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Aims: The aim of the presented study was to determine the distribution of HBV genotypes and their influence on selected parameters in patients in eastern Slovakia., Methods: The study includes 202 patients with confirmed chronic HBV infection or hepatitis. For each patient, basic demographic data, and serum samples were collected. The degree of liver fibrosis was determined by transient elastography. The obtained data were evaluated statistically., Results: Out of a total of 202 patients, 96.0 % of the patients were from the EU region and 27 patients (13.4 %) self-identified as Roma ethnic group. The most common genotype among our patients was genotype A (n = 104; 51.5 %), followed by genotype D (n = 76; 37.6 %) and A/D (n = 13; 6.4 %). In patients from the EU region, genotypes A and D predominated statistically significantly (p < 0.0001). Due to a low number of patients with other genotypes, in the subsequent analysis, we only compared patients with HBV genotypes A or D. Patients with genotypes D and A/D significantly more often mention tattoos as a possible risk factor for disease transmission compared to patients with genotype A (p = 0.043). Subsequently, we divided patients into two groups - treated and untreated. The level of qHBsAg was significantly higher in untreated patients with genotypes A (p < 0.0001). The influence of HBV genotypes on other laboratory parameters was not confirmed in our study., Conclusion: This is the first HBV genotypes study from Slovakia. We suggest that HBV genotypes may play a role in the virus-host relationship Keywords: chronic hepatitis B, genotypes, hepatitis B virus, prognostic factors, distribution.

This study aimed to determine the presence of cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed patients hospitalized at the Clinic of Haematology and Oncohaematology in a form of routine screening. Samples were collected from November 2019 to February 2020, when the first wave of the Coronavirus pandemic occurred in Slovakia. A total of 36 samples were collected from patients hospitalized at the Clinic of Haematology and Oncohaematology, both from the open ward and the intensive care unit. For the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, a nested PCR targeting the gp60 gene and the SSU rRNA locus was used. From the 36 samples, Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIaA17G1R1 was diagnosed in 9 patients (7 from the open ward and 2 from the intensive care unit), all hospitalized at the clinic at the same time, in February 2020. The occurrence of the same species and subtype, Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA17G1R1, in 9 patients hospitalized at the same time, both at the open ward and the intensive care unit may suggest a possible transmission occurred at the clinic., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family, is responsible for a global health concern still in the 21st century. The virus is divided into 10 genotypes, which differ in geographical distribution and in their effect on disease progression and transmission, susceptibility to mutations, and response to treatment. There are many methods for diagnostics of HBV and differentiating its genotypes. Various commercial kits based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) and hybridization available, as well as whole genome sequencing or the sequencing of only individual parts of the genomes. We compared a commercial kit AmpliSens HBV-genotype-FRT, based on RT PCR, with an adapted method of amplification of the surface genomic region combined with Sanger sequencing. In the examined samples we identified the A, B, C, D, and E genotypes. By PCR with Sanger sequencing, the genotypes were determined in all 103 samples, while by using the commercial kit we successfully genotyped only 95 samples, including combined genotypes, which we could not detect by sequencing.

The genus Bartonella is a rapidly expanding group of ubiquitous bacteria that occur mainly in different animal species, but some can also be transmitted to humans. Three species, B. henselae , B. bacilliformis , and B. quintana , are responsible for the majority of human cases. The severity of the clinical symptoms often depends on the immune status of the patient, but others factors such as the species of the pathogen, virulence factors, and bacterial load also can play an important role. As the information on the occurrence of bartonellosis in the human population in Slovakia is absent, the aim of our pilot study was to determine the seroprevalence against B. henselae and B. quintana in the population of people living in Eastern Slovakia, and to identify the impact of related risk factors. Of 536 people included in the study, 126 (23.5%) showed positivity for anti- B. henselae antibodies and 133 (24.8%) against B. quintana . A statistically higher prevalence was confirmed only in the case of B. quintana in women regardless of the risk group. In analyzing the risk factors, we found significant differences between B. henselae seropositive and seronegative groups only in uric acid levels and serum creatinine, both, however, clinically irrelevant. Significant, but clinically irrelevant differences were observed also in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and creatinine in people seropositive to B. quintana .

Medicinal plants of the genus Hypericum are rich sources of bioactive naphthodianthrones, which are unique in the plant kingdom, but quite common in fungal endophytes. Cultivable endophytic fungi were isolated from 14 different Hypericum spp. originating from seeds grown under in vitro conditions and further acclimated to outdoor conditions. Among 37 fungal isolates yielded from the aerial and underground plant organs, 25 were identified at the species level by the fungal barcode marker internal transcribed spacer rDNA and protein-coding gene region of tef1α . Ten of them were isolated from Hypericum spp. for the first time. The axenic cultures of the isolated endophytes were screened for the production of extracellular enzymes, as well as bioactive naphthodianthrones and their putative precursors by Bornträger's test and HPLC-HRMS. Traces of naphthodianthrones and their intermediates, emodin, emodin anthrone, skyrin, or pseudohypericin, were detected in the fungal mycelia of Acremonium sclerotigenum and Plectosphaerella cucumerina isolated from Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum maculatum , respectively. Traces of emodin, hypericin, and pseudohypericin were released in the broth by Scedosporium apiospermum, P. cucumerina , and Fusarium oxysporum during submerged fermentation. These endophytes were isolated from several hypericin-producing Hypericum spp. Taken together, our results reveal the biosynthetic potential of cultivable endophytic fungi harbored in Hypericum plants as well as evidence of the existence of remarkable plant-endophyte relationships in selected non-native ecological niches. A possible role of the extracellular enzymes in plant secondary metabolism is discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)