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Athletes, sponsors and sport organisations all have a vested interest in upholding the values of clean sport. Despite the considerable and concerted efforts of the global anti-doping system over two decades, the present system is imperfect. Capitalising upon consequent frustrations of athletes, event organisers and sponsors, alternative anti-doping systems have emerged outside the global regulatory framework. The operating principles of these systems raise several concerns, notably including accountability, legitimacy and fairness to athletes. In this paper, we scrutinise the Clean Protocol™, which is the most comprehensive alternative system, for its shortcomings through detailed analysis of its alleged logical and scientific merits. Specifically, we draw the attention of the anti-doping community – including researchers and practitioners – to the potential pitfalls of using assessment tools beyond the scope for which they have been validated, and implementing new approaches without validation. Further, we argue that whilst protecting clean sport is critically important to all stakeholders, protocols that put athletes in disadvantageous positions and/or pose risks to their professional and personal lives lack legitimacy. We criticise the use of anti-doping data and scientific research out of context, and highlight unintended harms that are likely to arise from the widespread implementation of such protocols in parallel with – or in place of – the existing global anti-doping framework.

Introduction To date, contrasting images seem to appear regarding the effect of martial arts involvement. While some studies reported an increase of antisocial behaviour among young martial artists, others described positive social-psychological effects. To make general statements with regard to the socio-psychological outcomes of sports participation, Shields and Bredemeier (1995) indicated several influential factors have to be taken into account. The present study focuses on the influence of the differences of participants' characteristics. One of the differences could refer to the specific behaviour of the participants (e.g., how self-confident, aggressive, ... is someone). Another difference of participants' characteristics reported in the literature relates to the achievement goal orientations of the martial artists. Two studies examined whether the achievement goal orientations vary as a function of the type of martial art. Gernigon and Le Bars (2000) stressed the compatibility of a competitive context and task orientation, whereas King and Willams (1997) stressed the compatibility of traditional martial arts and task orientation. Building on these findings a hypothesis, which will be investigated in the present study, is formulated: "Children participating in a harder martial art (e.g., kick-thaiboxing), where a modern approach is used, will be more ego oriented, while children practising a softer martial art (e.g., aikido), where a traditional approach is used, will be more task oriented." The purpose of the present study is to make a behavioral screening of the young martial artists and to examine the achievement goal orientations of the children. Methods 120 children between the age of 10 and 16 years who practised aikido, judo or kick-/thaiboxing in a sporting club located in Flanders and the Netherlands were interviewed. The young martial artists were asked to respond to a Dutch version of the Perception of Success Questionnaire to measure the achievement goal orientations and their parents were asked to respond to a Dutch version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire to make a behavioral screening of the children. Discussion Findings revealed, among other things, that the type of martial art that is practiced has an influence on the achievement goal orientations of the participants, which on his turn has an influence on the youngsters' experiences. However, other aspects should be taken into account when examining the experiences of young martial artists, such as the type of guidance or approach used by their martial arts teachers. References Gernigon, C., & Le Bars, H. (2000). Achievement goals in aikido and judo: a comparative study among beginner and experienced practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(2), 168-179. King, L.A., & Wiliams, T.A. (1997). Goal orientation and performance in martial arts. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 20(4), 397-412. Shields, D.L.L., & Bredemeier, B.J.L. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Champaign, IL: HumanKinetics.

Introduction: Muscle power is considered one of the main determinants of athletic performance that requires explosive force production such as jumping (Kawamori and Haff, 2004). There has been an increasing volume of research focused on the load that elicits maximum power output. The mechanical output in isolated and complex movements depends on applied external load. The most of the studies in this area have investigated maximal power output in vertical jumping (VJ). In this work, we reviewed the results of all published studies that examined the effects of loading on mechanical output in VJ, with particular reference to training level of the tested subjects. Methods: A computerized search of articles that studied the effects of the loading on mechanical power output during VJ was performed using MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. Results: From a total of 19 studies that examined the load-power relationship in VJ, the vast majority of authors reported that either an exceptionally small or zero external load (13 out of 19 studies) represents the optimal load for power production in VJ. Conversely, only six studies reported the optimal loads that were considerably higher than subjects’ body weight. It should be also noted that most of the reviewed studies revealed a loading associated decrease in power output (Jaric and Markovic, 2009). Discussion: This review of literature showed that about 70% of all included studies reported either body weight or the smallest external load applied as optimal for power production in VJ. It should be noted that these studies mainly used untrained individuals as subjects. In contrast, in about 30% of studies that revealed considerably higher external loads as optimal for power production in VJ, the authors used strength/power athletes as subjects. Besides the training level of subjects (Cronin and Sleivert, 2005), several other factors could be responsible for the observed discrepancy in optimal loading for power production in VJ. These include: 1) differences in data collection and analyses protocols (Dugan et al., 2004), 2) inclusion or exclusion of body weight in calculations of power, 3) determination of the loading and data collecting equipment (Crewther et al., 2005), and 4) use of free weights vs. machines (Dugan et al., 2004). In conclusion, this review showed that optimal load for power production in VJ appears to be the subject’s body weight. In contrast, strength/power trained athletes produce maximal power in VJ when using external loads ranging from 20% to 70% of their 1 RM in back squat.

Introduction The nutrition of athletes has been of interest to scientists for decades and since the origins of sports competitions the questions about what to eat and what to drink in order to improve performance have been raised. Today there are scientific proofs that an adequate dietary habits influences in a large extent to an athlete's health, body composition, and energetic pathways during the activity as well as during the competition or recovery. Athletes should be well informed about the food groups, caloric intake, and daily meal schedule. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of athletes and to estimate inter- relationship between them such as the differences between male and female. The source of nutrition information and food supplements related behaviours were also taken into consideration. Methods Respondents of this study were active and succesful athletes (n=100) both genders. Methods used in this study were for this occasion specially designed questionnaire for nutrition knowledge determination, and dietary assessment method through qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Reasults and discussion Results showed middle knowledge level of nutrition which statistically wasn't significantly affected by the frequency of asking for nutrition information and qualification level of the nutrition information source. Respectively high number of respondents were estimated for irregular meal consumption, especially snack meals and they in average don't satisfy the recommendations for optimal hydration. The knowledge level of nutriton doesn't significantly influence on the quality of dietary habits among respondent athletes. Estimated knowledge level of nutrition and dieatary habits don't differ between genders. Still, statistically significant positive correlation between knowledge level of nutrition and quality of dietary habits is estimated among male althletes and all questioned athletes but not between female athletes. The recommendations are to improve conscionsness about the importance of well balanced diet for athletes, and to educate them as well as their coaches.

INTRODUCTION Kata is a karate discipline comprised of basic karate techniques presenting the offensive and the defensive actions. As kata is performed identically on training and competition, it is relatively easy to assess actual competition load measuring performances during situational training. The goal of the research was to establish the level of intensity of 5 consecutive kata (Jion, KD, KS, GSS, Unsu) performances with 5 min rest periods. METHODS A member of Croatian national kata team (29 yrs ; 179 cm ; 91 kg) performed incremental treadmill test (0, 5 km/h speed increase per minute, 1, 5% grade) for determination of VO2max and HRmax (50.8 mlO2/kg/min ; 191 bpm) and anaerobic threshold (AnT -46.4 mlO2/kg/min ; 186 bpm). The level of intensity of 5 consecutive kata was measured through: heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA ; Lactate Scout, USA) and oxygen uptake (VO2 ; COSMED, Quark K4, Italy). RESULTS The duration of each kata was 102s in average. HR before each 5 performance was 137, 150, 150, 124 and 137 bpm (73.1% HRmax, 75.1% HRAnT in avr) and after the kata performance 196, 197, 188, 193 and 189 bpm (100.1% HRmax, 103.6% HRAnT in avr). VO2 before each kata was 14.7, 13.4, 19.9, 12.5 and 9.3 mlO2/kg/min (27.5% VO2max, 30.1% VO2AnT in avr) and after the performance 39.1, 41.6, 33.7, 29.5 and 28.2 mlO2/kg/min (67.7% VO2max, 73.8 VO2AnT in avr). LA before each kata was 1.2, 12.6, 14.2, 14.3 and 16.8 mmol/l ; after kata 5.7, 13.2, 14.4, 14.4 and 13.0 mmol/l and 3 min after kata 11.3, 13.4, 14.0, 13.9 and 13.9 mmol/l. DISCUSSION HR after the kata performance indicates extremely high intensity of activity which goes even above the HRmax estimated on the treadmill test. The HRpeak was lower in the last 3 katas, which can be attributed to the more economical performances and accumulated fatigue. Analysing the VO2 after each performance, which is always lower than after the previous one, it can be concluded that anaerobic metabolism is increasing with each performance. It also indicates that 5 min break is not enough for complete recovery. This has also been supported by values of LA. Each consecutive kata has been performed with higher LA which also indicates insufficient recovery period and glicolitic character of the activity. CONCLUSION In comparison to already reported results, this case study presents higher physiological demands of kata performance. It is likely due to the highly trained subject examined and higher level of kata performances. Kata performance can be considered as high intensity anaerobic activity with high lactate tolerance demands of an athlete. Situational training (5 katas with 5 min recovery) can be considered as extremely demanding system in which the anaerobic metabolism is increasing with each consecutive kata and the rest period is insufficient for full recovery.

Introduction: Water is the nutrient a basketball player needs the most, about 2-3 L/day. As the most largely represented substance in the human body water is a medium where metabolic reactions occur, but it also participates in some. There has been evidence that even dehydration which reduces the body mass by only 2% causes problems during physical activity and a 5% loss of body mass through dehydration decreases the physical working capacity by 30 % (Armstrong and cow ; 1985 ; Saltin & Costill, 1988). Dehydration has proved to have a negative impact on aerobic activities and sprint, to speed up fatigue and, what is particularly significant, affects the ability to play (Burke, Hawley, 1997 ; Casa and cow ; 2000). The aim of this study was to test the basketball coaches’ knowledge of hydration. Methods: The sample consisted of 52 Croatian basketball coaches at the age 26 to 53. For this investigation a questionnaire was composed with ten questions regarding the basic principles of hydration. The questionnaire was completed anonymously. The obtained data were analyzed by standard statistical procedures, with statistical software package SPSS 13.0. Results and Discussion: According to the results it is obvious that knowledge about hydration of the coaches is not on adequate level. In general coaches are aware that establishing the balance of body fluids upon activity is a very important part of recovery, and that this is even more important in hot and humid conditions. Fast and full rehydration is extremely important when it comes to tournaments. Rehydration during recovery implies not only the compensation for the lost volume, but also for the lost electrolytes, primarily sodium, that are lost through perspiration during the game. On the other hand most of the coaches have no idea of the amounts or the content of sport drink and they think that thirst is a good parameter of the fluid needs. Very few of the investigated coaches make connection about the rehydration and refilling energy sources. They never heard about the possibility of excessive liquid intake and the possibility of related hyponatremia.

The game of basketball can be defined by its structure, the rules that govern play and the value of the performance factors established for the sport. As the structure, rules, and quality of play have evolved, so have the primary statistical performance factor that quantify the quality of play that defines the game. Unfortunately, one of these defining performance categories has been left-out of the official ’box score’ or record. That category is Taking-A-Charge (TC). The purpose of this study was determine the importance and value of TC’s. A secondary purpose was to establish a foundation for Taking-Charges to be viewed as an important performance category that should be mandated in the official record of the game. Method: The total population (n=342) of men’s Division I college basketball coaches were surveyed to determine: 1) if they recorded TC’s, 2) if they planned practice-time to teach TC’s, 3) how much they emphasized TC’s as part of their teamdefense, and 4) how strongly they felt to include TC’s as a primary statistical category. Results: Of the 342 coaches that were surveyed, 103 returned completed surveys representing 30% of the population. One or more coaches returned surveys from each of the 29 conferences throughout the U.S. Question 1, do you record TC’s as a statistic, .757 percent indicated they did. Question 2, do you plan practice-time to teach TC’s, .772 percent indicated they did. Question 3, how much emphasis do you put on TC’s, the results of a Likert scale i ndicated: 1=.009%, 2=.047%, 3=.104%, 4=.208%, and 5=.481%. Question 4, do you feel TC’s should be kept as a primary statistical category, Likert scale results indicated ; 1=.099%, 2=.079 %, 3=.168%, 4=.208%, and 5=.446%. Discussion: Division I coaches in the U.S. are professional coaches. The importance of TC’s is illustrated from the results of Q1 and Q2 that indicate 75.7% keep TC’s as a statistic, 77.2% planned practice- time to teach the skill or tactic. The results of Q3 indicate 84% of coaches emphasized or strongly emphasized TC’s as part of their team defense. When asked if TC’s should be establish as a required primary statistic, 65.4% agreed or strongly agreed and 16.8% were undecided. Taking-A-Charges as indicated from the results of the survey of coaches is an important performance factor that has an established value for the game ; it creates a change-in- possession leading to a scoring opportunity, and as well, takes a scoring opportunity away from the opponent. Taking-a-charge also adds to team foul totals leading to the Bonus-Free- Throw situation sooner, and results in a Personal Foul that may lead to a pl ayer’s disqualification and/or reduced playing time to protect against disqualification. It is apparent form the results of the survey that coaches view Taking-A-Charges as a valued performance factor for the game and sup port its inclusion to the official statistical record of basketball.

Introduction: During past twenty years, many new elements introduced in the football game have significant changed the way it is played. There are many differences between the old type of playing football and today's modern view of football but the two most important are speed of the game and the game's dynamic. This is why significance of conditional component in football training is very important. Guided with this thought, we have asked ourselves if there are any differences in the functional capacity between defenders, middle field players and attackers. Methods: Forty five football players (24.1&plusmn ; 4.4 yrs ; 182&plusmn ; 6.2 cm ; 79.9 &plusmn ; 7.5 kg) were divided in three groups: 15-defenders (DEF), 15-middle field players (MF) and 15-attackers (AT). Football players in this research were taken from the National team and the first Croatian football league. All subjects performed an incremental treadmill test (0.5 km/h speed increase per half minute, 1.5% grade) to volitional exhaustion, and walked at 5 km• h-1 during the first two minutes of recovery. The ANOVA was used to determine differences in observed variables between the groups. Results: As expected, analysis showed no significant difference between players in basic morphological variables according playing position (DEF-184.9&plusmn ; 5.8  cm and 83.6&plusmn ; 7.5 kg ; MF=180.3&plusmn ; 6.3 cm and 78.4&plusmn ; 5.7 kg ; AT=180.9&plusmn ; 6.0 cm and 77.9&plusmn ; 8.2 kg). In the same time, significant difference we didn’ t find in parameters of maximal heart rate (DEF=190.5&plusmn ; 12.9 bpm, MF=190.5&plusmn ; 7.3 bpm and AT=191.0&plusmn ; 8.1 bpm), heart rate on the anaerobic threshold (DEF=149.0&plusmn ; 11.7 bpm, MF=169.7&plusmn ; 7.9 bpm and AT=170.5&plusmn ; 8.8 bpm), maximal relative oxygen uptake (DEF=57.1&plusmn ; 4.7 ml/kg/min, MF=56.6&plusmn ; 3.4 ml/kg/min and AT=57.1&plusmn ; 4.6 ml/kg/min) and relative oxygen uptake on the anaerobic threshold (DEF=48.8&plusmn ; 4.4 ml/kg/min, MF=55.6&plusmn ; 30.4 ml/kg/min and AT=48.7&plusmn ; 3.7 ml/kg/min). Looking at research in general, such results we can ascribe last trends in modern football which from each player requirements equal energetic demand. Conclusion: There are differences between defenders, middle field players and attackers, but they are not significant. Such results are consequence of requirements that modern football demands from football players. In modern football, each player participates in all phases of the game. So, we can say that the old style of playing football, that divides team into two main groups, defenders and attackers, is history.

Most of the everyday human motor behavior belongs to the category of repetitive movements (e.g. cyclical locomotor behavior). Such oscillatory movements can be well described through periodicity, or in other words - regularity of timing. Research paradigm of interlimb coordination drawn from coordination dynamics and build on famous Haken Kelso Bunz model (HKB ; Haken et al., 1985) is most concerned with temporal and spatial organization of movement. HKB model, which basically capture the level of stability of the coordination pattern, anticipates two stable coordination modes, so called in-phase (PH ; limbs moves paralell) and anti-phase (APH ; limbs move opposite one from another).

Nowadays great importance is laid on healthy food due to great number of overweighed children and adolescent and diseases caused by being obesity (Conker & Tishler, 1992 ; Robbins, Powers, Burgess, 2005 ; Pokorn, 2005 ; Matković, Knjaz, Cigrovski, 2006 ; Zupančič, Hoyer, 2006). Primary school teachers and physical education teachers play a big role in the pupils lives. Therefore it is vital to find out what their eating habits are and what they know about healthy food. For the research purpose two questionnaires were used. Results were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, discriminant analyse and T-test for independent samples. The results show that students from Slovenia have better eating habits while students from Croatia have better knowledge about healthy food. There should be more education about healthy food in primary and secondary schools and also at higher education. It can’ t be expected that teachers will teach children about the healthy way of life and proper eating habits, if they do not posses enough knowledge themselves. Nowadays healthy food and proper lifestyle are very important because of peoples health, their quality of life and expected longer lifetime. Another reason for educating primary school teacher and physical education teacher about healthy food and proper eating habits is that there are too many inappropriate commercials which advertise unhealthy food, in particular sweets and fast food.

The aim of this study was to identify the efficacy of three motor learning/teaching methods existing in today’s sport, namely, the analytical, synthetic and situational methods.The biggest effects achieved in most elements were initiated by the synthetic learning/teaching method ; the analytical method proved to be the most successful in the most demanding elements, whereas the positive effects of the situational teaching method were the least expressed. According to the results obtained and the analysis conducted it may be concluded that the best motor learning/teaching method in basketball training for the population of children of a younger age-group (9 – 10 years of age), beginners in basketball, is the synthetic method. The analytical method should be applied in the teaching/learning process of more structurally complex elements.

All ballgames have rules that define the way the game is supposed to be played. These so called primary or constitutive rules tells us how the players are allowed to act in order to try to score or bring the ball up the court, it also tells us how the players should act against each other. The most important rules concerning this are the travelling rule and the rules allowing or forbidding contact between the players. (Fosnæs 2009) Methods: 4 games of the European championship in Basketball in Serbia 2005 are analyzed. We are looking at every action in offense when a player receives the ball, starts a dribble, stops or make a shot. The actions are analyzed frame by frame on a screen. The actions are compared with the international rules of the game (FIBA rules). The registration will also tell what kinds of moves are made, and when there is a violation we will register the kind of mistake. Results: In average there are in general between 100 and 160 actions in every period. 1 or 2 of these actions are called as travelling violation according to the rule by the referee. In our analysis between 22 % and 40 % of the actions are violating the rules. Discussion: The referees do not have the same chance as we have to see the situation frame by frame, and watch it many times to study what kind of movement the players are doing. And some of these rule violations are almost impossible to observe without DVD. There are several concerns to discuss here. If a player gets an advantage violating the rule it is easy for the defensive player to be beaten or to make a foul in the next situation. The referees will always consider the situation, and call for the mistakes that are made. Sometimes it seems as if they have a common understanding of how they are to use the rule. As Fosnæs (2009) says the travelling rule and the contact rule are the most important rules describing how the game is to be played, a more loose way of calling the travelling rule might change the game. This again will influence on the teaching and learning of basketball both in schools and in the sport outside the schools. If the rule is difficult either to live up to or to call by the referees, may be the rule itself should be redefined?