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The utilization of carbon dioxide in polymer synthesis is an attractive strategy for sustainable materials. Electrochemical CO2 reduction would offer a natural starting point for producing monomers, but the conditions of electrocatalysis are often drastically different from the conditions of organometallic coordination-insertion polymerization. Reported here is a strategy for integrating electrochemical and organometallic catalysts that enables polyketone synthesis from CO2 and ethylene in a single multicompartment reactor. Polyketone materials that are up to 50% derived from CO2 can be prepared in this way. Potentiostatic control over the CO-producing catalyst enables the controlled generation of low-pressure CO, which in conjunction with a palladium phosphine sulfonate organometallic catalyst enables copolymerization to nonalternating polyketones with the CO content tuned based on the applied current density

We report on the preparation of synthetically versatile N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) directly from amino acids and CO2 using n-propylphosphonic anhydride. Most of the NCAs were isolated with >95% purity after simple workup, avoiding the need for tedious purification procedures typically required using conventional methods. Because the reagents and conditions employed are mild, tandem reactions with moisture-sensitive NCAs were carried out to transform them into the medicinally active alkaloids tryptanthrin and phaitanthrin A in one pot. A qualitative analysis revealed that our NCA synthesis approach is more green than conventional methods, which all directly or indirectly use the highly poisonous gas phosgene.

Integrated catalysis is an emerging methodology that can streamline the multistep synthesis of complicated products in a single reaction vessel, achieving a high degree of control and reducing the waste and cost of the overall process. Integrated catalysis utilizes spatial and temporal control to couple different catalytic cycles in one pot. This primer discusses commonly employed spatial and temporal approaches and their underlying mechanisms, and elaborates on how the integration of spatially and temporally controlled catalysis in one pot can deliver the synthesis of complex products with high efficiency. We highlight recent advances, analyze current applications and limitations, and provide an outlook for the future development of integrated catalysis.

Brugada syndrome is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia that follows autosomal dominant transmission and can cause sudden death. This paper reported a case of Brugada syndrome in a 43-year-old male patient with no clinical symptoms. Brugada-type 2-ECG changes were accidentally detected. Flecainide test was done and proved positive. Gene analysis revealed a novel missense mutation in the SCN5A gene with a genetic variation of D252N. This novel mutation has not been reported on any genetic databases related to Brugada syndrome. Functional protein analysis software suggested that the mutation occurs in the highly conserved gene and probably has a damaging effect. This is the first Brugada syndrome case reported with a mutation in the SCN5A gene in Vietnam.

Recent studies have highlighted the increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) in adults with cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about BMD in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly in developing countries. We hypothesized that factors related to BMD would lead to a high prevalence of low BMD in adults with CHD. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of low BMD and its related factors in Vietnamese adults with CHD.We conducted a cross-sectional study of 73 adults diagnosed with CHD in Vietnam. Low BMD was classified based on their site-specificLow BMD was confirmed in one-third of the adults with CHD. There were trends of more bone loss in certain parts of the body than in others, with the prevalence of low BMD at the sites of the lumbar vertebrae (L1‒L4) and left proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric femur, and intertrochanteric area) of 43.9%, 31.8%, 28.8%, 33.3%, 8.8%, 1.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The prevalence of low BMD in the lumbar spine was significantly higher than that in the left proximal femur (34.3% vs. 2.9%,Low BMD is common among adults with CHD in Vietnam and related to polycythemia.

Background In developing countries, fewer women have access to multidisciplinary congenital heart disease and reproductive programs staffed by experts. We report pregnancy outcomes of a multidisciplinary healthcare strategy utilizing an in-hospital teamwork approach in Vietnam. Methods This retrospective cohort study included pregnant women with unrepaired congenital heart disease managed at a referral cardiovascular center. Results Undiagnosed congenital heart disease before pregnancy, a lack of pre-pregnancy cardiology counseling, and modified World Health Organization class III/IV were common. Under the multispecialty healthcare strategy, although the rate of maternal death was 8.2% in the modified World Health Organization class IV group, no deaths occurred in any other group. Fetal/neonatal complications occurred in 54% of pregnancies, and 49.4% of neonates survived. Poor pregnancy outcomes were associated with admission during the first/seconde trimester for fetus/neonates, third trimester for mother, modified World Health Organization class III/IV, cyanosis, and heart failure. Conclusion The outcomes of pregnant women with unrepaired congenital heart disease were poor but seemed to improve with a multidisciplinary in-hospital healthcare teamwork strategy.

[Background]: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH) is a rare inherited disorder resulting in extremely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Current guidance about its management and prognosis stems from small studies, mostly from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and genetic characteristics, as well as the impact, of current practice on health outcomes of HoFH patients globally., [Methods]: The HoFH International Clinical Collaborators registry collected data on patients with a clinical, or genetic, or both, diagnosis of HoFH using a retrospective cohort study design. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04815005., [Findings]: Overall, 751 patients from 38 countries were included, with 565 (75%) reporting biallelic pathogenic variants. The median age of diagnosis was 12∙0 years (IQR 5∙5–27∙0) years. Of the 751 patients, 389 (52%) were female and 362 (48%) were male. Race was reported for 527 patients; 338 (64%) patients were White, 121 (23%) were Asian, and 68 (13%) were Black or mixed race. The major manifestations of ASCVD or aortic stenosis were already present in 65 (9%) of patients at diagnosis of HoFH. Globally, pretreatment LDL cholesterol levels were 14∙7 mmol/L (IQR 11∙6–18∙4). Among patients with detailed therapeutic information, 491 (92%) of 534 received statins, 342 (64%) of 534 received ezetimibe, and 243 (39%) of 621 received lipoprotein apheresis. On-treatment LDL cholesterol levels were lower in high-income countries (3∙93 mmol/L, IQR 2∙6–5∙8) versus non-highincome countries (9∙3 mmol/L, 6∙7–12∙7), with greater use of three or more lipid-lowering therapies (LLT; highincome 66% vs non-high-income 24%) and consequently more patients attaining guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol goals (high-income 21% vs non-high-income 3%). A first major adverse cardiovascular event occurred a decade earlier in non-high-income countries, at a median age of 24∙5 years (IQR 17∙0–34∙5) versus 37∙0 years (29∙0–49∙0) in high-income countries (adjusted hazard ratio 1∙64, 95% CI 1∙13–2∙38)., [Interpretation]: Worldwide, patients with HoFH are diagnosed too late, undertreated, and at high premature ASCVD risk. Greater use of multi-LLT regimens is associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels and better outcomes. Significant global disparities exist in treatment regimens, control of LDL cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular event-free survival, which demands a critical re-evaluation of global health policy to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes for all patients with HoFH., Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; and European Atherosclerosis Society

In this paper, we document design and a prototype implementation of a computational method for an onboard prediction of a breaking distance for a city rail vehicle|a tram. The method is based on an onboard simulation of tram braking dynamics. Inputs to this simulation are the data from a digital map and the estimated (current) position and speed, which are, in turn, estimated by combining a mathematical model of dynamics of a tram with the measurements from a GNSS/GPS receiver, an accelerometer and the data from a digital map. Experiments with real trams verify the functionality, but reliable identification of the key physical parameters turns out critically important. The proposed method provides the core functionality for a collision avoidance system based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.

Background Multiple studies investigating the use of focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) in lower and middle-income countries and in medically underserved areas of the United States have demonstrated utility in echocardiographic screening algorithms performed by a variety of operators at different levels of training. No study to date has employed previously untrained nurses in a medically underserved setting to identify older adults with cardiac disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of nurse-performed FCU to screen adult subjects at a village health center in Vietnam. Methods Vietnamese nurses (N = 8) underwent structured training conducted by sonographers and physicians during an outreach event sponsored by the American Society of Echocardiography Education and Research Foundation. The nurses were trained to detect abnormalities from a single echocardiographic view (parasternal long-axis) with a laptop-sized device and underwent pre- and posttraining testing. Following training, cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed on subjects >50 years of age at a village health center. First, the nurses performed focused cardiac ultrasound using two-dimensional and color Doppler imaging in the parasternal long-axis view using the M7 device and recorded their assessments. Two-dimensional color and spectral Doppler echocardiography was thereafter performed using the same machine by a sonographer (n = 5) or a Vietnamese echocardiography-trained cardiologist (n = 1). Interviews and electrocardiography were performed at the time of FCU. Results Each nurse improved from pre- to posttraining (average improvement in correct answers, 21%; range, 2%–31%). During the scanning phase, nurses' sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for identifying subjects with any abnormality were 51.5% (85 of 165), 78.1% (82 of 105) and 61.9%, respectively. There were 60 subjects with significant findings (22.2%); all of these subjects had significant abnormalities visible on parasternal long-axis images. Overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for identifying subjects with major abnormalities were 83.3% (50 of 60), 78.1% (164 of 210), and 78.6%, respectively. Nurse-performed FCU demonstrated much higher sensitivity with lower specificity than electrocardiography alone. The combination of nurse-performed FCU plus ECG identified all of the significant findings on echocardiography and increased accuracy to 91.5%. Conclusions Nurses with no prior echocardiographic experience and with limited training can identify patients with significant cardiac abnormalities using FCU with acceptable accuracy. Screening strategies involving FCU may play a role in improving access to health care and triage in underserved areas.

Background and aims Familial hypercholesterolaemia has not been previously described in the Vietnamese population. We aimed to describe the features of patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (hoFH) in Vietnam and the outcomes of screening family members using genetic and cholesterol testing. Methods Mutation testing by massively parallel sequencing for genes causative of FH was undertaken in five index cases presenting to a single cardiac center with a presumptive diagnosis of hoFH. Cascade testing of all available family members was subsequently undertaken. The number of new cases of FH detected and commenced on lipid-lowering treatment was evaluated. Results All five index cases had true homozygous mutations in the LDL receptor gene (LDLR). Cascade screening was undertaken in four families. 107 relatives were screened and FH was identified in 56 relatives (52%), including 3 new cases of hoFH. Only 5 FH relatives (9%) were subsequently treated owing to the adverse perceptions and comparative high cost of drug treatment, and lack of awareness of FH among patients and local doctors. Conclusions HoFH due to LDLR mutations is a severe disorder in Vietnam that needs early detection and treatment with LDL-cholesterol lowering drugs. Cascade testing of families allows effective detection of new cases of FH that may also benefit from early treatment. However, convincing patients to commence statin treatment is a challenge. Extended education and awareness programs and treatment subsidies are imperative to improve the care of patients and families suffering from FH in Vietnam.

Background Little is known about the quality of life (QOL) and health status of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the QOL and health status of hospitalized adults with CHD in Vietnam and investigate the association between QOL and their biological-social characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 109 adults with CHD, hospitalized in the Vietnam National Heart Institute, between June and December 2019. Validated instruments to assess QOL and health status describing patient-reported outcomes were used, including the EuroQOL-5 Dimensions-5 Level, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results The mean scores on the EuroQOL-descriptive system (EQ-DS) and EuroQOL visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) were 0.792 (SD = 0.122, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.769–0.815) and 66.3 (SD = 12.5, 95% CI 63.9–68.7), respectively. A total of 9.2% (n = 9) patients experienced life dissatisfaction. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 18.7% (n = 20) and 11% (n = 12), respectively. Scores of QOL in patients aged > 30 years were lower than in those aged ≤ 30 years. Stratified multivariate logistic regression revealed that poor QOL related to being unemployed/unstable employment (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.71–11.47, p = 0.002), life dissatisfaction associated with unmarried status (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.2–17.86, p = 0.026), anxiety regarding unemployment/unstable employment (OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.27–11.84, p = 0.017) and complex CHD/PAH (OR 4.84, 95% CI 1.33–17.54, p = 0.016), and depression regarding unemployment/unstable employment (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.22–17.59, p = 0.003). Conclusions Reduced QOL and elevated psychological problems were common experiences among hospitalized adults with CHD in Vietnam. Biological-social characteristics such as unmarried status, unemployment/unstable employment, and complex CHD/PAH related to poor QOL, life dissatisfaction, anxiety, and depression.

Background: Little is known about the quality of life (QOL) and health status of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the QOL and health status of adults with CHD and investigate the association between QOL and biological and social characteristics of these patients in Vietnam.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among 109 adults with CHD, hospitalised in the Vietnam National Heart Institute, between June 2019 and December 2019. Validated instruments to assess QOL and health status describing patient-reported outcomes were used, including the EuroQOL-5 Dimensions-5 Level, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The data of QOL and health status were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions.Results: The overall mean scores on the EuroQOL-descriptive system (EQ-DS) and the EuroQOL visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) were 79.2 (SD = 12.2, 95% confidence interval, CI: 76.9–81.5) and 66.3 (SD = 12.5, 95% CI: 63.9–68.7), respectively. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were common among adults with CHD (18.7%, n = 20 and 11%, n = 12; respectively). Stratified multivariate logistic regression revealed: poor QOL using the EQ-DS, and that anxiety related to suffering from a complex CHD or pulmonary artery hypertension (OR = 4.55; 95% CI: 1.26–16.4; p = 0.021 and OR = 4.19, 95% CI: 1.2–14.56; p = 0.024; respectively); poor QOL using the EQ-VAS and that anxiety and depression related to being unemployed or having an unstable employment (OR = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.64–10.56, p = 0.003; OR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.23–10.72, p = 0.02 and OR = 7.68, 95% CI: 2.09–28.25, p = 0.002; respectively); and life dissatisfaction related to being unmarried (OR = 4.63; 95% CI: 1.2–17.86; p = 0.026).Conclusions: Adults with CHD in Vietnam experienced low QOL, and high levels of anxiety and depression. Poor QOL and psychological problems were related to being female, being unmarried, having low educational level, being unemployed or unstably employed, and having complex CHD or pulmonary artery hypertension.

Additional file 4. English version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Additional file 5. The modified Vietnamese translation versions for quality of life and health status.

Additional file 2. English version of EuroQOL-5 dimensions-5 level.

Additional file 3. English version of Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Additional file 1. Flow diagram of the selection strategy of adults with congenital heart disease.

Introduction: In Vietnam, knowledge about renal function in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) is limited. Hypothesis: This study aims to estimate incidence of renal dysfunction in adults with congenital heart disease and risk factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, including 365 CHD patients more than 16 years old. We collected clinical and para-clinical information, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and calculated the odds ratio (OR) for reduced GFR. Results: Totally, 52.8% patients had GFR < 90 ml/phút/1.73 m 2 . Logistic regression had confirmed the OR for GFR < 90 ml/phút/1.73 m 2 in the group > 60-years-old, the group with atrial fibrillation, the group with heart failure (based on NT-proBNP > 125 pmol/L), and the group with pulmonary arterial hypertension (based on pulmonary artery systolic pressure > 50 mmHg by echocardiography) were 6.46 (95% CI: 1.37 - 30.41), 7.58 (95% CI: 1.66 - 34.56), 2.98 (95% CI: 1.49 - 5.98) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.02 - 3.33), respectively. Conclusions: Renal dysfunction is common in adults with CHD. Age > 60 years-old, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and pulmonary arterial hypertension were risk factors for renal dysfunction in adults with CHD.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is underdiagnosed and undertreated in a majority of the low- and middle-income countries. FH registries could prove useful in bridging the knowledge gaps, supporting genetic and clinical research, and improving health-care planning and patient care. Here, we report the first usage experience of the Vietnam FH (VINAFH) Registry. The VINAFH Registry was established in 2016 as a long-term database for prospective cohorts. FH patients were detected based on the opportunistic and cascade screening. Diagnosis of FH was assessed using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and genetic testing. To date, a total of 130 patients with FH have been registered, with 48 index cases and 82 relatives. Of the 130 patients, 8 were homozygous FH patients and 38 were children. Of FH individuals, 46.7% was confirmed by genetic testing: 61 patients (96.8%) carried the LDLR mutation (c.681C > G, c.1427C > G, c.1187-?_2140 ± ?del, c.2529_2530delinsA), and two patients (3.2%) carried the PCSK9 (protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) mutation (c.42_43insTG). The c.2529_2530delinsA mutation detected in this study is novel and reported only in the Vietnamese population. However, only 53.8% of FH patients were followed up post diagnosis, and only 15.3% of these were approved for lipid-lowering therapy and specialized care. Notably, factors such as knowledge about FH in patients and/or guardians of FH children and support of primary care physicians affected patient participation with respect to treatment strategies and follow-up. Genetic identification, screening, and treatment of FH were feasible in Vietnam. The VINAFH Registry significantly contributed to the formation of the government agencies legislative acts that established the importance of FH as a socially and medically important disease requiring appropriate management strategies. Other low- and middle-income countries could, thus, use the VINAFH Registry model as a reference to establish programs for FH management according to the current status.

Silicon nanopore membranes (SNMs) with compact geometry and uniform pore size distribution have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for hemofiltration. These advantages could potentially be used for hemodialysis. Here, we present an initial evaluation of the SNM's mechanical robustness, diffusive clearance, and hemocompatibility in a parallel plate configuration. Mechanical robustness of the SNM was demonstrated by exposing membranes to high flows (200 ml/min) and pressures (1,448 mm Hg). Diffusive clearance was performed in an albumin solution and whole blood with blood and dialysate flow rates of 25 ml/min. Hemocompatibility was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry after 4 hours in an extracorporeal porcine model. The pressure drop across the flow cell was 4.6 mm Hg at 200 ml/min. Mechanical testing showed that SNM could withstand up to 775.7 mm Hg without fracture. Urea clearance did not show an appreciable decline in blood versus albumin solution. Extracorporeal studies showed blood was successfully driven via the arterial-venous pressure differential without thrombus formation. Bare silicon showed increased cell adhesion with a 4.1-fold increase and 1.8-fold increase over polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated surfaces for tissue plasminogen factor (t-PA) and platelet adhesion (CD41), respectively. These initial results warrant further design and development of a fully scaled SNM-based parallel plate dialyzer for renal replacement therapy.

Assessment of microembolization after coronary interventions is clinically challenging, thus we longitudinally investigated microemboli effects on moderately ischemic myocardium using MRI and histopathology. Twenty-four pigs (8/group) were divided into: group I (no intervention), group II (45 min LAD occlusion) and group III (45 min LAD occlusion with microembolization). Cine, perfusion and delayed contrast enhanced MRI (DE-MRI), using 1.5T MRI, were used for assessment at 3 days and 5 weeks. Triphenyltetrazolium-chloride (TTC) and Masson-trichrome were used as gold standard references for macro and microscopic quantification of myocardial infarction (MI). Cine MRI showed differential increase in end systolic volume (1.3 ± 0.08 ml/kg group II and 1.6 ± 0.1 ml/kg group III) and decrease in ejection fraction (45 ± 2 and 36 ± 2 %, respectively) compared with controls at 3 days (2.1 ± 0.1 ml ESV and 50 ± 1 % EF, P

Background Patients with acute myocardial infarct (MI) show additional damage after coronary interventions. Purpose To longitudinally quantify structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) subjected to microembolized MI using multidisciplinary computed tomography (MDCT) and independent reference methods. Material and Methods Swine ( n = 20) served as controls (group I) or were subjected to a combination of coronary occlusion, microembolization, and reperfusion and imaged at 3 days (group II) or 3 days and 5 weeks (group III). LV volumes, perfusion, and MI mass were quantified on cine, perfusion, and delayed contrast enhancement (DE) MDCT. MRI, cardiac injury biomarkers, histochemical and histopathologic stains were used as independent references. Results MDCT showed a reduction in ejection fraction and increased end systolic volume (31 ± 2% and 82 ± 3 mL, respectively) of group III compared with I (48 ± 2% and 57 ± 1 mL, respectively). It also demonstrated perfusion deficits in microembolized MI and peri-infarcts. DE-MDCT delineated microvascular obstruction (MVO) zones embedded in acute microembolized MI and microinfarct specks resulting from persistent MVO by deposited microemboli in microvessels of peri-infarct zone. Bland-Altman test showed close agreements between the extents of microembolized MI measured on DE-MDCT, DE-MRI, and histochemical TTC staining, but not between these modalities and microscopy. MI resorption was evident between 3 days and 5 weeks (13.4 ± 0.5 g and 9.8 ± 0.5 g, P Conclusion MDCT can longitudinally quantify regional perfusion deficits, LV dysfunction, and resorption of microembolized MI. MDCT or MRI can be used alternatively after coronary interventions in cases of contraindications for one modality or the other.

Purpose To provide direct evidence that mechanical obstruction of microvessels inhibits infarct resorption (healing) and enhances left ventricular (LV) remodeling using MRI. Materials and Methods Animals (n = 20 pigs) served as controls (group I) or were subjected to either 90 min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion (group II) or 90 min LAD occlusion/ microemboli delivery/reperfusion (group III). MRI (cine and delayed contrast enhanced MRI, DE-MRI) was performed at 3 days and 5 weeks after interventions and used for assessing LV function, mass, and extent of myocardial damage and microvascular obstruction (MVO) using semi-automated threshold method. Results Persistent MVO in the core of contiguous infarct was larger and more frequent (n = 8/8) in group III than group II (4/8) on DE-MRI at 3 days. Furthermore, patchy microinfarct, as a result of microembolization, was visible as hyperenhanced zone at the borders of the contiguous infarct. The reduction in ejection fraction and increase in LV volumes on cine MRI were greater in group III than group II at 3 days and 5 weeks, which may be attributed to the slow infarct resorption, MVO extents and patchy microinfarct at the borders. Conclusion This MRI study illustrates the recently raised conjecture that MVO delays/inhibits infarct resorption (healing), accentuates LV hypertrophy and pathological remodeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:906–914. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Purpose To assess the feasibility of a magnetically assisted remote-controlled (MARC) catheter system under magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidance for performing a simple endovascular procedure (ie, renal artery embolization) in vivo and to compare with x-ray guidance to determine the value of MR imaging guidance and the specific areas where the MARC system can be improved. Materials and Methods In concordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol, in vivo renal artery navigation and embolization were tested in three farm pigs (mean weight 43 kg ± 2 [standard deviation]) under real-time MR imaging at 1.5 T. The MARC catheter device was constructed by using an intramural copper-braided catheter connected to a laser-lithographed saddle coil at the distal tip. Interventionalists controlled an in-room cart that delivered electrical current to deflect the catheter in the MR imager. Contralateral kidneys were similarly embolized under x-ray guidance by using standard clinical catheters and guidewires. Changes in renal artery flow and perfusion were measured before and after embolization by using velocity-encoded and perfusion MR imaging. Catheter navigation times, renal parenchymal perfusion, and renal artery flow rates were measured for MR-guided and x-ray-guided embolization procedures and are presented as means ± standard deviation in this pilot study. Results Embolization was successful in all six kidneys under both x-ray and MR imaging guidance. Mean catheterization time with MR guidance was 93 seconds ± 56, compared with 60 seconds ± 22 for x-ray guidance. Mean changes in perfusion rates were 4.9 au/sec ± 0.8 versus 4.6 au/sec ± 0.6, and mean changes in renal flow rate were 2.1 mL/min/g ± 0.2 versus 1.9 mL/min/g ± 0.2 with MR imaging and x-ray guidance, respectively. Conclusion The MARC catheter system is feasible for renal artery catheterization and embolization under real-time MR imaging in vivo, and quantitative physiologic measures under MR imaging guidance were similar to those measured under x-ray guidance, suggesting that the MARC catheter system could be used for endovascular procedures with interventional MR imaging. (©) RSNA, 2016.