butyric acid, has been synthesized and reacted with FeCl3 to produce the iron(III) 18-metallacrown-6 complex [FeIII6(C13H12N2O5Cl)6(CH3OH)6]·5CH3OH. In the complex the ligand 4-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) butyric acid was esterified and transferred into methyl 4-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) butyrate. In the crystal structure, the hexanuclear 18-membered rings of iron atoms are linked by six hydrazide N–N groups. The deprotonated and esterified ligand acts as a trianionic pentadentate ligand, one phenolate oxygen, one hydrazide nitrogen and one carbonyl oxygen in the ligand are bound to one Fe3+ cation, and the other carbonyl oxygen plus the other hydrazide nitrogen in the same ligand are chelated to an adjacent Fe3+ cation. In hydrochloric acid the metallacrown [FeIII6(C13H12N2O5Cl)6(CH3OH)6]·5CH3OH can be treated with SnCl2 to obtain purified ester methyl 4-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) butyrate.

The trianionic heptadentate ligand, (Z)-3-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) propenoic acid, has been synthesized and reacted with FeCl3·6H2O, to produce the complex [FeIII6(C12H8N2O5Cl)6(H2O)4(CH3OH)2]·8H2O·4CH3OH. In the self-assembly process the ligand was esterified and transferred into (Z)-methyl 3-(5′-chlorosalicylhydrazinocarbonyl) propenoate. In the crystal structure, the neutral Fe(III) complex contain a 18-membered metallacrown ring consisting of six Fe(III) and six trianionic ligands. The 18-membered metallacrown ring is formed by the succession of six structural moieties of the type [Fe(III)–N–N]. Due to the meridional coordination of the ligands to the Fe3+ ions, the ligands enforce the stereochemistry of the Fe3+ ions as a propeller configuration with alternating Λ/Δ forms. The metallacrown can be treated with SnCl2 or Zn powder to obtain purified ester.

N-Acetyl-4-acetamidosalicylhydrazide (H3aamshz) reacts with Mn(OAc)2·4H2O to form an 18-membered metallamacrocyclic hexamanganese compound [Mn(aamshz)(H2O)]6·12DMF (1) (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) with strong hydrogen bonds between neighboring units to form a 3-dimensional supramolecule. The compound crystallizes in the rhombohedral, space group R-3 with cell parameters a = 32.2867(16), c = 11.3109(6) A, V = 10211.2(9) A3, Z = 3. And it was subjected to variable-temperature magnetic properties because of the building blocks containing MnIII ions. The results show that the value of μeff at 300 K (μeff = 12.10 μB) is close to the expected value for six non-interacting MnIII with spin S = 2.

The reaction of 4-salicyloyl thiosemicarbazide (H 3 st) ( 1 ) with FeCl 3 · 6H 2 O in methanol solution gives a novel 18-metallacrown-6 [Fe(st)(H 2 O)] 6 · 21H 2 O ( 2 ). The structure containing S–Fe bonds was determined for 2 by using X-ray crystallography. The ring of the metallacrown was consisted of six interlink [Fe–N–N] repeated units. And the ligand enforces the metal ions to form the stereochemistry as a propeller configuration with alternation Λ / Δ form. The largest diameters of the disc-shaped hexanuclear ring are about 7.44 A at entrance, 9.91 A at the central of the cavity, respectively. The structural integrity and stability of the metallacrown ring were studied by electronspray ionization ESI-MS and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results show that it is stable and soluble in methanol. Antibacterial screening data show that the complex 2 weakened dramatically the antibacterial activity of the ligand H 3 st.

Two novel trinuclear nickel(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compound [Ni3(ashz)3(py)2(DMF)2]·(DMF)2 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 22.114(2), b = 10.509(9), c = 19.485(2) A, β = 114.443(1)°, Z = 4; compound [Ni3(acshz)3(py)2(DMF)2]·(DMF)2 (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 20.0620(2), b = 9.7017(6), c = 25.0533(2) A, β = 97.0610(2)°, Z = 4, where ashz and acshz are deprotonated N-acetylsalicylhydrazide (H3ashz) and N-acetyl-5-chlorosalicylhydrazide (H3acshz), respectively. The crystal structure analysis of 1 and 2 showed that three Ni2+ ions in a linear arrangement are bridged by two ligands ((ashz)3− or (acshz)3−) to form a neutral nuclear with two four-coordinate square-planar nickel ions linked by a six-coordinate octahedral central nickel ion.

Two new macrocyclic hexanuclear metal(III) 18-metallacrowns-6, [Mn6(acshz)6(H2O)6] · 18H2O (1) and [Fe6(acshz)6(CH3OH)6] · 6CH3OH · 6H2O (2), have been synthesized and characterized, where acshz3− is N-acetyl-5-chlorosalicylhydrazidate. These crystal structures contain neutral 18-membered metallacrown rings consisting of six metal(III) ions and six acshz3− ligands. The ring is formed by the succession of six structural moieties of the type [M(III)–N–N] through hydrazide N–N groups bridging the ring metal ions. The ligand enforces the metal ions to form the stereochemistry of a propeller configuration with alternate Λ/Δ or Δ/Λ forms. The largest diameters of the hexanuclear rings are about 6.97 A at the entrance and 9.53 A at the centre of the cavity for 1; and 7.94 and 10.24 A for 2, respectively. The solution integrity and stability of the metallacrowns were confirmed using electrospray ionization ESI-MS and UV–Vis spectroscopy in methanol. Antibacterial screening data indicate the formation of the metallacrown 1 reduces the antimicrobial activity of the ligand H3acshz hugely, while metallacrown 2 has strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis).

The reaction of N-propionyl-5-chlorosalicylhydrazide (H3pcshz) with Mn(OAc)2 · 4H2O in methanol solution gives a novel 18-metallacrown-6 [Mn(pcshz)(CH3OH)]6 · 4CH3OH · 4H2O (1). The structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction and it crystallizes in the monoclinic system and space group P2(1)/n. The ring of the metallacrown is consisted of six interlink [Mn–N–N] repeated units through hydrazide N–N group bridging the ring manganese ions. And the ligand enforces the metal ions to form the stereochemistry as a propeller configuration with alternation Λ/Δ form. The largest diameters of the disc-shaped hexanuclear ring are about 8.82 A at entrance, 9.83 A at the central of the cavity, respectively. The solution integrity and stability of the metallacrown was studied by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results show it is soluble and stable in methanol. Antibacterial screening data indicate the forming of the complex weakens dramatically the antibacterial activity of the ligand H3pcshz except for Eschericha coli.

Boron (B) toxicity reduces crop productivity and is a serious abiotic stress presenting in many parts of the world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in nutrient toxicity. In this study, we found that the B concentrations in roots and leaves of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) were increased by 1.4- and 1.2-fold, respectively, after 10 days of excess B treatment (DAEBT). After 20 DAEBT, the B concentrations in roots and leaves increased by 2.8- and 2.0-fold, respectively. Transcript analysis showed that the miR397 relative transcript level decreased following the excess B treatment. Laccase7 (LAC7) was shown to be the target of miR397, and its transcription increased after the excess B treatment. In addition, the activity of laccase increased significantly following this treatment. Because LAC7 plays a role in lignin biosynthesis, we also measured the lignin concentrations in roots and leaves and found that they were increased following the excess B treatment. Our work demonstrates that decreased miR397 transcription plays a possible role in enhancing tolerance to B toxicity stress via negatively regulating LAC7 transcription and increasing the lignin concentration.

The sucrose transporter (SUT) plays a major role in the transport of sucrose apoplastically. An extensive mining of the data confirmed that at least three SUT genes (CitSUT1, CitSUT2, and CitSUT3) were found in the databases of the three currently available citrus genomes. The exon and intron sizes varied among the three CitSUT genes, and the similarities among the genes were 40–50 %. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CitSUT1, CitSUT2, and CitSUT3 were distributed into groups SUT I, SUT II, and SUT III, respectively. The analysis of the spatiotemporal expression of the genes showed that the CitSUT1, CitSUT2, and CitSUT3 were predominantly expressed in the stamens, young leaves, and fruits [juice sacs (JS) and/or segment membrane (SM)], respectively. Moreover, in addition to the significant increase in sucrose levels from 114 days after anthesis (DAA) to 160 DAA, the transcript levels of CitSUT1 and CitSUT3 increased significantly in the JS and decreased significantly in the SM, whereas the CitSUT2 transcript levels decreased significantly either in the JS or in the SM. Additionally, treatment with ABA increased the accumulations of sucrose and fructose in fruits, which were accompanied by the induction of the CitSUT2 transcripts in fruits (JS and SM) and the CitSUT3 transcripts in the SM and the reduction of the CitSUT1 and CitSUT3 transcript levels in the JS. Thus, the CitSUT1 and CitSUT3 might play important roles in the transport of sucrose into the fruit JS during normal fruit development; the transcript alterations of the CitSUT2 and CitSUT3 under the ABA treatment might contribute to the increased accumulation of sucrose.

PH5 is a petunia gene that encodes a plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and determines the vacuolar pH. The citrate content of fruit cell vacuoles influences citrus organoleptic qualities. Although citrus could have PH5-like homologs that are involved in citrate accumulation, the details are still unknown. In this study, extensive data-mining with the PH5 sequence and PCR amplification confirmed that there are at least eight PH5-like genes (CsPH1-8) in the citrus genome. CsPHs have a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa, and they have high similarity to PhPH5, AtAHA10 or AtAHA2 (from 64.6 to 80.9%). They contain 13-21 exons and 12-20 introns and were evenly distributed into four subgroups of the P3A-subfamily (CsPH1, CsPH2, and CsPH3 in Group I, CsPH4 and CsPH5 in Group II, CsPH6 in Group IV, and CsPH7 and CsPH8 in Group III together with PhPH5). A transcript analysis showed that CsPH1, 3, and 4 were predominantly expressed in mature leaves, whereas CsPH2 and 7 were predominantly expressed in roots, CsPH5 and 6 were predominantly expressed in flowers, and CsPH8 was predominantly expressed in fruit juice sacs (JS). Moreover, the CsPH transcript profiles differed between orange and pummelo, as well as between high-acid and low-acid cultivars. The low-acid orange "Honganliu" exhibits low transcript levels of CsPH3, CsPH4, CsPH5, and CsPH8, whereas the acid-free pummelo (AFP) has only a low transcript level of CsPH8. In addition, ABA injection increased the citrate content significantly, which was accompanied by the obvious induction of CsPH2, 6, 7, and 8 transcript levels. Taken together, we suggest that CsPH8 seems likely to regulate citrate accumulation in the citrus fruit vacuole.

A novel macrocyclic hexanuclear manganese(III) 18-metallacrown-6 compound, [Mn6(H2O)6 (anshz)6] · 10DMF, has been prepared using a trianionic pentadentate ligand N-acetyl-5-nitrosalicylhydrazide (anshz3−) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). The crystal structure contains a neutral 18-membered metallacrown ring consisting of six Mn(III) and six anshz3− ligands. The 18-membered metallacrown ring is formed by the succession of six structural moieties of the type [Mn(III) N N]. Due to the meridional coordination of the ligand to the Mn3+ ion, the ligand enforces the stereochemistry of the Mn3+ ions as a propeller configuration with alternating Δ/Λ forms. The disc-shaped hexanuclear ring shows at its largest diameter about 7.14 A at entrance, about 9.76 A at the center of the cavity, respectively. Antibacterial screening data showed that the manganese metallacrown has strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis.

ATP-citrate lyase (ACL, EC4.1.3.8) catalyzes citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in the cell cytosol, and has important roles in normal plant growth and in the biosynthesis of some secondary metabolites. We identified three ACL genes, CitACLα1, CitACLα2, and CitACLβ1, in the citrus genome database. Both CitACLα1 and CitACLα2 encode putative ACL α subunits with 82.5 % amino acid identity, whereas CitACLβ1 encodes a putative ACL β subunit. Gene structure analysis showed that CitACLα1 and CitACLα2 had 12 exons and 11 introns, and CitACLβ1 had 16 exons and 15 introns. CitACLα1 and CitACLβ1 were predominantly expressed in flower, and CitACLα2 was predominantly expressed in stem and fibrous roots. As fruits ripen, the transcript levels of CitACLα1, CitACLβ1, and/or CitACLα2 in cultivars ‘Niuher’ and ‘Owari’ increased, accompanied by significant decreases in citrate content, while their transcript levels decreased significantly in ‘Egan No. 1’ and ‘Iyokan’, although citrate content also decreased. In ‘HB pummelo’, in which acid content increased as fruit ripened, and in acid-free pummelo, transcript levels of CitACLα2, CitACLβ1, and/or CitACLα1 increased. Moreover, mild drought stress and ABA treatment significantly increased citrate contents in fruits. Transcript levels of the three genes were significantly reduced by mild drought stress, and the transcript level of only CitACLβ1 was significantly reduced by ABA treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that the effects of ACL on citrate use during fruit ripening depends on the cultivar, and the reduction in ACL gene expression may be attributed to citrate increases under mild drought stress or ABA treatment.

A novel cross-net-shaped metallamacrocycle, [ Mn 10 III Mn 4 II ( L ) 8 ( HL ) 2 ( H 2 O ) 2 ( CH 3 OH ) 14 ] · 8 H 2 O · 8 CH 3 OH (H4L = (Z)-3-(salicylhydrazinocarbonyl) propenoic acid), has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure contains seven crystallographically unique manganese ions, in which two opening 13-membered metallacrown rings and two strands, Mn–N–N–Mn, are bridged by eight μ-maleoyl groups. The high nuclearity of the molecule shows large magnetic moments, with the value of μeff at 300 K is 19.01 μB.

A novel 18-metallacrown-6 compound, [Mn6(H2O)6 (abshz)6] · 36H2O (abshz = N-acetyl-5-bromosalicylhydrazide), has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure contains a neutral 18-membered metallacrown ring which is formed by the succession of six structural moieties of the type [Mn(III)–N–N]. Due to the meridional coordination, the ligand enforces the stereochemistry of the Mn3+ ions as a propeller configuration with alternating Λ/Δ forms. Antibacterial screening data showed that the complex has strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H10NO2+·Cl−·H2O, contains two crystallographically independent 2-(methoxy­carbon­yl)anilinium cations related by a pseudo-inversion centre, two chloride ions and two water mol­ecules. A three-dimensional network structure is formed via N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, and π–π stacking inter­actions.

In the title compound, C12H10O3, there are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Both mol­ecules are essentially planar and each features an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond between the hydr­oxy H atom and the carbon­yl O atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π stacking inter­actions.

Sucrose synthase (Sus) (EC 2.4.1.13) is a key enzyme for the sugar accumulation that is critical to form fruit quality. In this study, extensive data-mining and PCR amplification confirmed that there are at least six Sus genes (CitSus1-6) in the citrus genome. Gene structure and phylogeny analysis showed an evolutionary consistency with other plant species. The six Sus genes contain 12-15 exons and 11-14 introns and were evenly distributed into the three plant Sus groups (CitSus1 and CitSus2 in the Sus I group, CitSus3 and CitSus6 in the Sus II group, and CitSus4 and CitSus5 in the Sus III group). Transcripts of these six CitSus genes were subsequently examined. For tissues and organs, CitSus1 and 2 were predominantly expressed in fruit juice sacs (JS) whereas CitSus3 and 4 were predominantly expressed in early leaves (immature leaves), and CitSus5 and 6 were predominantly expressed in fruit JS and in mature leaves. During fruit development, CitSus5 transcript increased significantly and CitSus6 transcript decreased significantly in fruit JS. In the fruit segment membrane (SM), the transcript levels of CitSus2 and 5 were markedly higher and the abundant levels of CitSus3 and 6 gradually decreased. Moreover, transcript levels of CitSus1-4 examined were higher and the CitSus5 transcript level was lower in the fruit SM than in fruit JS, while CitSus6 had a similar transcript level in fruit JS and SM. In addition, transcripts of CitSus1-6 responded differently to dehydration in mature leaves or to mild drought stress in fruit JS and SM. Finally, the possible roles of Sus genes in the regulation of sugar accumulation are discussed; however, further study is required.

In the title crystal structure, C9H12NO2+·Cl−, inter­molecular N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link cations and anions to form one-dimensional ladders propagating in the a-axis direction.

In the title compound, C8H7BrO3, an intra­molecular hydrogen bond exists between the hydroxyl group and the O atom of the carbonyl group. The mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis with weak π–π inter­actions.

The molecule of the title compound, C11H12N2O6, is essentially planar except for the alkyl chain, which has a non-extended conformation.

In the title compound, C10H11NO5, all bond lengths and angles show normal values. Weak inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric dimers, which are further linked by π–π inter­actions into ladders extending along the a axis.

In the title compound, C7H13NO4, there are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. All bond lengths and angles in the mol­ecules are in normal ranges. The ψ1 and ψ2 torsion angles are 159.9 (4) and −23.4 (5)°, respectively, in the first molecule, and the ψ3 and ψ4 torsion angles 157.7 (4) and −26.7 (5)°, respectively, in the second. Each of the independent mol­ecules has a different comformation. The translationally and screw-related mol­ecules are connected by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the ac plane.

The title compound, C10H10N2O6, has two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. All bond lengths and angles in the mol­ecules are in normal ranges. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces and π–π stacking interactions.

In the title compound, C10H10N2O6, the dinitro­benzoate moiety is nearly planar. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis, without any π–π inter­action.

The structure of the title compound, C8H6N2O6, is essentially planar, except for the meth­yl H atoms. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are stacked along the a axis with π–π inter­actions.

In the title mol­ecule, C8H7NO4, the non-H atoms are essentially coplanar. In the crystal structure, short inter­molecular O⋯C (3.21 A) and O⋯N (3.17 A) contacts indicate the presence of π–π inter­actions.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H7NO5, contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. In both mol­ecules, an intramolecular hydrogen bond exists between the hydroxyl group and the O atom of the carbonyl group. The mol­ecules are stacked, with weak π–π interactions, along the a axis.

In the title compound, C13H12O3, there are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Both the molecules are nearly planar and an intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed between the hydroxy group and the O atom of the carbonyl group. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions.

Corky split vein caused by boron (B) deficiency in 'Newhall' Navel Orange was studied in the present research. The boron-deficient citrus exhibited a symptom of corky split vein in mature leaves. Morphologic and anatomical surveys at four representative phases of corky split veins showed that the symptom was the result of vascular hypertrophy. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis was performed based on the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform, which was applied to analyze the gene expression profilings of corky split veins at four morphologic phases. Over 5.3 million clean reads per library were successfully mapped to the reference database and more than 22897 mapped genes per library were simultaneously obtained. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the expressions of genes associated with cytokinin signal transduction, cell division, vascular development, lignin biosynthesis and photosynthesis in corky split veins were all affected. The expressions of WOL and ARR12 involved in the cytokinin signal transduction pathway were up-regulated at 1(st) phase of corky split vein development. Furthermore, the expressions of some cell cycle genes, CYCs and CDKB, and vascular development genes, WOX4 and VND7, were up-regulated at the following 2(nd) and 3(rd) phases. These findings indicated that the cytokinin signal transduction pathway may play a role in initiating symptom observed in our study.

The title compound, C8H6N2O7, crystallizes with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the O atom of the carbonyl group. A weak intermolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and a nitro O atom forms planes parallel to the b axis.