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La rapidez con la que a mediados de siglo XX se dio respuesta a la precariedad de la vivienda en España, tras el periodo de autarquía, fue posible gracias a un planteamiento a gran escala de construcción masiva de viviendas, en las que la definición de unos modelos mínimos centró la materialización de respuestas en el bajo coste de ejecución material y en las facilidades de adquisición dadas al comprador de estas. En este marco, las empresas constructoras consiguen dar respuesta con cierta inmediatez a la demanda de viviendas en los plazos establecido por el Ministerio de la Vivienda. Este trabajo ha procedido a la identificación de los conjuntos residenciales construidos en Sevilla y a la revisión documental con la que fueron construidos para valorar la obsolescencia energética y la vulnerabilidad urbana a la que se pueden ver expuestas dada la población que la ocupa, y establecer los criterios de rehabilitación energética conforme a la normativa vigente. El distintivo de Sevilla como ciudad eficiente passivhaus 2017 es una oportunidad para establecer criterios de rehabilitación energética de la envolvente, a partir de los resultados obtenidos con una metodología que podrá ser aplicada en zonas similares y adaptarlas a los conjuntos residenciales construidos en España en la década de los 50.

Structural health monitoring uses different techniques to predict and diagnose the threat of failure in structures. Vibration-based approaches have demonstrated to be a useful tool in monitoring structures, being attractive for engineers working in this field. They use the intrinsic correlation between vibration response and damage symptoms. Thus, the information provided by vibration sensors defines the health status of the structure and identify the potential cause of failure. Model tuning or updating based methods on optimization use an ideal theoretical model of the structure as reference and try to minimize the difference with respect to the real system. This difference provides not only a measure of the intensity of the damage but also the cause. This work presents a study based on Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) to obtain the minimization of the error between the theoretical system and the real one. Different type of residuals are compared in the determination of two types of failure modes.

Every construction project is a system. It is determined with time, work quality and price. If one of these factor breaks, the investor suffers damage that affects the other system (for example sales, people who bought these buildings or flats, bank loans, and so on). Between the start (entry into the system) and the finish point (exit from the system) of the construction project are several solutions available. They are reflected in the economic, technical or time performance of the project. For the successful operation of the system, uncertainties must first be identified. Uncertainties arise from the non-systematic treatment of the project. It is necessary to eliminate them and ensure that the project is as determined as possible. Due to the structure of the project, we expect that the entire construction project is treated as a determined system (determined by the price, deadline, and quality of performed works). However, in the reconstruction of historical objects, we encounter other factors that influence the determination of the system and change it. It is influenced by the factors that the determined system changes into a stochastic system. The causes of the stochastic behavior of the system are when on a determined system involve external factors of a stochastic character or internal mechanisms, which are assumed as a stochastic and change in the system from unknown reasons. In this paper, we analyze the internal factors of work performance, which are important for construction quality, price, and deadline.

In conservation works, the physical properties of mortars, such as compressive strength and porosity, are by far the most important for compatibility with, and protection and durability of historic fabric. The classification of Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) binders by the EN 459-1, gives little information about these properties for mortars, due to the unrepresentative nature of the standard samples used to categorise these binders, especially after 28 days of aging. As a consequence, although important for quality assurance and consistency of binder production, the standard test tends not to reflect the performance of mortars as made and used on-site, since these use different aggregates and water/binder ratios.In this work, three types of NHL 2 were analysed. These binders were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. In addition to chemical tests, the surface area and bulk density data were also obtained. Mortar samples were manufactured using a sand aggregate which is appropriate for a conservation mortar with 1:2 ratio (binder:aggregate by volume). Sufficient water was added to produce a spread by flow table of 16510 [mm]. The chemical and physical properties of the binders were related to the physical characteristics of the mortars.The chemical and physical properties of different binders with the same NHL classification were found to vary greatly as did the properties of mortars at ages of 7, 14, 28, 90 and 180 days made with those binders. The need to develop a model to predict the performance of aged mortars based on the chemical and physical properties of the binders was identified.

Historic building conservation projects are different than projects of new buildings. There are represent old and new, materials, technologies, and contain many information and knowledge. During the time of conservation unpredicted things had been discovered many times. Usually is not enough time to explore the building and the project represents risk to the owner and the contractor. If project managers be able avoid uncertainties, they need a mass of data, arising from the knowledge of the object, and to ensure that there are no errors in the functioning of the system. In the other hand, other managers (for example maintenance managers, etc.) also need a good knowledge of the buildings. In many countries collecting the data in not going on systematic way, but engineer’s who reconstructing building whish more supports in first phase, when analysing the object. Information or knowledge about existing building could get find with allowing support technologies, like an artificial intelligence. Many countries in EU are not regulated their legislation with DIRECTIVE 2014/24/EU on public procurement yet. In this Directive »Member States for public works contracts and design contests may require the use of specific electronic tools, such as of Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools or similar«. With Directive investment get an opportunity to introduce BIM models also in reconstruction projects. In this paper presenting how we started to collected the data, exactly objects properties from specific buildings (Faculty of Civil Engineering and three others Faculties) in Maribor in Republic of Slovenia. We showing how databases could be applied to better use existing knowledge and experience in the new projects.

This paper describes the functional limitations due to normal aging that are associated with difficulties in older persons housing environments. Literature review from occupational therapy, medicine and human kinetics was used to study the evolution of abilities with aging, the prevalence of functional limitations in old age and the implications of these limitations in the use of the housing environment. In addition, the functional limitations used in instruments for assessing and analysing accessibility problems in housing and to evaluate housing were analyzed. Ten functional limitations that may arise with aging and have implications in the use of the housing environment were identified and described. Functional limitations associated with aging are physical, sensory or cognitive impairments. These limitations can be combined to set a specific functional profile of an older person or to establish a generic functional profile of an aging population. Functional profiles can be used to set performance specifications for design or to assess housing environments for community-living older people. Profiles can also be used to adapt the environment to the specific needs of users. 8 p. DED/NAU 2010 26 a 29 de Outubro

This paper compares the space standards for social housing in Portugal and in São Paulo, and seeks explanations for differences in the socio-economic context of both territories. The Controlled Cost Housing (CCH) in Portugal and the housing built within the program My Home My Life (MHML) in São Paulo Municipality are studied. The number and type of rooms, the internal floor area of dwellings, the size of rooms, and the list and size of furniture and equipment are compared. Three research questions are addressed: Which program has more demanding space standards? Which social-economic conditions explain the differences in space standards? How different space standards influence the users' satisfaction? To answer these questions, the study compares socio-economic indicators, space standards and users' satisfaction of both territories. The study has shown that space standards set for the construction of social housing in CCH are more demanding than in MHML program. For instance, a CCH dwelling has almost two times the gross area of a MHML dwelling with the same number of rooms. The differences in space standards contribute to make the price of housing affordable to low income households in São Paulo Municipality. Although social houses are substantially smaller in São Paulo Municipality than in Portugal, the satisfaction level of dwellers with the size of dwellings is higher in São Paulo. We conclude that different political options regarding how to provide housing to low income households directly influence the space standards set for dwellings and therefore their quality. 8 p. DED/NAU 2010 26 a 29 de Outubro

This paper addresses the integration of Information, Communication and Automation Technologies (ICAT) in the dwelling space so as to meet the needs of users. ICAT systems can have a very important role in contemporary dwellings because of the benefits they bring to residents both from the ecological and social perspectives. The paper describes an ongoing PhD research that is concerned with the rehabilitation of the existing housing stock to fulfill the new needs of dwellers in the current Information Society and with the consequences of the integration of ICAT in dwellings. The research aims at the development of a rehabilitation methodology devised to enable architects to take user needs and requirements in home automation matters into account from the beginning of the architectural design process. Ultimately, the proposed methodology will enable a compatible and properly integration of ICAT in architectural spaces and in their built envelope. The incorporation of new housing functions calls for a new approach to the design of domestic space, in which the diversity of conventional spaces must interact with the inclusion of new multifunctional areas that accommodate activities such as telework and telehealth in order to respond to the growing demand of information access and of comfort at home. After a brief description of the general methodology, this paper focuses on the ecological and social benefits that ICAT brings to the environment, the construction industry,and the dwellers. Then it describes the impact of ICAT integration on the functional organization of the dwelling and on construction elements and it lays down the strategies for an adequate integration from these two viewpoints. The research described in this paper project was funded by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) with grant (SFRH / BD / 18225 / 2004).

Dwelling Today – a Reflection of the Place Identity

In 2001 the Law on state-subsidized residential housing took effect in the Republic of Croatia. The main goal of this Law was solving housing issues for citizens with average financial abilities, the improvement of life quality and economical development in the field of building construction. This model housing construction was conducted according to the Program for state-subsidized residential housing. Thereafter, such housing constructions were built and are still under construction throughout Croatia. This article deals with the information about current realization of the subsidized housing construction in Croatia and the results of the research study on the example of the Spansko-Oranice housing estate in Zagreb. Housing standards of flats and housing estates, building typology, structure, materials, building quality and energy efficiency were analysed and are presented. This paper analyses the results of the survey carried out among the interviewed tenants. The aim of this paper is insight into implementation of this program and guidelines of contemporary housing and finding out the correlation between favourable market conditions, building quality, achieved housing standard, sustainability and users satisfaction.

Buildings from the modern era require a comprehensive study of the interaction between architecture, function, structure and building climate prior to renovation. The energy index of existing houses is much higher in comparison to today’s standard for new houses. Seventy years after they were built, it is unavoidable that many building components and interior fittings are worn out. Better energy efficiency can be achieved only by physical change to the building fabric, so the main goal of this research was to investigate how to improve energy efficiency in a way that it does not harm the special interest of historic buildings or increase the risk of long-term deterioration to existing fabric. Retaining existing elements of construction in historic buildings and seeking to enhance their thermal performance in benign ways is a heritage conservation principle in line with the concept of sustainability. Conditions and requirements in terms of building physics and climate present new challenges in the practice of heritage conservation. This research shows that with the appropriate renovation measures the energy requirement of existing houses can be brought up to today’s standard for newly built houses. Differences in applying renovation measures result from the level of building conservation.

La presente investigación pretende desarrollar nuevos modelos de interpretación arquitectónico a través de la aplicación del SIG y de Gráficos de visualización - modelos matemáticos e informáticos - con el fin de proporcionar en el campo del patrimonio nuevas metodologías que puedan ser extrapoladas a otros contextos regionales, nacionales e incluso internacionales. La relación del patrimonio con el territorio y la sociedad definen los principales elementos que conforman el sistema complejo del fenómeno patrimonial. Partimos de la idea de que el patrimonio está concebido por una multitud de actores, elementos muebles e inmuebles, tangibles e intangibles. Este estudio busca proporcionar nuevas aproximaciones, con un enfoque transdisciplinar, sobre el contexto del patrimonio Tardogótico de una manera multiescalar que proporcionaría el entendimiento de ese conjunto de elementos que se interactúan entre sí. En el caso particular del Tardogótico, el intenso intercambio de conocimientos entre profesionales ocasionó numerosos movimientos y transferencias que acabaron por generar una multitud de variables - carreteras, flujos de materiales, transporte, mecenazgo, profesionales, instituciones, viajes de visita, reuniones, etc. La producción del lugar, con todas sus entidades, es en sí misma el gran laboratorio de estudio. El artículo muestra la concepción de dos distintos modelos digitales - SIG y Grafos - que al ser aplicados a nuestro caso de estudio nos permiten generar y lograr una comprensión más completa y flexible del fenómeno del Tardogótico a través de un conocimiento combinado de espacio, tiempo y actores

The definition of the place derived from the theory of phenomenology of architecture as a combination of space and character, provides the theoretical structure for dealing with a concept of research and management of heritage buildings - HBIM (Historical Building Information Modelling). This concept is appropriate for the buildings of which significance and influence goes beyond local scope. If the building is marked with genius loci, the concept of HBIM can be structured according to the scopes of quantity and quality. Space is supported by information about geometry, material information (quantitative), and other quantification attributes (stability, resilience, etc.), while the character can be linked to the elements that add the meaning of the whole building, qualitative ratings, value evaluations (style, design, authenticity, etc.). The baroque service early 18th century building Palace of Slavonian General command in the baroque Fortress of Osijek, eastern Croatia, of which genius loci is confirmed in value resilience, despite changes of purpose, geometry, symbol transition, is a topic of research of the potential reconstruction in its most integral phase. The paper presents the results of spatial and qualitative analysis of the architectural values and the earthquake resistance verification of the building through geometry study of the atrium construction – vaults of the atrium that was deconstructed and changed during the first part of the 20th century. The numerical results are integrated in the HBIM with the use of object parameters. The paper presents the possibility of using the modelling process for the reconstruction and analysis of the non-existing parts of the building.