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BackgroundWith the spread and spread of COVID-19 around the world, youth’s learning, lifestyle and health have been greatly affected. Based on the current research, there is no adequate analysis of the development of young people’s physique and heart and lung health during COVID-19, and there is a lack of relevant targeted research. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of BMI and Maximum Oxygen Absorption (VO2max) in 12–14 year old teenagers before and after COVID-19.MethodThe BMI, 1,000/800 m running time and associated data related to 29,813 individuals between 2019 and 2022 were collected by cluster sampling, and the changes of BMI Z and VO2max before and after the outbreak were analyzed. Moreover, the relationship between BMI and cardiovascular endurance was analyzed by means of multi-linear stepwise regression.ResultsThe covariance analysis models indicated that compared with 2019, adolescent weight, BMI, and 1,000/800 m running time showed varying degrees of growth in 2020, while lung capacity decreased. All indicators achieved rapid rebound in 2021 and 2022 (p

ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the efficacy of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with fluoxetine in enhancing the early antidepressant response in first-episode adolescent depression cases, providing insights for patient diagnosis and treatment.MethodsOne hundred and thirty-five adolescents experiencing their first depressive episode were randomly assigned to either a sham group treated with fluoxetine or to low or high repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) groups receiving both rTMS and fluoxetine. Therapeutic effects were assessed by comparing changes in Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) scores, cognitive function scores from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Clinical Global Impression-improvement (CGI-I) scores, along with recording adverse reactions.ResultsThe total effectiveness rate in the rTMS groups (Low, 95.56%; High, 97.78%) was significantly higher than in the Sham rTMS group (80%) (F = 11.15, P

Abstract Early and accurate diagnosis of focal liver lesions is crucial for effective treatment and prognosis. We developed and validated a fully automated diagnostic system named Liver Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis System (LiAIDS) based on a diverse sample of 12,610 patients from 18 hospitals, both retrospectively and prospectively. In this study, LiAIDS achieved an F1-score of 0.940 for benign and 0.692 for malignant lesions, outperforming junior radiologists (benign: 0.830-0.890, malignant: 0.230-0.360) and being on par with senior radiologists (benign: 0.920-0.950, malignant: 0.550-0.650). Furthermore, with the assistance of LiAIDS, the diagnostic accuracy of all radiologists improved. For benign and malignant lesions, junior radiologists’ F1-scores improved to 0.936-0.946 and 0.667-0.680 respectively, while seniors improved to 0.950-0.961 and 0.679-0.753. Additionally, in a triage study of 13,192 consecutive patients, LiAIDS automatically classified 76.46% of patients as low risk with a high NPV of 99.0%. The evidence suggests that LiAIDS can serve as a routine diagnostic tool and enhance the diagnostic capabilities of radiologists for liver lesions.

Tea varieties play a crucial role on the quality formation of matcha. This research aimed to examine the impact of four specific tea plant varieties (Okumidori, Longjing 43, Zhongcha108, and E’Cha 1) on various aspects of matcha, including sensory evaluation, major components, color quality, volatile and non-volatile metabolomic profiles. The findings revealed that the levels of tea polyphenols, ester catechins, nonester catechins, and amino acids varied among these four varieties. Notably, 177 significant different metabolites, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids were identified among 1383 non-volatile compounds. In addition, 97 key aroma-active compounds were identified based on their odor activity value exceeding 1. Aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, and ketones were closely associated with the formation of volatile metabolites. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of how different tea plant varieties impact the quality of matcha, and can provide valuable guidance for improving matcha varieties in a favorable direction.

As the low water solubility of gallic acid (GA), its biological activities such as water-based antioxidant effect may be greatly reduced. Therefore, GA-loaded nanocomposites (F-SiO2@GA) with high water solubility were synthesized via solvent evaporation using food-grade silica (F-SiO2) as carriers in this work. The assessment of antioxidant capacity revealed that F-SiO2@GA exhibited considerably greater free-radical scavenging ability than free GA and the physical mixture of F-SiO2 and GA. In the photooxidation experiment of food-grade gardenia yellow pigment (GYP), F-SiO2@GA showed a notable antioxidant effect on GYP solution. Additionally, in the storage experiment on chilled whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with F-SiO2@GA, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values were effectively inhibited. In conclusion, the internal encapsulation of GA effectively prevented the self-aggregation phenomenon, thereby facilitating the exposure of its active phenolic hydroxyl group and significantly enhancing its water-based biological activity.

Chip-scale devices harnessing the interaction between hot atomic ensembles and light are pushing the boundaries of precision measurement techniques into unprecedented territory. These advancements enable the realization of super-sensitive, miniaturized sensing instruments for measuring various physical parameters. The evolution of this field is propelled by a suite of sophisticated components, including miniaturized single-mode lasers, microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells, compact coil systems, scaled-down heating systems, and the application of cutting-edge micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technologies. This review delves into the essential technologies needed to develop chip-scale hot atomic devices for quantum metrology, providing a comparative analysis of each technology’s features. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, this review discusses the future potential of chip-scale hot atomic devices and the critical technologies that will drive their advancement.

This experiment mainly studied the effect of shiitake stipe powder on the quality and nutritional composition of eggs from Hy-Line brown hens. 112 healthy 40-week-old Hy-Line brown hens in the same batch were selected and were randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group was fed the basic diet and the experimental groups were supplemented with 5%, 10% and 15% of mushroom stalk powder, respectively. After 20 weeks of feeding, the egg quality was measured. The results showed that the average egg weight and size of the experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P

Obesity and associated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are on the rise globally. NASH became an important driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in recent years. Activation of the central metabolic regulator mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is frequently observed in HCCs. However, mTOR inhibition failed to improve the outcome of HCC therapies, demonstrating the need for a better understanding of the molecular and functional consequences of mTOR blockade. We established a murine NASH-driven HCC model based on long-term western diet feeding combined with hepatocellular mTOR-inactivation. We evaluated tumor load and whole-body fat percentage via µCT-scans, analyzed metabolic blood parameters and tissue proteome profiles. Additionally, we used a bioinformatic model to access liver and HCC mitochondrial metabolic functions. The tumor burden was massively increased via mTOR-knockout. Several signs argue for extensive metabolic reprogramming of glucose, fatty acid, bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Kinetic modeling revealed reduced oxygen consumption in KO-tumors. NASH-derived HCC pathogenesis is driven by metabolic disturbances and should be considered separately from those caused by other etiologies. We conclude that mTOR functions as tumor suppressor in hepatocytes especially under long-term western diet feeding. However, some of the detrimental consequences of this diet are attenuated by mTOR blockade.

Gray blight disease stands as one of the most destructive ailments affecting tea plants, causing significant damage and productivity losses. However, the dynamic roles of defense genes during the infection of gray blight disease remain largely unclear, particularly concerning their distinct responses in resistant and susceptible cultivars. In the pursuit of understanding the molecular interactions associated with gray blight disease in tea plants, a transcriptome analysis unveiled that 10,524, 17,863, and 15,178 genes exhibited differential expression in the resistant tea cultivar (Yingshuang), while 14,891, 14,733, and 12,184 genes showed differential expression in the susceptible tea cultivar (Longjing 43) at 8, 24, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi), respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses highlighted that the most up-regulated genes were mainly involved in secondary metabolism, photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ribosome pathways. Furthermore, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis were specifically expressed in resistant and susceptible tea cultivars, respectively. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tea plant immunity against gray blight disease.

Abstract The surfactant-polymer-based (S/P) fracturing fluid combines the advantages of the surfactant-based and polymer-based fracturing fluids. In this study, the synergistic tackifying of cationic surfactants and carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and the potential application in hydraulic fracturing fluid was investigated. Firstly, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and salicylic acid (SA) with a weight ratio of 4:1 were optimized as the main agent of the small molecule surfactant gel, which was then mixed with carboxymethyl 2-hydroxyethyl ether cellulose (CMHEC) and salicylic acid (SA) to obtain the S/P gel. The proppant suspension performance, gel-breaking properties, salt-resistance and thermal stability of the optimized S/P were evaluated to confirm their potential application in the hydraulic fracturing fluid. These results showed that the performance of the S/P fracturing fluid system was much better than the performance of the surfactant fracturing fluid and also the performance of polymer fracturing fluid.

Metabolic conditions associated with alterations of the gut microbiome, such as obesity and diabetes, predispose to gallstone disease. Here the authors demonstrate that the gut microbiome, in particular the genus Desulfovibrionale, contribute to gallstone formation in mice.

Abstract The practical implementation of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries is greatly hampered by the low sulfur utilization and limited battery lifespan stemming from the complexity of the sulfur conversion reactions. As a core element in Li‐S chemistry, the intrinsic physiochemical properties of sulfur have predominant impacts on the final battery performance, and thus rational engineering of its structure at the molecular level may provide ample possibilities to optimize the sulfur conversion behaviors and hence to promote the commercialization of Li‐S technology. This review summarizes the recent advancements in tailoring the electrochemical performance of Li‐S batteries through engineering the molecular structures of sulfur‐providing materials themselves, such as by heteroatom doping, skeleton grafting, and construction of polysulfides‐based functional intermediates. Some new‐type inorganic sulfur‐equivalent active molecules with beneficial electrochemical properties for cathode application are also included. Finally, the perspectives on the challenges of molecular engineering of sulfur for achieving advanced Li‐S batteries are discussed.

Identity spoofing attacks pose one of the most serious threats to wireless networks, where the attacker can masquerade as legitimate users by modifying its own identity. Channel-based physical-layer security is a promising technology to counter identity spoofing attacks. Although various channel-based security technologies have been proposed, the study of channel-based spoofing attack detection in 5G networks is largely open. This paper introduces a new channel-based spoofing attack detection scheme based on channel virtual (or called beamspace) representation in millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) 5G networks. The principal components of channel virtual representation (PC-CVR) are extracted as a new channel feature. Compared with traditional channel features, the proposed features can be more sensitive to the location of transmitters and more suitable to mmWave 5G networks. Based on PC-CVR, we offer two detection strategies to achieve the spoofing attack detection tackling static and dynamic radio environments, respectively. For the static radio environment where the channel correlation is stable, Neyman-Pearson (NP) testing-based spoofing attack detection is provided depending on the ${\ell _{2}}$ -norm of PC-CVR. For the dynamic radio environment where the channel correlation is changing, the problem of spoofing attack detection is transformed into a one-class classification problem. To efficiently handle this problem, an online detection framework based on a feedforward neural network with a single hidden layer is presented. Simulation results evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detection schemes. For the static radio environment, the detection rate can be improved around 25% with the help of PC-CVR under the NP testing-based detection, and the detection accuracy can reach 99% with the machine learning-based scheme under the dynamic radio environment.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with high metal loading are highly desired to improve catalytic performance. Here, the authors report a dual protection strategy by nanocasting SiO2 into metal–organic frameworks to prepare high-loading SACs with excellent catalytic performance toward oxygen reduction.

The application of organic fertilizer has been one of the most important agricultural practices to increase tea plant productivity. However, a single organic fertilizer alone could not match the nutrient requirements of tea plant. According to the nutrient demand of tea plant, tea-specific fertilizer with an appropriate nutrient ratio in combination with organic fertilizer would be an appropriate way. A four-year field experiment was conducted to characterize the sensory quality of green tea subjected to four different fertilization treatments, i.e., tea-specific fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O: 18-8-12) + urea + colza cake, tea-specific fertilizer + urea + livestock waste compost, and tea-specific fertilizer + urea, combined tea-specific fertilizer (referred to as M1, M2, and M3, respectively); nonfertilizing (CK) served as control. The fertilizer formulated specifically for tea could enhance the taste qualities of green tea, such as water extract, caffeine, tea polyphenol, EGCG, and ECG. However, the effect of this fertilizer on enhancing the aroma level of green tea was weaker than that of the application of tea-specific fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer, whereby this combined fertilization significantly improved the concentration of green tea aroma compounds, such as D-limonene, cis-jasmone, nonanal, linalool, cis-3-hexenyl hexanoate, and cis-3-hexenyl benzoate. This study provides a theoretical basis for judicious fertilization by combining tea-specific fertilizer and organic fertilizer in tea orchards.

Abstract Background The gut microbiome exerts extensive roles in metabolism of nutrients, pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals. Little has been known for the role of gut microbiota in regulating cholesterol and bile acids in association with gallstone formation. This study investigated the changes in the composition of gut microbiota in mice fed with lithogenic diet (LD). Methods Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were fed with either lithogenic diet (1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid) or chow diet as control for 56 days. The fecal microbiota were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results LD led to formation of cholesterol gallstone in mice. The richness and alpha diversity of gut microbial reduced in mice fed with LD. Firmicutes was significantly decreased from 59.71% under chow diet to 31.45% under LD, P

The motion state of a droplet on an inclined, hydrophilic rough surface in gravity, pinned or sliding, is governed by the balance between the driving and the pinned forces. It can be judged by the droplet’s shape on the inclined hydrophilic rough surface and the droplet’s contact angle hysteresis. In this paper, we used the minimum energy theory, the minimum energy dissipation theory, and the nonlinear numerical optimization algorithm to establish Models 1–3 to calculate out the advancing/receding contact angles (θa/θr), the initial front/rear contact angles (θ1−0/θ2−0) and the dynamic front/rear contact angles (θ1−*/θ2−*) for a droplet on a rough surface. Also, we predicted the motion state of the droplet on an inclined hydrophilic rough surface in gravity by comparing θ1−0(θ2−0) and θ1−*(θ2−*) with θa(θr). Experiments were done to verify the predictions. They showed that the predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results. These models are promising as novel design approaches of hydrophilic functional rough surfaces, which are frequently applied to manipulate droplets in microfluidic chips.

Tea leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) is amongst the key pests in tea plantations around the East Asian region. Stereomicroscopy is a conventional method used for detecting tea leafhopper eggs by dissecting the tender tissues. However, there is a need for a faster and more efficient method to directly observe and investigate intact eggs within tea shoots. The absence of a proven method limits research efforts for determining the oviposition behavior of E. onukii. Herein, we applied the blue light detection method (BLDM), a technique recently developed for other species, in order to detect E. onukii eggs directly and non-destructively within the tender shoot. In addition, we compared BLDM against the traditional stereomicroscope detection method (SMDM) for four tea cultivars. Notably, our results revealed that BLDM was precise and effective in measuring the egg laying quantity of E. onukii on intact tea shoots. Neither tea cultivars nor egg density in the tender shoot significantly affected the accuracy of BLDM. Furthermore, biological characteristics that have rarely been reported previously for E. onukii were investigated using the BLDM, including zygote duration, ovipositional rhythm, egg distribution within the tender shoot, and in different leaf positions, numbers of eggs laid by a single female daily, and laid by the entire generation. Therefore, these findings provide insights into the basic and theoretical evidence for the strategy and mechanism associated with the oviposition behavior of E. onukii.

The quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) for the boiling point (Tb) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was investigated. The molecular distance-edge vector (MDEV) index was used as the structural descriptor. The quantitative relationship between the MDEV index and Tb was modeled by using multivariate linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN), respectively. Leave-one-out cross validation and external validation were carried out to assess the prediction performance of the models developed. For the MLR method, the prediction root mean square relative error (RMSRE) of leave-one-out cross validation and external validation was 1.77 and 1.23, respectively. For the ANN method, the prediction RMSRE of leave-one-out cross validation and external validation was 1.65 and 1.16, respectively. A quantitative relationship between the MDEV index and Tb of PCDD/Fs was demonstrated. Both MLR and ANN are practicable for modeling this relationship. The MLR model and ANN model developed can be used to predict the Tb of PCDD/Fs. Thus, the Tb of each PCDD/F was predicted by the developed models.

The application of automated correlation optimized warping (ACOW) to the correction of retention time shift in the chromatographic fingerprints of Radix Puerariae thomsonii (RPT) was investigated. Twenty-seven samples were extracted from 9 batches of RPT products. The fingerprints of the 27 samples were established by the HPLC method. Because there is a retention time shift in the established fingerprints, the quality of these samples cannot be correctly evaluated by using similarity estimation and principal component analysis (PCA). Thus, the ACOW method was used to align these fingerprints. In the ACOW procedure, the warping parameters, which have a significant influence on the alignment result, were optimized by an automated algorithm. After correcting the retention time shift, the quality of these RPT samples was correctly evaluated by similarity estimation and PCA. It is demonstrated that ACOW is a practical method for aligning the chromatographic fingerprints of RPT. The combination of ACOW, similarity estimation, and PCA is shown to be a promising method for evaluating the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H14N2, in which the dihedral angles formed by the pyrrole and benzene rings are 83.63 (8) and 87.84 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers, which are further connected by C—H...π interactions.

Pb1-xLaxTi1-xMnxO3 (PLTM100x, x = 0.20, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, and 0.80) ceramics have been prepared and investigated. X-ray diffractions show all ceramics are crystallized into perovskite structures with tetragonal symmetry for PLTMO20 and orthorhombic symmetry for the other compositions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm that the Mn cations in PLTMO20 and PLTMO40 have the valence state of +3, whereas in other compositions, the Mn cations have mixed valences states of +3 and +4. With increasing x from 0.20 to 0.80, the materials change from superparamagnetic to coexisting ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic magnetic behaviour whereas all compositions persist insulating behaviour, as confirmed by the magnetization-magnetic field (M-H), the temperature dependent magnetization (M-T) and transport measurements. Especially, the PLTMO80 has a large negative magnetoresistance of −41.5% at 10 K with the applied filed of 2 T. By considering the chemical states of Mn cations, these results are attributed to that the coexistence of metallic ferromagnetic and insulating non-ferromagnetic phases.