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Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L’objectif de l’étude est de montrer que les différentes législations foncières de la Côte d’Ivoire n’étant pas favorables aux femmes, très peu d’entre elles avaient accès à la terre en zone rurale. Mais la loi foncière de 1998 en ne fixant aucune condition d’âge ni de sexe est une aubaine pour les ivoiriennes d’accéder à la propriété foncière au même titre que les hommes. Hélas, malgré son adoption et l’espoir suscité, on observe la persistance des inégalités de genres ; les ivoiriennes sont toujours discriminées et n’ont toujours que très peu accès à la terre, privilège des hommes.

A new reactive flame‐retardant N′‐(1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin‐6‐yl)ethyl) benzohydrazide (DOPO‐BD) was synthesized via a two‐step reaction involving the Schiff base reaction between benzohydrazide and 4‐hydroxy acetophenone, followed by a reaction between the imine‐based condensation product and 9, 10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO). The chemical structure of DOPO‐BD was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The DOPO‐BD was utilized as a reactive flame retardant and co‐hardener in DGEBA/DDS. The epoxy composites of varying phosphorus weight percentages were synthesized. UL‐94 and LOI tests were used to investigate the flammability of composites. The epoxy composites retained good transparency, which was measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) observed an increase in the thermal stability of epoxy composites in a higher temperature range with increased char yield. In the UL‐94 and LOI tests, EP/DOPO‐BD(1.5%P) sample gave a V‐0 rating and 30% LOI value. The cone calorimeter test indicated a decrease in total heat released (THR), peak of heat release rate (pHRR), and total smoke production (TSP) for EP/DOPO‐BD(1.5%P) in comparison with epoxy (EP). The mechanical properties and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the epoxy composites were determined by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), which showed an increase in storage modulus and a decrease in Tg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jean Bodin defines sovereignty as the perpetual and absolute power of the Commonwealth - that is to say - a legislative power that knows neither conditions, nor constraints, nor obligations. Nevertheless, he also affirms that all sovereigns are subject to the laws of God and nature and to several human laws common to all peoples. So how can a power define as absolute can have limits? This is the contradiction pointed out by several interpreters of his political thought. My purpose is to show the imprecision of these opinions and to propose an interpretation that makes consistent the idea that the sovereign can be both above the civil law and subject to boundaries that limit his power to legislate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aequitas: Journal of Human Development, Disability & Social Change / Revue de Développement Humain, Handicap et Changement Social is the property of Reseau international sur le Processus de production du handicap, RIPPH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kanji is one of the popular writing systems in Japanese, alongside Hiragana and Katakana. However, due to the complexity of this writing system, many learners encounter difficulties in using Japanese Kanji correctly, particularly in the process of Vietnamese-Japanese translation. This article addresses the current situation of errors regarding Japanese Kanji in translation by Japanese Language majors at Ho Chi Minh City Open University. After analyzing and synthesizing errors, the author will conduct in-depth interviews and surveys with students. Through these means, the research will identify errors related to Japanese Kanji made by students when translating from Vietnamese to Japanese. These errors mainly focus on issues such as using Sino-Vietnamese sounds, Sino-Japanese sounds, spelling, and word repetition. Consequently, the research will present results and propose recommendations for lecturers and students involved in the teaching and learning of Japanese Kanji.

Electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies are increasingly being used in practice, and the combination of electrocoagulation with advanced oxidation processes has been shown to increase treatment efficiency. The treatment of oily wastewater produces electrocoagulated metal sludge (EMS). In this work, the possibility of using different ratios of EMS produced during oily wastewater treatment was investigated. EMS was dried conventionally in an oven at 105 °C and used as a partial substitute for clay in the manufacture of laboratory bricks. The main research objectives of this study were to examine the possibility and justification of introducing EMS in brick production. The results show that an increase in the proportion of EMS in the manufacturing of bricks leads to a deterioration in the quality of the bricks. Bricks with an addition of 1 wt% and 5 wt% EMS showed the best properties. The loss on ignition (LOI), compressive strength, boiling water absorption and initial water absorption were determined at 5.7%; 49 N/mm2, 16%, 14 g/min/200 cm2, 15% for modified bricks with 1 wt% EMS and 6.3%, 48 N/mm2, 20%, 15 g/min/200 cm2 for modified brick with 5 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) measurement has long been considered the gold standard of vascular assessment for people with lower limb ulceration. Despite this, only around 15% of patients in the United Kingdom who require an ABPI measurement undergo the assessment. The Lanarkshire Oximetry Index (LOI) is a cheaper and arguably more accessible approach to vascular assessment and was initially proposed as an alternative to the ABPI in 2000. No synthesis of evidence related to the LOI has been performed since its introduction into the literature. Primary studies were sought to determine the clinimetric properties of the LOI and its level of agreement with ABPI assessments. Systematic searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, BNI, ProQuest Health and Medicine, Science Direct, Google Scholar and the British Library (online search) were conducted. Reference lists of identified studies were also reviewed to identify additional studies. Three primary studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting data from 307 patients and 584 limbs assessed using both the LOI and ABPI. All three studies reported fair to moderate kappa values for interrater reliability (κ = 0.290–0.747) and statistically significant positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.37, p < 0.001 in two studies) between the LOI and ABPI. The combined data from the three studies indicated a sensitivity of 52% (41.78–62.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and specificity of 96.08% (93.4–97.9, 95% CI) for the LOI using the ABPI as a reference. Additional data are required to indicate the safety of the LOI in practice. Data are also required to determine if the LOI is more acceptable to clinicians compared to the ABPI and whether there are any barriers/enablers to its implementation in practice. Given the relatively low specificity of the LOI, it may be beneficial to combine measurement of the LOI with a subjective clinical risk assessment tool to improve the sensitivity of this alternative approach to vascular assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tout en rappelant la dimension téléologique de la loi pour une république, cette production juridico-sociologique démontre que celle-ci, pour dire la loi, se veut, aussi et surtout, une valeur républicaine. Sous le regard systémique, l’analyse souligne qu’outre la prévisibilité des comportements des citoyens, la loi assure aussi la régulation de la vie étatico-nationale. Cependant, elle souligne, dans la suite que, pour des raisons de son application légitime, il y a quelques préalables comme par exemple : l’établissement des faits qui impliquent leur existence physique et aussi légale, la saisie de son contenu qui exige sa bonne interprétation et une meilleure gestion des preuves en droit, puis, vient l’impartialité, etc. Puisque l’étude se préoccupe de la question de la bonne administration de la justice en RD. Congo par l’application équitable de la loi, elle finit par une interpellation aux praticiens du droit. Certes, ces derniers, doivent, non seulement, faire preuve de la maitrise des connaissances juridiques, mais, il leur faut aussi, des valeurs morales et déontologiques en vue de bâtir un Etat de droit voulu par tous au cœur de l’Afrique.

Copyright of Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Magnesite is an ore used in the production of a wide variety of industrial minerals and compounds and magnesium metal, as well as its alloys. The main components of magnesite are MgO and CO2. However, magnesite, which is not generally observed in nature as pure, contains certain amounts of SiO2, CaO, and Fe2O3. The loss on ignition (LOI) value in magnesite minerals largely depends on the CO2 content. This study aims to develop a model that estimates the LOI values of magnesite minerals by using SiO2, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3tot data obtained from the geochemical analysis. Measurement of the LOI can provide important information not only for calculating the amount of volatiles in magnesite, but also about the acquisition of the element magnesium. With the estimation of LOI values, samples will not need to be subjected to LOI analysis. The data used in this study were compiled from the literature and information about the study areas, deposit types, analysis methods and the laboratory/device names was presented as supplementary material. The multivariate linear regression model was applied to represent the relationship between the LOI and these major oxides. A global independent data set comprising 170 observations was used to validate the proposed model. The preliminary analysis of the data is discussed in detail to improve the quality of the analysis. In the first step, the OLS estimation method is implemented to estimate the unknown parameters. Then, model assumptions are tested. Due to the existence of outliers, violation of the assumptions can lead to the misuse of the OLS method. In such cases, obtaining reliable estimates depends on strong estimators such as robust estimators, which are resistant to the outliers. Robust M-estimation methods can be used as effective tools for this purpose. For this reason, in the final step, we consider a robust M-estimation method based on Huber, Tukey, and Hampel objective functions. The results of OLS and robust regression methods, including parameter estimates, standard errors, residual standard error, and weighted R2 are presented as a comparison. The validity of the models and the importance of each explanatory variable to the relationship are also investigated. According to the residual standard error (RSE) which is a way to measure the standard deviation of the residuals in a regression model, and R W 2 values, a robust M- estimation method based on all three considered objective functions produces more accurate results in comparison with the outcomes of the conventional OLS method. In particular, the robust estimation method based on the Tukey objective function has the smallest RSE and largest R W 2 among the others. It is observed that deleting a few outlying points has a big impact on the regression results. In this study, a multi-linear relationship between the main oxide values and LOI was determined. As a result, an estimation model with 91% accuracy and an RSE value of 0.283 was proposed. In addition, some relationships were established between the outliers and the determination of the ranges of major oxide values in the magnesite mineral. Our results suggest that robust M-estimation can provide efficient and stable estimates when analyzing geochemical data that may contain outliers. The application of the multivariate regression analysis has been confirmed to estimate LOI by using SiO2, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3tot as a new approach. This additional field investigation has shown promising results. Also, we recommend that this study can be improved by using more data and considering different magnesite deposit types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant work in DH has focused on access, labor, and infrastructure. They fundamentally shape the field, from who is included to what we study (for example, see Graban et al 2019, McGrail et al 2022, and Losh and Wernimont 2018). Often less discussed is the legal systems that impact the field. Laws defining data use including ownership, access, circulation, and privacy shape the analytical possibilities and differ according to geography and nation state. In this article, we address the impact of a specific United States legal framework governing access to data and outline advocacy to change the legal code to facilitate DH research. We specifically discuss the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) work to support a change in text and data mining policy by supporting an effort led by Samuelson Law, Technology & Public Policy Clinic and Authors Alliance. This policy, section 1201 of the US copyright code, imposes a set of restrictions on how people can use digital materials whose access is mediated using technical protection measures, including digital rights management (DRM) code—even when the use would otherwise be permitted by fair use. (Fair use in US copyright law is roughly equivalent to fair dealing in Canada, although inherently more open through not enumerating a specific list of exemptions.) By collaborating with one another and with legal practitioners, DH scholars can play a significant role in changing the legal regime that protects multinational corporations and limits humanities research. We end with a discussion of next steps and how US-based scholars can get involved in changing this legal landscape.D'importants travaux en DH se sont concentrés sur l'accès, l'emploI et l'infrastructure. Ils façonnent fondamentalement le domaine, de qui est inclus à ce que nous étudions (par exemple, voir Graban et al 2019, McGrail et al 2022, et Losh et Wernimont 2018). Les systèmes juridiques qui ont un impact sur le domaine sont souvent moins discutés. Les lois définissant l'utilisation des données, y compris la propriété, l'accès, la circulation et la confidentialité, façonnent les possibilités d'analyse et diffèrent en fonction de la géographie et de l'État-nation. Dans cet article, nous abordons l'impact d'un cadre juridique spécifique des États-Unis régissant l'accès aux données et décrivons les actions de plaidoyer visant à modifier le code juridique pour faciliter la recherche en DH. Nous discutons spécifiquement du travail de l'Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) pour soutenir un changement dans la politique d'exploration de textes et de données en soutenant un effort mené par Samuelson Law, Technology & Public Policy Clinic et Authors Alliance. Cette politique, section 1201 du code des droits d'auteur américain, impose un ensemble de restrictions sur la façon dont les gens peuvent utiliser les matériaux numériques dont l'accès est médiatisé par des mesures de protection technique, y compris le code de gestion des droits numériques (Digital Right Management ou DRM)—même lorsque l'utilisation serait autrement autorisée par l'utilisation équitable. (L'utilisation équitable dans la loi des États-Unis sur le droit d'auteur est à peu près équivalente à l'utilisation équitable au Canada, bien qu'elle soit intrinsèquement plus ouverte du fait qu'elle n'énumère pas une liste spécifique d'exemptions). En collaborant entre eux et avec les praticiens du droit, les chercheurs en sciences humaines peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la modification du régime juridique qui protège les multinationales et limite la recherche en sciences humaines. Nous terminerons par une discussion sur les prochaines étapes et sur la manière dont les chercheurs basés aux États-Unis peuvent s'impliquer dans la modification de ce paysage juridique.

The flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites are crucial in ensuring their safe use in various applications. The development of flame-retardant technologies continues to be an active area of research to improve the fire safety of these materials. Recently, ionic liquids have been studied in the flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites. In this concise review, different types of polymers and polymer composites that are combined with ionic liquids are discovered. In addition, the preparation of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids through distinct methods is described. The additive effect of ionic liquids on the flammability properties of polymers and polymer composites is also concisely reviewed. The data demonstrated in this review contribute an extra visible knowledge of the preparation of polymers and polymer composites combined with ionic liquids and their flammability properties. In summary, certain types of ionic liquids can decrease the flammability properties of polymers and increase the flame retardancy of polymer composites.

RésuméLes avortements à risque constituent une problématique majeure de santé publique, responsable de la mortalité et de la morbidité maternelles et absorbant les ressources des systèmes de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale. Malgré l’ampleur très probable du problème de l’avortement non sécurisé au Maroc, peu de données sont accessibles sur cette question. Cette recherche vise à analyser la situation de l’avortement du point de vue des femmes et des professionnels de santé dans la préfecture d’Agadir Idaoutanane au Sud du Maroc. Nous avons conduit une étude transversale mixte. De janvier à septembre 2018, 266 femmes ont été recrutées pour répondre à un questionnaire, et 45 entretiens avec les femmes et les professionnels de la santé impliqués dans la santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR) ont été menés. Nous avons procédé à une analyse descriptive des données quantitatives et à une analyse de contenu thématique des données recueillies par les entretiens individuels. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que les avortements sont la conjugaison de plusieurs facteurs multidimensionnels. Le manque d’informations en SSR et l’échec de la contraception sont les facteurs majeurs de grossesses non désirées. L’avortement provoqué est un sujet tabou, fortement stigmatisant, portant à l’image sociale de la personne. L’accessibilité aux services d’avortement est marquée de grandes disparités et de trajectoires différentes. Cette étude apporte une contribution à l’analyse du phénomène de l’avortement au Maroc et appelle à une action politique urgente sur plusieurs niveaux: l’accès aux programmes d’éducation sexuelle et à la contraception appropriée, l’élargissement des indications d’avortement préconisées dans le projet de loi, la mise en place des stratégies de lutte contre la stigmatisation de l’avortement par les professionnels de santé et l’accès à des soins post-avortement de haute qualité.

Three-dimensional sand printing (3DSP) is widely applied in sand mold fabrication. In this study, the effects of printing parameters including the resolution of printehead holes, activator content, layer thickness, and recoating speed on the tensile and bending strengths, gas evolution, and loss-on-ignition (LOI) of 3DSP samples were investigated by changing single parameter, and the dimension deviation was also measured. As the resolution increases, the tensile strength, bending strength, gas evolution, LOI, and deviations at X- and Y-axis directions decrease gradually while the deviation at Z-axis direction firstly increases and then deceases. The gas evolution and LOI drops by 13.02% and 8.13% respectively, but the strength only reduces by 2.2% when the resolution increases from 0.08 mm to 0.09 mm. The strengths of samples rise at first and then decline while the gas evolution and LOI rise gradually with the increasing activator content or recoating speed. The activator content is found to have little effect on the gas evolution as the activator increases from 0.14% to 0.34%, the gas evolution is increased by 7.3% which is far less than the LOI increment of 24.1%. As the layer thickness increases, the tensile and bending strengths firstly rise and then drop while gas evolution and LOI descend. Under the optimal printing parameters of 0.09 mm resolution, 0.18% activator, 0.28 mm layer thickness and 160 mm⋅s-1 recoating speed, the tensile strengths for X-sample and Y-sample are 1.48 MPa and 1.37 MPa, the bending strengths are 1.84 MPa and 1.75 MPa, the gas evolution and LOI are 9.62 mL⋅g-1 and 1.92%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family summons idealized and nostalgic representations in everyone. Working with families, especially in the field of child protection, inevitably challenges these representations and questions what structures the family. Ensuring everyone's place within the family is not always guaranteed, leading to implicit disorganization highlighted by the violence that becomes apparent. Amidst the reign of confusion and splendor, how is access to fundamental prohibitions negotiated? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain major public health issues in Nigeria and other developing countries. Discrimination even among healthcare workers (HCWs), which includes poor service delivery at the point-of-care and human rights abuses, are the main factors that continue to hinder HIV eradication in developing countries, and these spread across all levels of HIV/AIDS services, from counseling and testing, to treatment and care. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have continued to suffer from unethical conduct, human rights abuses, discrimination, and stigmatization from HCWs, employers of labor, educational institutions, religious houses, and the public. There exist Federal and some State laws that protect the rights and privileges of PLWHA, prevent discrimination and stigmatization from the general public, prevent employers from discriminating against persons with HIV infection, protect workers who criticize hazardous conditions in the workplace, and offer compensation to victims of HIV-related human rights abuses and employees for contracting job-related diseases. However, HIV-related human rights abuses, stigmatization, and discrimination, have continued unabated, not because there are no laws to protect victims, but due to ignorance of the law, complicated by the fact that some existing laws have remained dormant with regard to implementation and enforcement. Domestication of these laws by various State Governments in the country and enforcement by relevant institutions are also big issues. It is imperative for healthcare professionals to be aware of current professional standards and the general public to be aware of laws protecting victims of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel method of estimating the silica (SiO2) and loss-on-ignition (LOI) concentrations for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes (NASGL) project datasets is proposed. Combining the precision of the geochemical determinations with the completeness of the mineralogical NASGL data, we suggest a 'reverse normative' or inversion approach to first calculate the minimum SiO2, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in weight percent (wt%) in these samples. These can be used in a first step to compute minimum and maximum estimates for SiO2. In a recursive step, a 'consensus' SiO2 is then established as the average between the two aforementioned SiO2 estimates, trimmed as necessary to yield a total composition (major oxides converted from reported Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S and Ti elemental concentrations + 'consensus' SiO2 + reported trace element concentrations converted to wt% + 'normative' H2O + 'normative' CO2) of no more than 100 wt%. Any remaining compositional gap between 100 wt% and this sum is considered 'other' LOI and likely includes H2O and CO2 from the reported 'amorphous' phase (of unknown geochemical or mineralogical composition) as well as other volatile components present in soil. We validate the technique against a separate dataset from Australia where geochemical (including all major oxides) and mineralogical data exist on the same samples. The correlation between predicted and observed SiO2 is linear, strong (R2 = 0.91) and homoscedastic. We also compare the estimated NASGL SiO2 concentrations with a sparser, publicly available continental-scale survey over the conterminous USA, the 'Shacklette and Boerngen' dataset. This comparison shows the new data to be a reasonable representation of SiO2 values measured on the ground over the conterminous USA. We recommend the approach of combining geochemical and mineralogical information to estimate missing SiO2 and LOI by the recursive inversion approach in datasets elsewhere, with the caveat to always validate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shylock, the Jewish usurer of Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, made a contract with Antonio, a wealthy merchant, stipulating that if he does not repay him the three thousand ducats he borrowed from him, Shylock will remove a pound of flesh from the place he chooses on his body. The fact is that Antonio will not be able to honour his contract. Shylock, who was humiliated, insulted a thousand times by Antonio, finally finds the opportunity to take revenge. He is adamant about applying the Law "at the letter". Much more than his relationship to money, it is this relationship to the Law that will question us here. We will see that Shylock, a rigorous defender of the law, identifies with the law itself: he thinks he is the law, he really is, and nothing can change his mind. We will also see that in his radical determination, in his rage, in his hatred towards Antonio, there is something of the order of a paranoid claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel bio-based phosphorus-containing reagent was synthesized and characterized. To obtain a flame retardant agent with acid functionality, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and bio-based itaconic acid were first reacted. The synthesized acid then was reacted with glycidyl methacrylate to form a difunctional phosphorus-containing methacrylate flame retardant monomer. The flame retardant monomer was added to a reactive monomer matrix with a photoinitiator to prepare UV-curable coatings. The molecular structure of the flame retardant was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The flame retardant behavior of coatings was determined using limiting oxygen index. Thermal behaviors of the films were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental composition and to observe the morphology of the coatings. The properties (water adsorption, gel content, etc.) of the coatings were also studied. It was found that the addition of DOPO resulted in a significant improvement in the flame retardant and thermal properties of the coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En droit congolais, un décret ne peut pas modifier une loi parce que la loi est supérieure au décret dans la hiérarchie des sources formelles de droit public. Cependant, il existe un cas expressément prévu par la Constitution en vigueur où cela est possible.

L’importance des établissements de crédit dans un pays comme la RDC se ressent à tous les niveaux. L’absence de la bourse et autres mécanismes de financement de l’économie qui y sont rattachés rend ainsi la banque principale, source de financement des activités économiques. Ceci nécessite qu’un intérêt particulier y soit accordé et que le législateur s’assure d’avoir édicté des règles claires, qui ne mettent pas en difficulté la réalisation des opérations de banque. En effet, la loi n°003/2002 du 02 février 2022 répondait, en grande partie, à cet impératif, à travers toutes les innovations qu’elle avait apportées par apport à l’ordonnance-loi n°72-004 du 14 janvier 1972 relative à la protection de l’épargne et au contrôle des intermédiaires financiers. Cependant, elle n’était pas exempte de lacunes. Cette étude a eu le mérite de faire l’inventaire de grandes lacunes comprises dans la loi sous étude, ainsi que l’obsolescence de certaines de ses dispositions avec l’évolution que les affaires ont connue, tant dans le monde qu’en RDC. Ce qui a conduit à l’adoption de la loi n°22/069 du 27 décembre 2022 relative à l’activité et au contrôle des établissements de crédit. Aussi, dans la mesure où cette dernière loi n’a pas pu combler toutes les failles, il a aussi été question dans cet article de rechercher des solutions qui puissent les compenser et perfectionner la législation bancaire congolaise, de manière à atteindre le niveau de développement économique souhaité. Dans son premier chapitre, elle parle du contexte de l’avènement de la loi n°003/2002 du 02 février 2002 et, dans son second, elle passe en revue les imperfections de cette loi tout en y apportant des solutions correspondantes, dont certaines ont été prises en compte par la nouvelle loi bancaire.

L’énigme de la mort n’épargne point le juriste. En se demandant si le corps humain est la personne ou seulement une chose à son service. Au-delà de ce questionnement, nous avons porté notre réflexion sur la manière de protection de la dépouille mortelle, du cadavre. Le constat est que la législation congolaise en cette matière est vieillotte et lacunaire, en ce que l’institution est encore régie par les textes inadaptés datant dans sa majorité de l’époque coloniale et qu’elle ne répond plus aux critères culturel et démographique y afférents.

This paper deals with investigating the feasibility of using waste plum pits in the production of composite particleboard materials and the improvement of their mechanical and physical properties. Biodegradability, flammability and water absorption are the primary disadvantages of wood-based composites, which reduce their service life. In this experimental study, waste colemanite was used to decrease the known flammability of wood composites. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) was used to increase the water resistance and prevent biodegradability of the prepared materials, and hemp fiber was added to increase their mechanical strength. Thus, the objective was to avoid the disadvantages of wood-based materials. Based on the results of the flexural strength test, the optimum polymer composite material production parameters were determined to be as follows: 0.50 filler/binder ratio, 56 kg/cm2 moulding pressure and 0.75 hemp fiber ratio. According to the results of the experiments, the use of waste colemanite in the production of composite materials improves their non-flammability, while decreasing flexural and screw withdrawal strengths. It was determined that waste plum pits could be used to substitute for wood chips, as an alternative filler material in the production of composite materials. As a result, eco-friendly polymer composite materials were produced from waste plum pits, hemp fiber, and waste colemanite. The obtained composite materials are compliant with applicable standards and are suitable for application as building materials for use in both interior and exterior space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore phenomenologically how the 'inside' (psychical) and 'outside' (the other and/or society) interweave since it appears that sometimes those of us who favour diversity may also inadvertently shut it down. Phenomenology appears to open more easily onto what we don't want to know about in our everyday lives, or a turning away which impedes diversity. If we cannot hear our own thoughts that come to us from the 'inside', then how can we move towards diversity on the 'outside'. The tensions between turning away and turning towards leads into a Freudian look at conscience and aggression, and Lacan's idea of the ego being the seat of identification and misrecognition. Freud's observation of an 'original' aggression towards the other appears especially important. It is argued that this aggression always fragments the movement towards diversity. Two factors appear to mediate this movement, namely a 'negative' exclusion, and a 'positive' ameliorative 'law'. Two fictional accounts are given from everyday life reflecting societal and psychical aggression, including its 'privacy' or sensual meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les adolescents présentent les taux de prévalence et d'incidence de la délinquance les plus élevés. Selon plusieurs auteurs, le rejet des figures d'autorité à l'adolescence permettrait d'expliquer ces taux. D'autres études ont également établi un lien positif entre la délinquance et l'attitude négative envers la loi et ses représentants. L'objectif est d'effectuer un inventaire des connaissances scientifiques actuelles concernant le lien entre le contact avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale et l'attitude des adolescents envers la loi et ses représentants. Nous souhaitons également identifier les médiateurs de ce lien. Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique de la littérature. Sur les 802 articles recensés, nous avons sélectionné les travaux menés auprès d'adolescents et portant sur les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale (i.e., agents des forces de l'ordre, personnels des tribunaux, avocats, personnels des prisons, personnels de sécurité, travailleurs sociaux) et l'attitude envers la loi et ses représentants. Notre revue porte finalement sur les 46 articles correspondant à nos critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion. La plupart des études mettent en évidence que les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale sont associés à une attitude plus négative envers la loi et ses représentants. Les études longitudinales suggèrent que ce lien est causal : les contacts avec les acteurs de la chaîne pénale amènent les adolescents à avoir des attitudes moins positives envers la loi et ses représentants. Il semble cependant exister des différences selon le type de contact étudié. Ces résultats, questionnant les réponses pénales apportées aux adolescents, seront discutés tant sur le plan théorique que pratique. Des questionnements méthodologiques seront également abordés. Adolescents have the highest prevalence and incidence rates of delinquency. Several authors have suggested that the rejection of authority figures in adolescence may explain these rates. Other studies have also found a positive relationship between delinquency and negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. The objective was to make an inventory of the current scientific knowledge concerning the link between contact with the penal actors and the adolescents' attitude towards the law and its representatives. We also want to identify the mediators of this link. We conducted a systematic review. Of the 802 articles identified, we selected those involving adolescents and focusing on contact with penal actors (i.e., law enforcement officers, court personnel, lawyers, prison personnel, security personnel, social workers) and on attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Our review finally covers the 46 articles corresponding to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies show that contact with penal actors lead to more negative attitudes toward the law and its representatives. Longitudinal studies suggest that this relationship is causal : contact with penal actors leads adolescents to have less positive attitudes towards the law and its representatives. However, there seem to be differences according to the type of contact studied. These results, questioning the penal responses brought to adolescents, will be discussed, both on a theoretical and practical level. Methodological issues will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le mineur et le droit pénal reste est une question qui divise plus d’une personne en RDC. La grande question est de savoir si l’enfant peut ou non répondre pénalement au regard de la législation en vigueur. A n’en point douter, la loi portant protection de l’enfant ne donne pas une réponse, fait plutôt une série d’éléments à même d‘assoir et nourrir des confusions dans l’univers doctrinal congolais. Cet article met dès lors en exergue ces préoccupations combien pertinentes touchant particulièrement à la véritable nature juridique des mesures applicables à l’enfant. Toutefois, il démontre à suffisance les coquilles de la loi portant protection de l’enfant et formule, au-delà des recommandations d’ordre pratiques et administratif, un plaidoyer en faveur d’une révision de cette loi pour mieux asseoir le régime pénal, mieux le statut pénal de l’enfant en droit congolais.

The southern slope of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar in northeastern Libya is a model for the desertification process, as it witnesses a sharp deterioration due to the prevailing climatic conditions and irrational human activities. We conducted the present research in the rangeland of southern Al-Jabal Al –Akhdar to investigate the effects of annual precipitation gradient on landscape function and soil surface condition. The study area was divided into three levels of annual precipitation (high, medium, and low precipitation). We randomly selected 10 sites for each precipitation level. Three line transects were taken for each site. Landscape Function Analysis methodology (LFA) was applied to assess soil surface condition. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was also used. The results showed the significant effect of annual precipitation on all the soil surface condition indices. The highest SSI was at the high level with a mean of 49.8% and the lowest was at the medium level with an average of 44.6%, with a highly significant difference (P=0.000). The WII was low in all the precipitation levels, and highly significant differences were found; the same results could apply to NCI. LOIs of the three levels were reasonably close (0.063, 0.042, and 0.058) without any significant differences. A decrease was observed in PN with the direction to the south. The results revealed that landscape functioning in the study area was significantly different from the impact of rainfall. It is necessary to develop different plans for each area according to its climatic conditions in order to combat erosion and conserve soil, as an essential natural resource.

La délicate fonction confiée au juge administratif comme juge électoral, se révèle à double tranchant. La réussite du contentieux électorale présuppose une justice électorale de qualité, de nature à assurer la sincérité du scrutin. La qualité du contenu de la production jurisprudentielle en matière électorale peut aider ou non à l’enracinement de l’État de droit et la création d’un climat favorable à la paix sociale. Qui plus est, l’un des éléments de la qualité de la justice est de veiller à l’adéquation de la production jurisprudentielle avec le contexte sociopolitique qu’il s’agit de réguler. L’étude s’intéresse à l’étendue des pouvoirs du juge administratif comme juge électoral et aux enjeux qu’il représente en RDC où les élections sont souvent très disputées et les résultats officiels habituellement contestés.

Health hazards and environmental pollution are major concerns in present world. So, it is high time to think about ecofriendly and sustainable production. In this study, pumpkin juice has been used as an ecofriendly flame retardant finish to enhance the functionality of cotton twill fabric. The pumpkin juice extracted from the fresh pumpkin without any chemicals. The cotton fabric was treated with pumpkin juice in exhaust method. The treated and untreated samples were characterized by TGA, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The flame-retardant property of the samples were evaluated based on the LOI and vertical flame tester. The result demonstrated that the treated samples exhibited high fire-retardant properties after being finished with pumpkin juice. The LOI value of the treated samples increased to 29 from 19 after treatment. The main reason behind the increased flammability is the dehydration of pumpkin juice-treated fabric which was clarified from the TG analysis. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM, and EDX report ensured the presence of bound and unbound water molecules, different salt, and several atoms in the samples treated with pumpkin juice that enhanced the protection against the spreading of the fire and thus improved fire-retardant properties of the treated samples.

PMIA fiber has a wide range of applications in flame retardant protection, high temperature filtration and other fields. However, its poor mechanical properties result in a shorter service life of products made from it. In order to improve the mechanical properties of poly(metaphenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) fiber and prepare PMIA conductive fiber, a highly oriented PMIA/Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl chloride) P(AN-VC) composite fibers with excellent mechanical properties, flame retardancy and thermal stability were successfully prepared by wet spinning. The breaking strength of PMIA fiber at the maximum water bath stretching ratio was 1.58 cN/dtex and 10%P(AN-VC) composite fiber at the maximum water bath stretching ratio was 2.97 cN/dtex. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PMIA/P(AN-VC) composite fiber increased from 28.2% to 29.2%, which benefited from the excellent flame retardant properties of P(AN-VC). It was the addition of P(AN-VC) that weakens the hydrogen bonding between PMIA molecular chains resulting in an increase of the breaking strength of the composite fibers compared to PMIA fibers. In addition, the composite fibers could be prepared into conductive fibers and possessed excellent electrical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-blowing non-isocyanate polyurethane foams have been synthesized by reacting xylose with dimethyl carbonate and hexamethylene diamine using citric acid as a natural crosslinker via the process of transurethanisation. The resulting foams exhibit exceptional flame retardancy in comparison to conventional PU foams. The structure of the foam cells was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Solid-state NMR and infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the functional groups present in the products formed. The formation of the urethane bridge was confirmed by the emergence of peaks at 158.24 ppm and 1693 cm− 1 respectively. The thermal properties were evaluated by using TGA and DSC, which further indicated a glass transition temperature of around 112.82 °C. The dependence of viscosity of polymeric solutions on the different shear rates was also studied using a parallel plate rheometer. Limiting Oxygen Index was employed to study the flammability of the prepared foams, and it was observed that they exhibit considerable fire resistance (26.9%),which is quite comparable to the fire resistance offered by the isocyanate-based polyurethane foams with added fire retardants. The diffraction pattern of the prepared NIPU was analyzed by PXRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites based on recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE), marula seed cake (MSC) and organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared by melt compounding. This paper targets to evaluate the potential for the utilization of RHDPE and underutilized MSC as material for the development of composites, as well as reinforcement effect of OMMT on them. In order to enhance the weak interfacial interaction between the hydrophilic MSC, hydrophobic RHDPE and OMMT, maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer. The effects of (MSC, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt %) and (OMMT, 0, 2, 4%) on the combustion, mechanical and morphological properties were studied. Findings of this study show that both MSC and RHDPE can be used in the manufacture of composites. The MSC gave the optimum improvement of tensile and flexural strengths at 10 wt %, while tensile and flexural moduli increased with increasing MSC up to 50 wt %. The optimum improvement of mechanical properties was achieved at 2% OMMT. Increase in MSC loading reduced the heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate (MLR), burning rate (BR) and limiting oxygen index (LOI), but dramatically increased the time to ignition (TTI) of the composites due to high lignin content which produced char. OMMT increased LOI and TTI but decreased HRR, MLR and BR. The higher the LOI is, the better the flame retardancy of the composite. Morphologies of the nanocomposites were analyzed by SEM and XRD, and the results showed increased d-spacing of clay layers indicating improved compatibility between RHDPE and clay and MSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to its non-existent recyclability, industrial rockwool fiber wastes have caused environmental and waste management issues, which, therefore, necessitates an effective and sustainable solution. In this paper, palm oil-based polyurethane (PU) foam is synthesized, incorporating reclaimed rockwool fibers from discarded industrial insulation system as fillers. The filler loadings were varied from 1 wt.% to 10 wt.%, and fabricated foams were then characterized for their fire retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and mechanical responses. Thermal stability of the foam was significantly improved with inclusion of rockwool fibers as evidenced by marked delay in 50% degradation temperature, T50, as well as char residue yield in thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). In contrast, no noticeable change was detected for its flammability. Both cell sizes and open cell contents increased with filler content, probably due to the filler inducing delayed blowing reaction. Increasing rockwool fiber contents showed limited improvement in compressive properties, which is thought owed to restricted polymer–filler interfacial area for efficient load transfer. This novel composite foam shows potential for application requiring moderate thermal stability and load-bearing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of modern chemical routes and the development of innovative material designs bring smart solutions to the problems in materials science and open up new horizons for future research. In this work, we utilized from two click reactions to prepare a P and N‐containing reactive flame retardant. The para‐fluoro groups of bis(pentafluorophenyl)phenyl phosphine oxide were converted to azides and then the obtained compound was reacted with propargyl acrylate via copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The effect of the synthesized monomer (10%, 20%, and 30%) on the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of an aliphatic polyurethane acrylate was investigated. The newly synthesized monomer led to a slight decrease in double bond conversion percentages, an increase in tensile strength of the photocured samples, and a decrease in the elongation at break values. The glass transition temperatures increased with the increasing amount of the flame retardant monomer as well as the limiting oxygen index (LOI) values. When the flame retardant ratio was 30% in the formulations, almost a 25% enhancement was realized in the LOI values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, natural fiber composites are used in many applications (industrial, automotive, and construction) where fire resistance is a critical factor. The main objective of this research work is to investigate the thermal degradation and fire performance of raw and treated fiber composites developed using hand layup with different fiber loadings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%. Alkali treatment (5%, wt/vol) and silane treatment (5%, wt/vol) were used to improve the thermal stability and compatibility of hemp fiber with polymer matrix. The developed composites were characterized for thermal (thermogravimetric analysis), chemical (Fourier transform spectroscopy), morphological (scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction), and mechanical behavior. Further, the flammability behavior of the developed composites was investigated using vertical cum horizontal flammability test apparatus and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tester. The results of mechanical characterization reveal that alkali treated fiber composites (20% loading) have the highest tensile strength (24.4 MPa) and flexural strength (46.1 MPa). Composite reinforced with silane‐treated fibers have shown excellent flame retardancy with the lowest horizontal burning rate (16.11 mm/min) and higher LOI (23.5%). Scanning electron microscopy confirms the better fiber‐matrix compatibility of silane‐treated fiber with epoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: access to abortion is restrictive in Cameroon. The legislation authorizes the act in two cases: when the pregnancy results from a rape or when it puts the pregnant woman at serious risk for her health. Abortion outside this legal framework is considered illegal. This article identifies and analyses the opinions of women living in the capital Yaounde, on national legal provisions relating to abortion. Methods: thirty-five (35) semi-structured interviews were conducted in Yaounde with women aged 19 to 40. Study participants recruited from consultations (family planning or maternal and child health service) contributed to the selection of other respondents using the snowball method. The data collected were the subject of a thematic analysis of content. Results: more than half of those surveyed are against decriminalization. The transgressive dimension associated with abortion constitutes the main argument supporting the refusal of a possible relaxation of the legislation. The reason for health security is advanced in the opinions encouraging decriminalization. The difficulty of positioning oneself or the participants silence is an illustration of the sensitive nature of the subject of abortion. Conclusion: abortion in its essence carries tensions emanating from interactions between institutional logics, social group norms and individual aspirations. The polarization of debates is a brake on the examination of the issue of decriminalization from a multidimensional perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentialities of the use of the UAV survey as a base for the generation of the context mesh are illustrated through the experiments on the case study, the Crotone Fortress, proposing a systematic general methodology and two procedural workflows for the importation of the triangulated model, maintaining its real geographical coordinates, in the Autodesk Revit environment through a Dynamo Visual Programming script [VPL]. First, the texturisation of the mesh of the urban context was experimented with, using the real-sized photogrammetric orthoimage as Revit material; therefore, the reproduction of the discretised detailed areas of the urban context was tested. They were imported via Dynamo by reading the coordinates of the vertices of every single face that constitutes the triangulated model and associating to each of them the corresponding real colorimetric data. Starting from the georeferenced context of the photogrammetric mesh, nine federated BIM models were produced: the general context models, the detailed models and the architectural model of the fortress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)