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In order to reveal the response relationship between the neutrons and void height of steel-shell concrete composite structures，and establish a new quantitative detection method for the void height，based on the principle of fast neutron moderation and neutron scattering，an indoor equivalent concrete physical simulation method was used to construct a void model and conduct tests in this paper. Univariate regression analysis was carried out on the tests data，and it was found that there was a significant linear correlation between the thermal neutron count rate and the steel plate thickness，concrete moisture content and void height in the steel-shell concrete composite structure. The calibration relationship between the void height of steel-shell concrete and the thermal neutron count rate was further established，and the verification test was carried out. The results show that the error between the concrete void height value calculated by the calibration relationship and the actual void height value is small，the two have good consistency，the thermal neutrons generated by the action of fast neutrons penetrated through the steel plate and concrete can be used to quantitatively calculate the void height of the steel-shell concrete composite structure，the neutron method can solve the problem of inaccurate quantification in current detection.

Abstract Background This study investigates the distribution and characteristics of linezolid and vancomycin susceptibilities among Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) and explores the underlying resistance mechanisms. Methods A total of 2842 Enterococcus clinical isolates from patients were retrospectively collected, and their clinical data were further analyzed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and linezolid were validated by broth dilution method. The resistance genes optrA, cfr, vanA, vanB and vanM were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Housekeeping genes and resistance genes were obtianed through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results Of the 2842 Enterococcus isolates, 88.5% (2516) originated from urine, with E. faecium accounted for 60.1% of these. The vanA gene was identified in 27/28 vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) isolates, 4 of which carried both vanA and vanM genes. The remaining strain was vanM positive. The optrA gene was identified in all E. faecalis isolates among linezolid resistant Enterococcus (LRE). E. faecium showed a higher multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR index) compared to E. faecalis. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed the sequence type of E. faecium mainly belongs to clonal complex (CC) 17, nearly E. faecalis isolates analyzed were differentiated into 7 characteristics of sequence types (STs), among which ST16 of CC16 were the major lineage. Conclusion Urine was the primary source of VRE and LRE isolates in this study. E. faecium showed higher levels of resistance compared to E. faecalis. OptrA gene was detected in 91.6% of LRE, which could explain linezolid resistance, and van genes were detected in all vancomycin resistant Enterococcus strains, while vanA was a key resistance mechanism in VRE identified in this study.

Abstract Radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade holds great promise for synergistic antitumor efficacy. Targeted radionuclide therapy delivers radiation directly to tumor sites. LNC1004 is a fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeting radiopharmaceutical, conjugated with the albumin binder Evans Blue, which has demonstrated enhanced tumor uptake and retention in previous preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we demonstrate that 68Ga/177Lu-labeled LNC1004 exhibits increased uptake and prolonged retention in MC38/NIH3T3-FAP and CT26/NIH3T3-FAP tumor xenografts. Radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-LNC1004 induced a transient upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. The combination of 177Lu-LNC1004 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy led to complete eradication of all tumors in MC38/NIH3T3-FAP tumor-bearing mice, with mice showing 100% tumor rejection upon rechallenge. Immunohistochemistry, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and TCR sequencing revealed that combination therapy reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment in mice to foster antitumor immunity by suppressing malignant progression and increasing cell-to-cell communication, CD8+ T-cell activation and expansion, M1 macrophage counts, antitumor activity of neutrophils, and T-cell receptor diversity. A preliminary clinical study demonstrated that 177Lu-LNC1004 was well-tolerated and effective in patients with refractory cancers. Further, scRNA-seq of peripheral blood mononuclear cells underscored the importance of addressing immune evasion through immune checkpoint blockade treatment. This was emphasized by the observed increase in antigen processing and presentation juxtaposed with T cell inactivation. In conclusion, our data supported the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with 177Lu-LNC1004 for cancer patients with FAP-positive tumors.

The development of tissue engineering and regeneration research has created new platforms for bone transplantation. However, the preparation of scaffolds with good fiber integrity is challenging, because scaffolds prepared by traditional printing methods are prone to fiber cracking during solvent evaporation. Human skin has an excellent natural heat-management system, which helps to maintain a constant body temperature through perspiration or blood-vessel constriction. In this work, an electrohydrodynamic-jet 3D-printing method inspired by the thermal-management system of skin was developed. In this system, the evaporation of solvent in the printed fibers can be adjusted using the temperature-change rate of the substrate to prepare 3D structures with good structural integrity. To investigate the solvent evaporation and the interlayer bonding of the fibers, finite-element analysis simulations of a three-layer microscale structure were carried out. The results show that the solvent-evaporation path is from bottom to top, and the strain in the printed structure becomes smaller with a smaller temperature-change rate. Experimental results verified the accuracy of these simulation results, and a variety of complex 3D structures with high aspect ratios were printed. Microscale cracks were reduced to the nanoscale by adjusting the temperature-change rate from 2.5 to 0.5 °C s−1. Optimized process parameters were selected to prepare a tissue engineering scaffold with high integrity. It was confirmed that this printed scaffold had good biocompatibility and could be used for bone-tissue regeneration. This simple and flexible 3D-printing method can also help with the preparation of a wide range of micro- and nanostructured sensors and actuators.

Despite the corona-virus pandemic, Korean cosmetics maintain brand attachment in the Chinese market. This study identifies critical influencing and outcome factors of brand attachment within this consumer phenomenon. Specifically, it investigates the relationship between Chinese consumers' perceived brand authenticity and brand attachment, brand loyalty, willingness to pay a premium, and forgiveness. To this end, it uses AMOS 21.0 to analyze data collected through a questionnaire, testing the research model. The study reveals several key findings. Firstly, it assesses brand authenticity based on the following five sub-factors: consistency, naturalness, originality, advertisement truthfulness, and reliability. According to the assessment results, originality shows the most significant impact, followed by reliability, consistency, and naturalness. Furthermore, brand attachment significantly enhances brand loyalty, willingness to pay a premium, and forgiveness toward the brand. Higher levels of brand attachment lead to increased brand loyalty. In addition, greater brand attachment correlates with consumers' increased willingness to pay more for products and greater forgiveness towards the brand.

Urbanization and climate change have led to an increasing number of wildfires in China in recent years, posing a direct threat to life, property, and social development. These areas facing severe wildfire risk are mainly concentrated in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI). Although much research has been conducted on wildfire management in China, one of the critical constraints is that there is not yet a WUI distribution map that can meet the needs of forest fire management in China. The present study proposes an approach to identify WUI areas in mainland China between 2008 and 2020 by analyzing the impact of wildfire events on communities. Using historical fire occurrence data, we explored the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of WUI fires in various geographic regions. Using the random forest model, we predicted the spatial distribution of WUI fires and identified the key factors affecting their occurrence. The results show that the WUI area in China has been rapidly expanding since 2008, with a growth rate of 15.2 × 103 km2/a, especially in the densely populated and economically developed eastern regions. The seasons of WUI fires varied across regions. Both spring and autumn are major seasons for WUI fire occurrence in northern China. In contrast, more than 80 % of WUI fires in southern China occurred in winter and spring. According to the findings generated by the random forest analysis, weather patterns marked by low levels of rainfall and elevated temperatures during both spring and fall seasons are the primary atmospheric contributors to the incidence of WUI fires. Our study indicated that repeated human activities within southern China also increased the probability of fire occurrence. We suggest that better prediction of fire-prone weather and improved regional forest fire management can help decrease the incidence of WUI fires. In addition, future efforts should focus on enhancing the long-term monitoring and predictive capabilities of fuel moisture content.

Purpose: The present study aimed to revise the Reckless Driving Behaviour Scale (RDBS) and examined its reliability and validity among young Chinese drivers. Methods: The RDBS, the Safe Driving Climate among Friends Scale (SDCaF), the Family Climate for Road Safety Scale (FCRSS) and a social desirability scale were administrated to 560 young drivers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 250) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 250) were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the RDBS. Results: The Chinese version of the RDBS has 18 items that are divided into 4 factors: distraction, substance use, extreme behaviour and positioning. Both the results of EFA and CFA confirmed its factorial structure. The reliability of the RDBS was acceptable and the concurrent validity of the scale was supported by its significant associations with the SDCaF and FCRSS factors. Finally, drivers who had violation involvement scored higher on all four factors than their peers who did not have violation involvement, providing evidence for its known-group validity. Conclusion: The revised RDBS has similar structure with the original version and its reliability and validity were satisfactory. It is an effective tool to measure the reckless driving behaviour of young drivers in China and interventions that incorporated joint efforts of family and peers should be developed.

Abstract Chisel pick is a basic and important rock cutting tool, and the performance of chisel pick directly affects rock mining. In this paper, a rock cutting device was developed for chisel picks cutting experiments. The influence of the depth of cutting, width of chisel pick, rake angle, back clearance angle and tip fillet radius on the cutting performance such as cutting force, normal force, and specific energy has been comprehensively studied. In addition to the general conclusions, the experimental results show that the back clearance angle has an influence range on the cutting, and the ratio of the normal force to the cutting force decreases with the increase of the rake angle; the tip fillet radius greatly improve the mean cutting force and specific energy. The experimental results will provide data support for the design of chisel picks on rock excavation machinery and a more reasonable chisel pick cutting rock mechanics model.

Abstract Host anti-viral factors are essential for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection but remain largely unknown due to the biases of previous large-scale studies toward pro-viral host factors. To fill in this knowledge gap, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR dropout screen and integrate analyses of the multi-omics data of the CRISPR screen, genome-wide association studies, single-cell RNA-Seq, and host-virus proteins or protein/RNA interactome. This study uncovers many host factors that are currently underappreciated, including the components of V-ATPases, ESCRT, and N-glycosylation pathways that modulate viral entry and/or replication. The cohesin complex is also identified as an anti-viral pathway, suggesting an important role of three-dimensional chromatin organization in mediating host-viral interaction. Furthermore, we discover another anti-viral regulator KLF5, a transcriptional factor involved in sphingolipid metabolism, which is up-regulated, and harbors genetic variations linked to COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms. Anti-viral effects of three identified candidates (DAZAP2/VTA1/KLF5) are confirmed individually. Molecular characterization of DAZAP2/VTA1/KLF5-knockout cells highlights the involvement of genes related to the coagulation system in determining the severity of COVID-19. Together, our results provide further resources for understanding the host anti-viral network during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may help develop new countermeasure strategies.

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) are challenging for hyperspectral object detection (HTD) due to their complex background information and the limited prior knowledge of the target. This article proposes an adaptive background latent space adversarial learning algorithm for hyperspectral target detection (ABLAL). We begin by using a coarse screening method to select pseudobackground and pseudotarget sample sets, addressing the issues caused by insufficient prior target information and complicated background information, which result in low detection accuracy. Next, we utilize an Adversarial Autoencoder (AAE) based backbone network to extract the background latent spatial information of the HSI. It should be noted that we adaptively constrain the accuracy of the extracted information through the pseudotarget dataset, accounting for the impact of potential targets in the pseudobackground dataset. Furthermore, we fully utilize the information extracted by AAE and employ a strategy combining multiple output results of AAE. Specifically, we use the distance between the target latent space vector and the background latent space vector, and the HSI reconstruction difference to suppress the background. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on real datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Circular RNA Ribonuclease P RNA Component H1 (circ_RPPH1) and microRNA (miRNA) miR-1296-5p play a crucial role in breast cancer (BC), but the molecular mechanism is vague. Evidence showed that miR-1296-5p can activate tripartite motif-containing 14 (TRIM14). Clinical indications of eighty BC patients were collected and the circ_RPPH1 expression was detected using real-time quantitative PCR. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with overexpression or knockdown of circ_RPPH1, miR-1296-5p, or TRIM14. Cell counting kit-8, cell cloning formation, wound healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays were performed to investigate the malignant phenotype of BC. The dual-luciferase reporter gene analyses were applied to reveal the interaction between these target genes. Subcutaneous tumorigenic model mice were established with circ_RPPH1 overexpression MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo; the tumor weight and volume, levels of miR-1296-5 and TRIM14 mRNA were measured. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect TRIM14 in cells and mice. Circ_RPPH1 levels were notably higher in BC patients and have been found to promote cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of BC cells. Circ_RPPH1 altered cell cycle and hindered apoptosis. Circ_RPPH1 knockdown or miR-1296-5p overexpression inhibited the malignant phenotype of BC. Furthermore, miR-1296-5p knockdown reversed circ_RPPH1’s promotion effects on BC. Interestingly, TRIM14 overexpression counteracts the inhibitory effects of miR-1296-5p overexpression and circ_RPPH1 silencing on BC. Moreover, in BC tumor-bearing mice, circ_RPPH1 overexpression led to increased TRIM14 expression and facilitated tumor growth. Circ_RPPH1 enhanced BC progression through miR-1296-5p/TRIM14 axis, indicating its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in BC.

Introduction: The close association between cuproptosis and tumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) allows its monitoring for predicting the prognosis of patients with TNBC. Nevertheless, the biological function and prognostic value of cuproptosis-related miRNAs and their target genes have not been reported. Purpose: To construct the miRNA and mRNA-based risk models associated with cuproptosis for patients with TNBC. Methods: Comparison of expression levels for genes associated with cuproptosis was executed between patients in the normal individuals and the TCGA-TNBC cohort. Conducting differential analysis resulted in the identification of differentially expressed miRNA (DE-miRNAs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the TNBC and Control samples. Screening for prognostic miRNAs and biomarkers involved employing univariate Cox analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses. These methods were utilized to construct risk models aimed at predicting the survival of patients with TNBC. Based on the median value of risk scores, patients were then stratified into low- and high-risk groups. Functional enrichment analysis was employed to explore the potential function and pathways of prognostic genes. Additionally, independent prognostic analysis was performed through univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Immune infiltration analysis was performed to examine disparities in the infiltration of immune cells between the two risk groups. Finally, the prognostic gene expression was mined in key cell types of TNBC. Results: We obtained 5213 DEGs and 204 DE-miRNAs related to cuproptosis between TNBC and Control samples. Five prognostic miRNAs (miR-203a-3p, miR-1277–3p, miR-135b-5p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-592) and three biomarkers (DENND5B, IGF1R, and MEF2C) were closely associated with TNBC. Significant differences in the functions of prognostic genes between the two risk groups were observed, encompassing adipogenesis, inflammatory response, and hormone metabolic process. The prognostic gene regulatory network revealed that miR200C-3p regulated ZFPM2 and CFL2, and miR-1277–3p regulated BMP2 and RORA. A nomogram was created based on riskScore, cancer status, and pathologic stage to predict 1/3/5-year survival of patients with TNBC. Immune infiltration analysis indicated that the immune microenvironment may be associated with the progression of TNBC. Interestingly, prognostic genes exhibited higher expression levels in T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and monocytes compared to other cells. Conclusions: Five prognostic miRNA (miR-203a-3p, miR-1277–3p, miR-135b-5p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-592) and three biomarkers (DENND5B, IGF1R, and MEF2C) were significantly associated with TNBC, it provides new therapeutic targets for the treatment and prognosis of TNBC.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To characterize two Escherichia coli strains isolated from a patient pre- and post-treatment, using β-lactams and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BLBLIs). Methods: A combination of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) with whole genome sequencing using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. Long-read sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were performed to determine the copy numbers and expression levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), respectively. Effect on fitness costs were assessed by growth rate determination. Results: The strain obtained from the patient after the antibiotic treatment (XH989) exhibited higher resistance to cefepime, BLBLIs and quinolones compared with the pre-treatment strain (XH987). Sequencing revealed IS26-mediated duplications of a IS26-fosA3-blaCTX-M-65 plasmid-embedded element in strain XH989. Long-read sequencing (7.4 G data volume) indicated a variation in copy numbers of blaCTX-M-65 within one single culture of strain XH989. Increased copy numbers of the IS26-fosA3-blaCTX-M-65 element were correlated with higher CTX-M-65 expression level and did not impose fitness costs, while facilitating faster growth under high antibiotic concentrations. Conclusion: Our study is an example from the clinic how BLBLIs and β-lactams exposure in vivo possibly promoted the amplification of an IS26-multiple drug resistance (MDR) region. The observation of a copy number variation seen with the blaCTX-M-65 gene in the plasmid of the post-treatment strain expands our knowledge of insertion sequence dynamics and evolution during treatment.

Highlights A multifactorial and oriented scaffolds was constructed to stimulate osteochondral regeneration. This is the first demonstration that both drug and gene nanoparticles were spatially deposited on a patterned film through metal-ligand interactions. For the first time, film-rolling approach was employed to construct osteochondral plug to mimick the Haversian canal structure of natural bone.

Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has compromised antimicrobial efficacy against severe infections worldwide. To monitor global spread, we conducted a comprehensive genomic epidemiologic study comparing sequences from 21 blaOXA-232–carrying CRKP isolates from China with K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 15 strains from 68 countries available in GenBank. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses revealed all blaOXA-232–carrying CRKP isolates belonged to ST15 lineage and exhibited multidrug resistance. Analysis grouped 330 global blaOXA-232–carrying ST15 CRKP strains into 5 clades, indicating clonal transmission with small genetic distances among multiple strains. The lineage originated in the United States, then spread to Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Most recent common ancestor was traced back to 2000; mutations averaged ≈1.7 per year per genome. Our research helps identify key forces driving global spread of blaOXA-232–carrying CRKP ST15 lineage and emphasizes the importance of ongoing surveillance of epidemic CRKP.

Pinus koraiensis is one of the important tree species in Northeast China. Due to its high pine-needle-oil content and the density of human activities in its habitat, the forest-fire prevention situation is severe in the context of climate change. The rate of surface-fire spread is one of the key indicators for scientifically advancing early fire prevention and is crucial for guiding forest firefighting operations. In this study, we investigated how moisture content, load, and slope impact the surface-fire spread rate using indoor-simulated fire-spread experiments. Furthermore, we analyzed the limitations in the Rothermel model for predicting the surface-fire spread rate in P. koraiensis plantations and proposed modifications to the model by the modification method of priority to no-wind or slope conditions and slope conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the prediction accuracy of the original Rothermel model and two other modified models on the surface-fire spread rate. A high moisture content and low slope demonstrated an absolute inhibitory effect on the rate of surface-fire spread, whereas the promotional effect of a low moisture content and high slope was easily disturbed by the other factors. Under high-slope conditions, an overestimation situation was observed in the Rothermel model. Both of the modification methods involving priority to no-wind or slope conditions and slope conditions could improve this situation. Furthermore, the modification method demonstrated a better improvement effect on the prediction accuracy. Our findings provide valuable insights for refining the Rothermel model and offer guidance for improving the accuracy of predicting fire spread rates and behavior for Pinus koraiensis. This bears immense significance for advancing the understanding and calculation of the ROS of forest fires in the region.

Background Bipolar disorder is identified as a cause of severe damage to the physical, psychological and social functioning of adolescents and young adults.Aims The aim of this study is to ascertain the trends in the burden of bipolar disorder among individuals aged 10–24 years at global, regional and national levels from 1990 to 2019.Methods The data analysed in this study were from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. The numbers, rates per 100 000 population, average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of bipolar disorder are reported at the global, regional and national levels among individuals aged 10–24 years. Global trends by age, sex and Social Development Index (SDI) were further analysed.Results Globally, the incidence of bipolar disorder among adolescents and young adults increased from 79.21 per 100 000 population (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 58.13 to 105.15) in 1990 to 84.97 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 61.73 to 113.46) in 2019, AAPC 0.24 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22 to 0.26). In the past three decades, there has been an increase in incidence, prevalence and YLDs in both males and females. The largest increase in incidence between 1990 and 2019 was observed in those aged 20–24 years old (from 51.76 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 26.81 to 87.20) in 1990 to 58.37 per 100 000 population (95% UI: 30.39 to 98.55) in 2019; AAPC 0.42 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.47)). By the SDI quintile, the largest increase in incidence was observed in the middle SDI; however, the high SDI countries had the highest incidence. Regionally, the largest increase in incidence was observed in southern Latin America. At the national level, the most pronounced increase in the incidence was in Greenland.Conclusions The global increase in incidence among adolescents and young adults between 1990 and 2019 indicates that strategies to improve their mental health still need to be emphasised.

A novel polysaccharide (WAMPa) was purified from Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz. WAMPa was characterized with molecular weight (MW) distribution, infrared spectrum, monosaccharide composition, methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The backbone of WAMPa was → 2)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → interspersed with a small amount of → 5)-α-D-Araf-(1→, and the branches were the terminal α-D-Glcp-(1 → and β-D-Glcp-(1→. The immunomodulatory activities of WAMPa were investigated on two levels experiments including in vitro RAW264.7 cells and in vivo zebrafish. Meanwhile, the immune-mediated antitumor activity was evaluated by the inhibitory effect of the culture medium from WAMPa-treated RAW264.7 cells on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Bioactivity assays showed that WAMPa increased mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS, enhanced the levels of NO, and promoted the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK. Taken together, these findings revealed that WAMPa exhibited immunomodulatory effects by regulating MAPK signaling pathway. The antitumor experiments showed that WAMPa did not show a significant growth inhibition ratio on MCF-7 cells, but WAMPa-treated RAW264.7 macrophages could significantly inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells. Thus, the antitumor activity of WAMPa was mediated mainly through the activation of macrophages. These results suggested that WAMPa could be considered as potential immunomodulatory and antitumor supplements.

Background: Carbapenemase is the predominant enzyme in the mechanism leading to Enterobacterales resistance to carbapenems, and the rapid spread of the blaKPC gene is a major public health concern. Here, we describe a carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis strain XH983, which harbored a blaKPC-2-producing IncN plasmid, isolated from a bloodstream infection. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to assess the genetic environment of P. mirabilis XH983. Conjugation and transfer experiments were performed and the corresponding strains were confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis were performed to explore the characteristics of carbapenem-resistant P. mirabilis isolates worldwide. Results: P. mirabilis XH983 was isolated from the blood of a patient in Hangzhou, China. The genome of XH983 contained one 4128,916 bp circular chromosome and one 24,225 bp IncN plasmid harboring blaKPC-2. P. mirabilis XH983 had multiple resistance genes, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides [aph(3')-Ia, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aac(3)-IId, aadA5, aadA1], β-lactams (blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1B), phenicol (cat, catA1), sulphonamide/trimethoprim (drfA1, drfA17, sul1, sul2) and tetracycline [tet(J)]. The phylogenetic tree showed that XH983 was present in a cluster of 30 isolates, all of which carried blaKPC-2 and most of them came from the same hospital as XH983, indicating the clonal spread of the cluster. Conclusion: We characterized carbapenem-resistant P. mirabilis clinical isolate XH983. The genome sequence of P. mirabilis XH983 provides information about resistance mechanisms of P. mirabilis carrying the blaKPC-2 plasmid and the potential spread of blaKPC-2.

Digital elevation models (DEMs), which can provide an accurate description of planetary surface elevation changes, play an important role in scientific tasks such as long-distance path planning, terrain analysis, and planetary surface reconstruction. However, generating high-precision planetary DEMs currently relies on expensive equipment together with complex remote sensing technology, thus increasing the cost and cycle of the task. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a cost-effective technology that can produce high-quality DEMs on the surfaces of planets. In this work, we propose a global attention-based DEM generation network (GADEM) to convert satellite imagery into DEMs. The network uses the global attention mechanism (GAM) together with a multi-order gradient loss function during training to recover precise terrain. The experimental analysis on lunar and Martian datasets not only demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of GADEM in bright regions, but also showed its promising reconstruction ability in shadowed regions.

In order to solve the problem that the pore structure and the microscopic occurrence characteristics of fluid change with stress in real time during the depletion development of tight gas reservoirs, the pore structure, water production and irreducible water distribution characteristics of tight reservoirs in the eighth member of Permian Shihezi Formation, Shenmu Gas Field, Ordos Basin under different stress conditions were quantitatively characterized, and the influence of stress on gas-water relative permeability was analyzed by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-pressure mercury injection (HPMI) and displacement experiments. The results show that when effective stress increases from 7 MPa to 17 MPa, reservoir porosity decreases from 8.39% to 7.65%, and the maximum pore radius decreases from 38.3 μm to 35.2 μm among which, the number of pore throats in the range of 0.3-18.9 μm decreases the most. The number of pores involved in seepage decreases due to the decrease of pore throat size, the bound water saturation increases from 51.3% to 59.7%, and the distribution range of the size of bound water increases from 0.012-17.4 μm to 0.012-20.1 μm. The changes of pore structure and bound water distribution characteristics further reduce the relative permeability of both gas and water phases, the relative permeability of gas phase decreases from 0.481 to 0.283, and that of isotonic point decreases from 0.157 to 0.09.

Abstract Background Rabies continues to be a serious threat to global public health endangering people’s health and public health safety. In the People’s Republic of China, multi-sectoral and comprehensive prevention and control strategies have aimed to extensively curb human rabies transmission. Here, we examine the current state of rabies infection in China, explore strategic interventions put in place in response to WHO’s ambition of “Zero rabies deaths by 2030” and critically assess the constraints and feasibility of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China. Methods This study analyzed and evaluated the process towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in China from five perspectives: namely, human, dog, policy, challenge, and prospects. Evidence-based data on progress of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China was derived from a number of sources; a literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, distribution data for human rabies cases as derived from the Data-center of the China Public Health Science and policy and document data were obtained from official websites of the relevant China ministries and commissions. Results The incidence of human rabies cases in China have shown a downward trend year-on-year since 2007. Implementation of a government-led, multi-sectoral “One Health” approach to combating rabies has driven down the total number of rabies deaths nationwide to around 200 in 2020. The number of provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) reporting human cases of rabies has also decreased to 21 in 2020, 13 of which reported less than 10 cases. Furthermore, the number of outpatient visits seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis has risen dramatically over the past two decades, with demand being 15 times higher than it was initially. There remain however, significant gaps in rabies elimination outcomes across the different regions of China. To date the target of achieving a canine rabies vaccination rate of > 75% has not been met. The challenges of rabies immunization of dogs and dog management in underdeveloped cities and rural areas need to be addressed together with more effective animal surveillance and rabies risk from and too wildlife and livestock. Conclusions The Chinese government-led, multi-sectoral “One Health” approach to combating rabies and has made significant progress over the past decade. Development and adoption of more cost-effective One Health strategies can achieve more nationally beneficial rabies elimination outcomes. The ambitious target of “Zero rabies deaths by 2030” can be met through establishment of long-lasting herd immunity in dogs by means of dog mass vaccination campaigns, dog population management, epidemiological surveillance and the application of large-scale oral rabies vaccine to eliminate rabies in wild animals coupled with deployment of cost-effective human post-exposure prophylaxis, and community education. Graphical Abstract

IntroductionAs the aging of the population continues to deepen, the pressure on social pensions is gradually increasing, and the issue of assistance has become a problem that must be solved. With the development of science and technology, people’s living standard is constantly improving. The older-adult care services expected by the older-adult are wider than meeting the basic daily needs of individuals. The current industry should also consider combining modern science and technology with the older-adult care service industry to serve older-adult better and enable older-adult care service providers to move towards the service needs that make people happier and healthier. This research is about constructing and evaluating China’s older-adult care services smart supply chain.MethodsBased on the research results of previous scholars, this paper divides the Sun construction of the smart supply chain of China endowment service into four aspects: policy aspect, economic aspect, social aspect, and technical aspect; the four significant elements are divided into the first-level indicators, and 16 second-level indicators are divided under the first-level indicators. The importance and satisfaction of each evaluation index were obtained by distributing questionnaires to the managers who study the supply chain and the employees who are related to the old-age service.Results and discussionAfter the reliability analysis, the importance-performance analysis (IPA) quadrant analysis chart of the evaluation index was constructed using importance-performance analysis. The index of creating a smart supply chain system for China’s old-age service is given priority, the supply chain system of China’s old-age care service is further improved, and the social security of China’s old-age service is enlarged.

Insect wax is a traditional Chinese medicine, which can be converted into policosanol through a reduction reaction. The efficacy of policosanol from insect wax (PIW) depends on its purity and composition ratio. Plant-derived policosanol has a hypolipidemic effect, however, the effects of PIW on serum lipid levels have not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered PIW on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. We found that PIW administration reduced the serum lipid levels of rats fed a high-fat diet, ameliorated body weight gain, and alleviated liver fat accumulation. This effect could be associated with the upregulation of fatty acid breakdown- and lipid metabolism–related genes, Pparα and Pparβ/δ, downregulation of fatty acid absorption and storage-related genes, Srebp1c, Il6, and Tnfα, and an antioxidant effect. These findings suggest the potential utility of PIW for developing functional foods with lipid-lowering capabilities.

Summary: Objective: To compare the characteristics of conventional laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) and robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in infants and young children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients (age: 0–36 months) who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes) with the fourth-generation RALP or traditional LP between April 2020 and December 2020. Results: A total of 33 patients with UPJO were enrolled: 12 underwent RALP (9 left side; 3 right side) and 21 underwent LP (18 left side; 3 right side). In the RALP group, the median patient age was 17 months (range: 5–36 months). In the LP group, the median patient age was 9 months (range: 2–36 months) (P = 0.182). The mean operation times were 120.25 ± 37.54 min (RALP) and 156.10 ± 51.11 min (LP) (P = 0.042), and the mean lengths of hospital stay were 6.42 ± 1.62 days (RALP) and 8.19 ± 2.25 days (LP) (P = 0.023). Removal of the drainage tube was performed after 3.08 ± 0.69 days (RALP) and after 4.76 ± 1.81 days (LP) (P = 0.001). The postoperative pain showed no significant difference. The mean hospitalization costs were 61464.75 ± 2800.53 yuan (RALP) and 22169.52 ± 3442.15 yuan (LP) (P

Ni60-WC coatings with different WC contents on the bucket tooth substrates were pre- pared using laser cladding technology. Their abrasive wear properties were assessed using the dry sand rubber wheel test system. The substrate and the hard-facing layer were tested for comparison. The results showed that the hardness of the Ni60-WC coatings increased with the increase in WC content. The wear resistance of the bucket tooth substrate was greatly improved by hard-facing and laser cladding Ni60-WC coatings. The wear rate of the hard-facing layer was reduced to 1/6 of that of the tooth substrate. The wear rate of the laser cladding coatings with 20–40 wt.% WC was similar to that of the hard-facing layer. It is worth mentioning that the wear rate of the coatings with 60–80 wt.% WC was only 1/4 of that of the hard-facing layer. Micro-cutting with surface plastic deformation was the main wear mechanism of the substrate to form narrow and deep furrows. The wear mechanism of the hard-facing layer was mainly plastic deformation with a wide groove, and the surface cracks promoted the removal of the material. The removal of the binder phase caused by micro-cutting was the main wear mechanism of the laser cladding Ni60-WC coatings. However, the hard phase of WC hinders micro-cutting and plastic deformation, which improves the wear resistance of the coating.

With the development of computer technology, forest fire spread simulation using computers has gradually developed. According to the existing research on forest fire spread, the models established in various countries have typical regional characteristics. A fire spread model established in a specific region is only suitable for the local area, and there is still a great deal of uncertainty as to whether or not the established model is suitable for fire spread simulation for the same fuel in other regions. Although many fire spread models have been established, the fuel characteristics applicable to each model, such as the fuel loading, fuel moisture content, combustibility, etc., are not similar. It is necessary to evaluate the applicability of different fuel characteristics to different fire spread models. We combined ground investigation, historical data collection, model improvements, and statistical analysis to establish a multi-model forest fire spread simulation method (FIRER) that shows the burning time, perimeter, burning area, overlap area, and spread rate of fire sites. This method is a large-scale, high-resolution fire growth model based on fire spread in eight directions on a regular 30 m grid. This method could use any one of four different physical models (McArthur, Rothermel, FBP, and Wang Zhengfei (China)) for fire behavior. This method has an option to represent fire breaks from roads, rivers, and fire suppression. We can evaluate which model is more suitable in a specific area. This method was tested on a single historical lightning fire in the Daxing’an Mountains. Different scenarios were tested and compared: using each of the four fire behavior models, with fire breaks on or off, and with a single or suspected double fire ignition location of the historical fire. The results show that the Rothermel model is the best model in the simulation of the Hanma lightning fire; the overlap area is 5694.4 hm2. Meanwhile, the real fire area in FIRER is 5800.9 hm2; both the Kappa and Sørensen values exceed 0.8, providing high accuracy in fire spread simulations. FIRER performs well in the automatic identification of fire break zones and multiple ignited points. Compared with FARSITE, FIRER performs well in predicting accuracy. Compared with BehavePlus, FIRER also has advantages in simulating large-scale fire spread. However, the complex data preparation stage of FIRER means that FIRER still has great room for improvement. This research provides a practical basis for the comparison of the practicability and applicability of various fire spread models and provides more effective practical tools and a scientific basis for decision-making and the management of fighting forest fires.

Wildfire hazard is a prominent issue in subtropical forests as climate change and extreme drought events increase in frequency. Stand-level fuel load and forest structure are determinants of forest fire occurrence and spread. However, current fuel management often lacks detailed vertical fuel distribution, limiting accurate fire risk assessment and effective fuel policy implementation. In this study, backpack laser scanning (BLS) is used to estimate several 3D structural parameters, including canopy height, crown base height, canopy volume, stand density, vegetation area index (VAI), and vegetation coverage, to characterize the fuel structure characteristics and vertical density distribution variation in different stands of subtropical forests in China. Through standard measurement using BLS point cloud data, we found that canopy height, crown base height, stand density, and VAI in the lower and middle-height strata differed significantly among stand types. Compared to vegetation coverage, the LiDAR-derived VAI can better show significant stratified changes in fuel density in the vertical direction among stand types. Among stand types, conifer-broadleaf mixed forest and C. lanceolata had a higher VAI in surface strata than other stand types, while P. massoniana and conifer-broadleaf mixed forests were particularly unique in having a higher VAI in the lower and middle-height strata, corresponding to the higher surface fuel and ladder fuel in the stand, respectively. To provide more informative support for forest fuel management, BLS LiDAR data combined with other remote sensing data were advocated to facilitate the visualization of fuel density distribution and the development of fire risk assessment.

The Dahongshan large-scale iron (Fe)–copper (Cu) polymetallic deposit is in the Proterozoic metallogenic domain on the western margin of the Yangtze Block. It is a typical representative of Fe-Cu polymetallic composite mineralization in the Kangdian area. The deposit comprises a group of layered orebodies formed by volcanic exhalation sedimentation and metamorphism, and a group of vein-like orebodies formed by hydrothermal superposition. The large-scale mapping of altered lithofacies in the deposit has resolved issues of weak links and unclear mineralization and alteration zoning of hydrothermal superimposed deposits within the study area. The mineralization type, hydrothermal alteration type and intensity, mineral assemblage, and mineral structure of the vein-type Cu polymetallic deposits during the hydrothermal superposition period are meticulously analyzed and studied. Finally, the zoning relationships of vein orebodies (mineralization) are summarized. On the basis of the results of the study of the distribution pattern of this mineral body, a mineralization alteration zoning model of the hydrothermal superposition period is constructed. The results show that the alteration is primarily silicification, carbonation, and chloritization, and the mineralization is chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and pyrite. The Dibadu anticline and the cutting layer faults and fractures strictly control the hydrothermal alteration zoning. The mineralization alteration zoning from the core to the flank is divided into coarse vein zone (I) → stockwork zone (II) → veinlet zone (III). The corresponding mineral assemblages are quartz–calcite–chalcocite–bornite–(native copper) (I) → calcite–dolomite–quartz–bornite–chalcopyrite–chlorite (II) → dolomite–quartz–chalcopyrite–(pyrite) (III), where the stockwork zone has the most substantial mineralization. The mineral assemblages of each alteration zone, the characteristics of rare earth elements of typical samples, and the test results on the fluid inclusions confirm that pH and Eh primarily control the zoning mechanism. This study has significance for deepening the understanding of the composite metallogenic system, guiding deep and peripheral prospecting, and providing significant enlightenment for the study of this type of deposit.

Due to the complex imaging mechanism of SAR images and the lack of multi-angle and multi-parameter real scene SAR target data, the generalization performance of existing deep-learning-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image target detection methods are extremely limited. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised domain-adaptive SAR ship detection method based on cross-domain feature interaction and data contribution balance. First, we designed a new cross-domain image generation module called CycleGAN-SCA to narrow the gap between the source domain and the target domain. Second, to alleviate the influence of complex backgrounds on ship detection, a new backbone using a self-attention mechanism to tap the potential of feature representation was designed. Furthermore, aiming at the problems of low resolution, few features and easy information loss of small ships, a new lightweight feature fusion and feature enhancement neck was designed. Finally, to balance the influence of different quality samples on the model, a simple and efficient E12IoU Loss was constructed. Experimental results based on a self-built large-scale optical-SAR cross-domain target detection dataset show that compared with existing cross-domain methods, our method achieved optimal performance, with the mAP reaching 68.54%. Furthermore, our method achieved a 6.27% improvement compared to the baseline, even with only 5% of the target domain labeled data.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely distributed opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa has complicated clinical treatment. Here, we report the genome sequence of a P. aeruginosa strain co-carrying blaKPC-2, blaOXA-246, and blaOXA-486. Genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of this strain were investigated. Methods: The Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform was used to sequence the strain's genome. MLST v.2.22.1 was used to analyse the multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes were identified using ABRicate v.1.0.1. Phylogenetic relationship analysis was performed using snippy. Results: The genomic sequence of P. aeruginosa PA23 consists of 229 contigs with a combined length of 7 193 462 bp. It was determined that PA23 belonged to ST463 and serotype O4, which is associated with a high-risk clone. The strain was resistant to almost all antibiotics tested, except colistin. The genome contained 23 antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaKPC-2, blaOXA-246, and blaOXA-486. A total of five P. aeruginosa strains both carrying blaKPC-2, blaOXA-246, and blaOXA-486 can be retrieved from the NCBI database. All of these strains are ST463 and serotype O4. With the exception of one strain, the other strains were spread across two neighbouring Chinese provinces and were clonal related. Conclusions: In conclusion, we reported the genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa ST463 strain containing 23 ARGs in China. This clone has the potential to become a dominant endemic clone in eastern China. To prevent clonal dissemination, continuous surveillance is necessary in the future.

Abstract High prevalence and strong associations of chronic disease, poor sleep quality, poor mental health, and suicidal ideation (SI) have been reported worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism remains unexamined. The participants were 2646 Chinese medical college students with an average age of 20.13 years. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and SI was evaluated. The lifetime SI, past 12-month SI, and chronic disease prevalence rates were 10.0%, 8.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis in this study found that chronic disease, self-reported poor sleep quality, poor mental health, gender and scholarship were associated with lifetime SI. Similar results were also found for 12-month SI with an exception of region. This result indicated that the effects of chronic diseases on the SI were mediated by self-reported sleep quality and mental health. Physical diseases, sleep-related concerns, and mental health issues need to be addressed through a multidisciplinary team approach and various delivery systems to prevent SI among medical college students.

Abstract Background E2F1 is a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression. It is highly expressed in most cancer cells and activates transcription of cell cycle-related kinases. Stathmin1 and transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) are factors that enhance the stability of spindle fiber. Methods The E2F1-mediated transcription of transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (TACC3) and stathmin1 was examined using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase reporter. Protein–protein interaction was studied using co-IP. The spindle structure was shown by immunofluorescence. Phenotype experiments were performed through MTS assay, flow cytometry, and tumor xenografts. Clinical colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens were analyzed based on immunohistochemistry. Results The present study showed that E2F1 expression correlates positively with the expression levels of stathmin1 and TACC3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and that E2F1 transactivates stathmin1 and TACC3 in CRC cells. Furthermore, protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of stathmin1 at Ser16 is essential to the phosphorylation of TACC3 at Ser558, facilitating the assembly of TACC3/clathrin/α-tubulin complexes during spindle formation. Overexpression of Ser16-mutated stathmin1, as well as knockdown of stathmin1 or TACC3, lead to ectopic spindle poles including disorganized and multipolar spindles. Overexpression of wild-type but not Ser16-mutated stathmin1 promotes cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Consistently, a high level of E2F1, stathmin1, or TACC3 not only associates with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and distant metastasis, but predicts poor survival in CRC patients. Conclusions E2F1 drives the cell cycle of CRC by promoting spindle assembly, in which E2F1-induced stathmin1 and TACC3 enhance the stability of spindle fiber.

Objectives Medical errors (MEs) and adverse events (AEs) both had long-term impacts on healthcare professionals. Studies investigated the associations between MEs, AEs, psychological distress and suicidal behaviours among healthcare professionals. The aim of the current study was to explore the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between MEs/AEs and suicidal ideation/suicide plan among operating room nurses in China.Design A cross-sectional study.Setting The survey was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022 in China.Participants A total of 787 operating room nurses completed the questionnaires in China.Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome measures were MEs and AEs. Secondary outcome measures were psychological distress and suicidal behaviours.Results The results showed that 22.1% of operating room nurses were involved in MEs, while 13.9% of operating room nurses were involved in AEs. The associations between suicidal ideation (OR=1.10, p

Scrub typhus, caused by mite-borne Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi), is a major febrile disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The DNA load of O. tsutsugamushi in the blood was previously found to be significantly higher in patients with fatal disease than those with non-fatal disease and correlated with the duration of illness, presence of eschar, and hepatic enzyme levels. In this prospective observation study, we analyzed the association of bacterial DNA load with clinical features, disease severity, and genotype using real-time PCR targeting the 56 kDa TSA gene of O. tsutsugamushi in the blood samples of 117 surviving patients with scrub typhus who had not received appropriate antibiotic treatment. The median O. tsutsugamushi DNA load was 3.11×103 copies/mL (range, 44 to 3.3×106 copies/mL). The severity of patients was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on the number of dysfunctional organs, and no significant difference in O. tsutsugamushi DNA load was found among these groups. Patients infected with the Karp group showed a significantly higher O. tsutsugamushi DNA load than those in the Gilliam (P

IntroductionSince pesticides have been widely used in agricultural production, acute pesticide poisoning (APP) has gradually become a worldwide public health problem. Recently, the number of APP cases has been high in China, and the intentional self-administration of pesticides is the main cause of APP. However, there is a lack of relevant studies on the factors influencing suicidal intent in patients with intentional APP. This study aimed to explore the current situation and influencing factors for suicidal intent among patients with intentional APP.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we enrolled a total of 225 patients with intentional APP admitted to the emergency department of our Grade A comprehensive hospital in Shandong Province between June 2019 and January 2021. Patients were investigated using a health status interview questionnaire, Beck Suicidal Intent Scale, Duke Social Support Index, psychological stress scale, Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. Descriptive statistics, single-factor analysis, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis.ResultsSuicidal intent scores were collected and averaged (14.23 ± 6.22). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that marital status, residential area, impulsivity, hopelessness, depression, psychological strain, and social support impact suicidal intent.ConclusionPatients with intentional APP have high suicidal intent. Therefore, different interventions should be tailored to different patients.

The present study attempted to explore the effects of sleep deprivation on the visual search patterns and hazard response times of taxi drivers when they encountered different types of hazards. A two (driver groups: sleep deprivation or control) × two (hazard types: covert hazard or overt hazard) mixed experimental design was employed. A total of 60 drivers were recruited, half of whom were in the sleep-deprived group and half of whom were in the control group. A validated video-based hazard perception test that either contained covert hazards (12 video clips) or overt hazards (12 video clips) filmed from the drivers’ perspective was presented to participants. Participants were instructed to click the left mouse button quickly once they detected a potentially dangerous situation that could lead to an accident. Participants’ response time and eye movements relative to the hazards were recorded. The sleep-deprived group had a significantly longer response time and took a longer time to first fixate on covert hazards than the control group, while they had a shorter response time to overt hazards than the control group. The first fixation duration of sleep-deprived drivers was longer than that of the control group for overt hazards, while the duration of the first fixation of the two driver groups was similar for covert hazards. Sleep deprivation affects the visual search patterns and response times to hazards, and the adverse effects of sleep deprivation were worse in relation to covert hazards. The findings have some implications for classifying and evaluating high-risk taxi drivers whose hazard perception ability might be affected by insufficient sleep.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the ecosystem carbon pool, and fire is one of the important disturbances in forest ecosystems. With global warming, there has been a gradual increase in boreal forest fires, which has a nonnegligible impact on the SOC dynamics in forests. The CENTURY model was employed in our study to simulate the changes in SOC stocks in boreal forests of the Great Xing’an Mountains, China under different fire severity conditions. Fire severity was represented by the metric of difference normalized burn ratio (dNBR) derived from 30-m Landsat-8 imageries. Changes in forest SOC stocks following fire disturbance were predicted under four future Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). We found that the CENTURY model had good results in simulating the SOC stocks in the postfire of China’s boreal forests. Forest SOC dynamics responded differently to fire severities and the larger SOC loss was associated with increasing fire severity. Importantly, a feedback mechanism was found between climate change and SOC stocks, which reduces SOC stocks with increasing temperatures. High-severity forest fires tended to cause serious damage to the SOC pool and delay forest SOC recovery time; after such events, forest SOC stocks cannot be fully recovered to the prefire levels (6.74% loss). In addition, higher CO2 emissions and warmer temperatures significantly affected the recovery of SOC stocks after fire disturbance, resulting in larger SOC losses. Overall, we projected losses of 10.14%, 12.06%, 12.41%, and 15.70% of SOC stocks after high-severity fires in four RCP scenarios, respectively. Our findings emphasize the importance of fire disturbance and climate change on future dynamics of SOC stocks in China’s boreal forests, providing a scientific basis for future boreal forest management and fire management.

Wildfire is a pressing global issue that transcends geographic boundaries. Many areas, including China, are trying to cope with the threat of wildfires and manage limited forest resources. Effective forest fire detection is crucial, given its significant implications for ecological balance, social well-being and economic stability. In light of the problems of noise misclassification and manual design of the components in the current forest fire detection model, particularly the limited capability to identify subtle and unnoticeable smoke within intricate forest environments, this paper proposes an improved smoke detection model for forest fires utilizing YOLOv8 as its foundation. We expand the channel depth for fine-grain feature learning and retain more feature information. At the same time, lightweight convolution reduces the parameters of the model. This model enhances detection accuracy for smoke targets of varying scales and surpasses the accuracy of mainstream models. The outcomes of experiments demonstrate that the improved model exhibits superior performance, and the mean average precision is improved by 3.3%. This model significantly enhances the detection ability while also optimizing the neural network to make it more lightweight. These advancements position the model as a promising solution for early-stage forest fire smoke detection.

The surface fine dead fuel moisture content (FFMC) is an important factor in predicting forest fire risk and is influenced by various meteorological factors. Many prediction methods rely on temperature and humidity as factors, resulting in poor model prediction accuracy under rainfall conditions. At the same time, there is an increasing number of methods based on machine learning, but there is still a lack of comparison with traditional models. Therefore, this paper selected the broad-leaved forest tree species Quercus mongolica and the coniferous forest species Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Northeast China. Taking surface dead fine fuel as the research object, we used indoor simulated rainfall experiments to explore the impact of rainfall on the surface dead fuel moisture content. The prediction model for surface dead fuel moisture content was modified by the direct estimation method. Finally, using field data, the direct estimation method and convolution neural network (CNN) model were used in the comparison. The rainfall simulation results showed that the indoor fuel moisture content had a logarithmic increasing trend. Rainfall and previous fuel moisture content had a significant impact on the fuel moisture content prediction model, and both the relational model and nonlinear model performed well in predicting fuel moisture content under indoor rainfall conditions. Under field conditions, humidity, temperature and rainfall played a significant role in fuel moisture content. Compared with the unmodified direct estimation method, the modified direct estimation method significantly improved the prediction accuracy and the goodness of fit (R2) increased from 0.85–0.94 to 0.94–0.96. Mean absolute error (MAE) decreased from 9.18–18.33% to 6.86–10.74%, and mean relative error (MRE) decreased from 3.97–17.18% to 3.53–14.48%. The modified direct estimation method has higher prediction accuracy compared with the convolutional neural network model; the R2 value was above 0.90, MAE was below 8.11%, and MRE was below 8.87%. The modified direct estimation method had the best prediction effect among them. This study has a certain reference value for the prediction model of surface fuel moisture content in post-rainfall fire risk assessment and is also of great significance for forest fire management in Northeast China.

Presently, as human activity and climate warming gradually increase, straw burning leads to more accidental burning in neighbouring wetlands, which threatens wetland carbon stores. Plants are important carbon fixers in wetlands, converting carbon dioxide to biomass through photosynthesis and releasing carbon into the soil as plants die off. Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in wetlands is a key factor affecting plant growth, and different burning seasons have different effects on mitigating this limitation. To further elucidate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus distribution on wetland inter-month nutrient dynamics after different burning seasons, we selected a Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain that was burned in spring and autumn, respectively, and conducted a monthly survey from May to September. We found that the leaf nitrogen content in September at spring burning sites was 3.59 ± 2.69 g/kg, which was significantly lower than that in July, while the difference at the unburned sites was only 0.60 ± 3.72 g/kg, and after the autumn burning, soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents remained higher than at the unburned sites in August, being 0.55 ± 1.74 g/kg and 0.06 ± 0.12 g/kg, respectively. Our results indicate that spring burning immediately increased the nitrogen and phosphorus contents in soil and plants but that these effects only lasted for a short time, until June. In comparison, autumn burning had a long-term effect on soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels and significantly increased the aboveground biomass. Thus, we recommend that conducting autumn burning before the commencement of agricultural burning not only reduces combustible accumulation to prevent fires but also promotes nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in wetlands, and the increase in plant biomass after autumn burning also enhances the carbon fixation capacity of the wetland.

Abstract Background Child maltreatment is a prevalent and notable problem in rural China, and the prevalence and severity of depression in rural areas are higher than the national norm. Several studies have found that loneliness and coping skills respectively mediated the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. However, few studies have examined the roles of loneliness and coping skills in child maltreatment and depression based on gender differences. Methods All participants were from rural communities aged more than 18 years in Shandong province, and 879 valid samples (female:63.4%) ranging in age from 18 to 91 years old were analyzed. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), the Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), and the Emotional and Social Loneliness Scale (ESLS) were used to evaluate child maltreatment, depression, coping skills and loneliness. Results Child maltreatment was more common and severe in males than females (F = 3.99; p

IntroductionThe spread and development of wildfires are deeply affected by the fine fuel moisture content (FFMC), which is a key factor in fire risk assessment. At present, there are many new prediction methods based on machine learning, but few people pay attention to their comparison with traditional models, which leads to some limitations in the application of machine learning in predicting FFMC.MethodsTherefore, we made long-term field observations of surface dead FFMC by half-hour time steps of four typical forests in Northeast China, analyzed the dynamic change in FFMC and its driving factors. Five different prediction models were built, and their performances were compared.ResultsBy and large, our results showed that the semi-physical models (Nelson method, MAE from 0.566 to 1.332; Simard method, MAE from 0.457 to 1.250) perform best, the machine learning models (Random Forest model, MAE from 1.666 to 1.933; generalized additive model, MAE from 2.534 to 4.485) perform slightly worse, and the Linear regression model (MAE from 2.798 to 5.048) performs worst.DiscussionThe Simard method, Nelson method and Random Forest model showed great performance, their MAE and RMSE are almost all less than 2%. In addition, it also suggested that machine learning models can also accurately predict FFMC, and they have great potential because it can introduce new variables and data in future to continuously develop. This study provides a basis for the selection and development of FFMC prediction in the future.

Introduction: Hazard perception is the ability to sense the road environment and predict and respond to the upcoming dangerous events, and this factor is closely related to cyclists’ crash involvement. However, due to a lack of valid instruments, studies concerning the hazard predictions and crashes of cyclists in China remain limited. This study attempted to develop a hazard prediction test for cyclists. Method: The experiment presented 44 video clips filmed from cyclists’ perspectives to 61 children aged 13–16 years and 119 adults aged 18–30 years. After the video clip displayed a black screen, participants were asked to answer the following questions: “What is the hazard?” (question 1), “Where is the hazard?” (question 2), and “What happens next?” (question 3). The differences in test scores between cyclists with high and low levels of experience, cyclists of different ages, and crash-involved and noncrash-involved cyclists were compared to examine the validity of the test. Results: The final test contained 21 video clips and the internal consistency reliabilities of the three questions were satisfactory. Experienced cyclists are better able to identify and predict hazards than are cyclists with less experience, and adult cyclists have better hazard prediction abilities than child cyclists. More importantly, crash-involved cyclists receiving lower scores with respect to their ability to identify and predict hazards than noncrash-involved cyclists, thus indicating that the discriminant validity of the test was acceptable. Practical applications: This newly-developed test exhibits acceptable reliability and validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the hazard prediction abilities of cyclists with different ages and levels of experience in China. The natural driving videos and test in the study may hold promise for future practical applications, and the implications for road safety are discussed.

PurposeThe present study aimed to examine the effects of personality traits on bus drivers' self-reported prosocial and aggressive driving behaviours as well as the mediating role of risk perception and the moderating role of gender in this relationship.MethodsThree hundred and ten bus drivers who were 24-57 years old agreed to participate in this study. The measures utilized included personality scales, a risk perception scale and a prosocial and aggressive driving behaviour scale.ResultsA moderated mediation model was established. The effects of normlessness/anger on prosocial driving behaviour are mediated by risk perception. Risk perception has a stronger promoting effect on the prosocial driving behaviour of male drivers (b = 0.358, p < 0.01) than it does on that of female drivers (b = 0.072, p > 0.05). The effects of normlessness/anger on the aggressive driving behaviour of both male and female drivers are also mediated by risk perception. Moreover, gender plays a moderating role in the influences of personality and risk perception on aggressive driving behaviour. Drivers with higher risk perception and less anger exhibit less aggressive driving behaviour, and this effect is clearer among male drivers than it is among female drivers.ConclusionThe present study revealed the relationship between personality traits and the prosocial and aggressive driving behaviours of bus drivers through a moderated mediation model. These findings highlight the importance of taking risk perception and gender into consideration when examining the effects of personality on bus drivers' driving behaviours.

PurposeThis study aimed to adapt the Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire (RPIQ) to Chinese collegiate athletes and examine its reliability and validity.MethodsSix hundred thirty collegiate athletes aged 17 to 24 years agreed to complete the RPIQ, the Chinese version of the SIAS and an LOC scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 300) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 330) were conducted to explore its structure, and convergent and construct validity were investigated by examining the relationships between various factors of the RPIQ, LOC, SIAS and injury risk.ResultsThe results of EFA show the Chinese version of the RPIQ contained 12 items and was divided into three factors: tough, pressed and rational choice. CFA confirmed its factorial structure (CMIN/DF = 2.61, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.07). The reliability of the scale was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.75). Significant associations between the RPIQ factors and LOC and SIAS were found, suggesting the construct validity of the scale was acceptable. Additionally, significant gender differences were found in the RPIQ factors and athletes who participated in individual sports scored higher on tough and rational choice factors than those who participated in team sports.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the RPIQ has sufficient psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and effective tool for measuring attitudes of the risk, pain and injury of collegiate athletes.

Abstract Background In recent years, longitudinal studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been successively concluded. Our aim is to determine the efficacy of amyloid‐β (Aβ) PET in diagnosing AD and early prediction of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) converting to AD. By pooling studies from different centers to explore in‐depth whether diagnostic performance varies by population type, radiotracer type, and diagnostic approach, thus providing a more comprehensive theoretical basis for the subsequent widespread application of Aβ PET in the clinical setting. Methods Relevant studies were searched through PubMed. The pooled sensitivities, specificities, DOR, and the summary ROC curve were obtained based on a Bayesian random‐effects model. Results Forty‐eight studies, including 5967 patients, were included. Overall, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and AUC of Aβ PET for diagnosing AD were 0.90, 0.80, 35.68, and 0.91, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that Aβ PET had high sensitivity (0.91) and specificity (0.81) for differentiating AD from normal controls but very poor specificity (0.49) for determining AD from MCI. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.84 and 0.62, respectively, for predicting the conversion of MCI to AD. The differences in diagnostic efficacy between visual assessment and quantitative analysis and between 11C‐PIB PET and 18F‐florbetapir PET were insignificant. Conclusions The overall performance of Aβ PET in diagnosing AD is favorable, but the differentiation between MCI and AD patients should consider that some MCI may be at risk of conversion to AD and may be misdiagnosed. A multimodal diagnostic approach and machine learning analysis may be effective in improving diagnostic accuracy.

BackgroundWorkplace violence (WPV) against medical staff has been an important public health and societal problem worldwide. Although numerous studies have implied the differences between physical violence (PV) and verbal violence (VV) against medical staff, few studies were conducted to analyze the different associations between work-related variables, PV, and VV, especially in China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese medical staff in public hospitals, and 3,426 medical staff were interviewed and analyzed. WPV, including PV and VV, were evaluated by the self-report of the medical staff. Work-related variables, physical disease, depression, and social-demographic variables were also measured. The work-related variables included types of medical staff, professional titles, hospital levels, managers, working years, job changing, working hours/week, night duty times/week, monthly income, self-reported working environment, and social position. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the factors associated with PV and VV.ResultsA total of 489 medical staff (23.0%) reported the experience of PV and 1,744 (50.9%) reported the experience of VV. Several work-related variables were associated with PV and VV, including nurse (OR = 0.56 for PV, p < 0.01; OR = 0.76 for VV, p < 0.05), manager (OR = 1.86 for PV, p < 0.01; OR = 1.56 for VV, p < 0.001), night duty frequency/week (OR = 1.06 for PV, p < 0.01; OR = 1.03 for VV, p < 0.01), bad working environment (OR = 2.73 for PV, p < 0.001; OR = 3.52 for VV, p < 0.001), averaged working environment (OR = 1.51 for PV, p < 0.05; OR = 1.55 for VV, p < 0.001), and bad social position (OR = 4.21 for PV, p < 0.001; OR = 3.32 for VV, p < 0.001). Working years (OR = 1.02, p < 0.05), job changing (OR = 1.33, p < 0.05), and L2 income level (OR = 1.33, p < 0.01) were positively associated with VV, but the associations were not supported for PV (all p>0.05). The other associated factors were male gender (OR = 1.97 for PV, p < 0.001; OR = 1.28 for VV, p < 0.05) and depression (OR = 1.05 for PV, p < 0.001; OR = 1.04 for VV, p < 0.001).ConclusionBoth PV and VV were positively associated with work-related variables, such as doctor, manager, more night duty frequency, perceived bad working environment, or social position. Some variables were only associated with VV, such as working years, job changing, and monthly income. Some special strategies for the work-related variables should be applied for controlling PV and VV.

BackgroundSurgical sites infections (SSIs) caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitute a major clinical problem. Understanding the transmission mode of MRSA is important for its prevention and control.AimWe investigated the transmission mode of a MRSA outbreak in a trauma and orthopedic hospital ward.MethodsClinical data were collected from patients (n = 9) with MRSA infection in a trauma and orthopedic ward from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. The wards (n = 18), patients (n = 48), medical staff (n = 23), and their households (n = 5) were screened for MRSA. The transmission mode of MRSA isolates was investigated using next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. The resistance genes, plasmids, and single-nucleotide variants of the isolates were analyzed to evaluate microevolution of MRSA isolates causing SSIs. The MRSA colonization-positive doctor was asked to suspend his medical activities to stop MRSA spread.FindingsNine MRSA infected patients were investigated, of which three patients were diagnosed with SSI and had prolonged hospitalization due to the persistent MRSA infection. After screening, MRSA isolates were not detected in environmental samples. The surgeon in charge of the patients with SSI caused by MRSA and his son were positive for MRSA colonization. The MRSA from the son was closely related to the isolates detected in MRSA-induced SSIs patients with 8–9 single-nucleotide variants, while ST88-MRSA isolates with three different spa types were detected in the surgeon's nasal cavity. Comparative genomic analysis showed that ST88-MRSA isolates acquired mutations in genes related to cell wall synthesis, colonization, metabolism, and virulence during their transmission. Suspending the medical activity of this surgeon interrupted the spread of MRSA infection in this ward.ConclusionCommunity-associated MRSA clones can invade hospitals and cause severe postoperative nosocomial infections. Further MRSA surveillance in the households of health workers may prevent the transition of MRSA from colonization to infection.

Wood–leaf separation aiming at classifying LiDAR points into wood and leaf components is one of the most important genres for improving leaf area index estimation and forestry survey accuracy. The wood return signals could artificially increase the apparent foliage content, which needs to be screened out for deriving vital tree attributes accurately. Previous research works tended to use intensity, waveform, and geometric information extracted from a single wavelength LiDAR for wood–leaf separation. This article employs a revised hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) to obtain spatial and ultrawide spectral data simultaneously. We also propose a simple three steps method to separate wood and leaf components based on HSL spatial and spectral measurements under the laboratory circumstances. First, the preprocessing is conducted to acquire 3-D spatial information and the multiband laser pulse reflectance for further separation. Second, preliminary separation (band division, key feature parameter calculation, and judgment) is implemented based on reflectance. Third, we employ K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method to enhance separation results based on preliminary separation results and spatial features and then update the results by recorrection. Then, 3-D reconstruction is accomplished by fusing wood–leaf separation results. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can separate wood and leaf components with high accuracy and indicate tree attributes straightforwardly.