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Rhesus macaques, when trained for several hundred trials on adjacent items in an ordered list (e.g., A > B, B > C, C > D), are able to make accurate transitive inferences (TI) about previously untrained pairs (e.g., A > C, B > D). How that learning unfolds during training, however, is not well understood. We sought to measure the relationship between the amount of TI training and the resulting response accuracy in 4 rhesus macaques using seven-item lists. The training conditions included the absolute minimal case of presenting each of the six adjacent pairs only once prior to testing. We also tested transfer to nonadjacent pairs with 24 and 114 training trials. Because performance during and after small amounts of training is expected to be near chance levels, we developed a descriptive statistical model to estimate potentially subtle learning effects in the presence of much larger random response variability and systematic bias. These results suggest that subjects learned serial order in an incremental fashion. Thus, rather than performing transitive inference by a logical process, serial learning in rhesus macaques proceeds in a manner more akin to a statistical inference, with an initial uncertainty about list position that gradually becomes more accurate as evidence accumulates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Only with logically correct thinking and understanding, we distinguish between cause-and-effect relationships, dependence on each other, the origin and path of development of things around us. The process of logically correct thinking expands the student's ability to treat his assumptions skeptically and critically, thereby deepening and expanding his understanding of the world, existence and being. The logical process is the result of scientific knowledge of the world, memorization of objects and phenomena of the external world in the human brain, consideration of the correct forms and laws, rules of this image. Logical methods of thinking cannot be formed independently from the day children come to school, for this the teacher must lay the foundations of logical knowledge and skills. It is necessary to work out the material, describing each action taking into account the age capabilities of children, hence the use of a large number of logical tasks in teaching is an important factor in quality learning. And the assimilation of logical techniques, forms of thinking, concepts, judgments to primary school students by conclusions is provided by the primary school program. This article discusses the pedagogical prerequisites for performing a system of tasks in the main subjects of primary school as a way of forming logical thinking skills of younger schoolchildren, skills and means of practical study of logical concepts.

O presente artigo apresenta a teoria do conhecimento de Antônio Pedro de Figueiredo, com o objetivo de divulgar suas ideias e estimular o estudo de seu pensamento. Para tanto, expõe inicialmente as informações sobre a vida e a obra de Figueiredo. Em seguida, passa para a apresentação de suas ideias nos artigos Certeza Humana e Processos Lógicos do Espírito Humano. Depois disso, desenvolve uma interpretação detalhada da teoria do conhecimento presente nesses artigos. Ao final, é feito um rápido balanço dos resultados apresentados, na expectativa de que o artigo tenha despertado a atenção das pessoas para o pensamento de Figueiredo.

A structured approach to diagnosis in canine and feline dermatology is essential. Following a logical process through history taking, clinical examination and diagnostic tests, a final diagnosis can be reached.

Load imbalance has always been a crucial challenge in Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES). In the past few years, we have witnessed an increased interest in using multithreading PDES on multi/many-core platforms. In multithreading PDES, migrating logical processes and coordinating threads are more convenient and cause lower overhead, which provides a better circumstance for load balancing. However, current algorithms, including the persistence-based scheme and work-stealing-based scheme, have their drawbacks. On one hand, persistence-based load balancers, which use the historical data to predict the future, will inevitably make some error. On the other hand, the work-stealing scheme ignores the application-related characteristic, which may limit the potential performance improvement. In this article, we propose an adaptive persistence and work-stealing combined dynamic load balancing algorithm (APWS). The algorithm detects load imbalance, adaptively rebalances the distribution of logical processes, and uses a greedy lock-free work-stealing scheme to eliminate bias at runtime. We assess the performance of the APWS algorithm by a series of experiments. Results demonstrate that our APWS algorithm achieves better performance in different scenarios.

espanolLa investigacion tuvo como objetivo evaluar las estrategias de implementacion de aplicativo web en programas academicos de pregrado, de facultades de administracion e ingenieria. La investigacion sigue un estudio nivel explicativo, diseno correlacional; la muestra la constituyen 500 estudiantes de instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Cucuta. Resultados muestran que programa academico, genero, procedencia, estrato, automatizacion no fueron variables asociadas al modelo predictor, los recursos y servicios virtuales disenados e implementados aportaron a la promocion de practicas de aplicacion asociadas a generacion de algoritmos y competencias en procesos logicos en la solucion de problemas, procesos metalinguisticos, creatividad tiene alta asociacion a investigacion. Se concluye que el desarrollo de competencias en investigacion se relaciona con variables predictores de perfil del estudiante en su formacion previa en educacion media, desarrollo del pensamiento logico, a competencias en metodologia e investigacion en su formacion profesional, asi como la orientacion al desarrollo de algoritmos. EnglishThe objective of the research was to evaluate the implementation strategies of web applications in undergraduate academic programs of administration and engineering faculties. The research follows an explanatory level study, correlational design; the sample is constituted by 500 students from educational institutions in the city of Cucuta. Results show that academic program, gender, origin, stratum, automation were not variables associated to the predictor model, the resources and virtual services designed and implemented contributed to the promotion of application practices associated to the generation of algorithms and competences in logical processes in the solution of problems, metalinguistic processes, creativity has a high association with research. It is concluded that the development of research competencies is related to predictor variables of the student’s profile in their previous training in secondary education, development of logical thinking, methodology and research topics incorporated in each module of the curricular program, as well as the orientation to the development of algorithms.

The article conducts the thought that the usual form of interpreting Hegelian phi­losophy as idealistic philosophy is an abstractly one-sided, obviously incom­plete, view of the system of this philosophy. The author shows that Hegel pro­ceeds from being in the definition of a concept and in building of a universal image of logic, begins with being and ends with being expressed in the concept. This is based on Hegel's logical representations, in which behind the logic lies, on the one hand, the historical subject-transformative activity, and, on the other hand, the historical logic of identifying mental forms. The principle of the iden­tity of being and thinking, dating back to antiquity, indicates the necessity to see the dialectics of the material and the ideal in historical being, and the concept as knowledge of the essence of this being is derived by Hegel only from being. Logic is the movement of an understanding ability from being to the idea, which is the transition to being, where the concept realizes itself in the reality of object-transformative activity. The article emphasizes that this circle is a usual scheme which can be observed in all forms of human activity. And God, interpreted as an ideal beginning, according to Hegel completely coincides with the logical process, which expresses the movement of the reality content. The author aims to demonstrate that it is unacceptable to regard and to evaluate Hegel's philoso­phy in the usual thinking stereotypes that break the deep meaning of its consis­tent logic.

The appearance of the type in architecture has had a profound impact on contemporary architectural thought after the free type followed by the architecture of modernity failed to achieve continuity and communication because the modern type is not descended from a historical chain, but was determined by economic calculations, which is produced by logical processes that combine needs with techniques. Therefore, the type is considered the theoretical tool that moves architecture and is the organizer with the historical content, which can continue to achieve a culturally continuous architecture, that realizes the architects to create communicating architecture. Thus, the problem is the lack of knowledge in the method of using the historical type in the contemporary of Iraqi architecture, and to extract the most important characteristics. The aim of the research is extraction of the historical type of Iraqi architecture - for the period preceding Islam (Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Hatra) and its use in the design of contemporary Iraqi architecture. Thus, the hypothesis is the use of the historical type in contemporary Iraqi architecture creates contemporary architecture and urban continuum.

For the conservation restoration of Giotto’s Stigmatization, painted in the transept of Santa Croce, it was considered the possible new retouching of forms replaced by some old reconstruction, totally out of context after cleaning. The logical process followed in this specific case study was based on the drawing repetitions demonstrated by Giotto in his creations. The nature of the proposal of our of retouching it’s guaranteed by the reintegration technique that allows to recognize the new reconstructed forms and the reversible binder (watercolours) will allow a future cancellation of the fills.

Values are concepts that influence and direct individuals’ behaviors. Because values directly influence society’s structure, values education also takes an important place. Both children’s games and values education have a structure that can diversify values education and make it entertaining during learning. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the perceptions of classroom teachers regarding values education with children’s games. Within the scope of this aim, 272 classroom teachers were investigated for their perceptions. The study adopts a survey model and is of a descriptive quality. In the investigation of the study results, it was stated that teachers could conduct values education with children’s games and children’s games could be used in the educational environment as well as the fact that computer games make individuals antisocial. Additionally, the teachers who participated in the study stated that games ensured acting according to facts by filtering events and cases from a logical process, provided creative and innovative thinking and that teachers should know what games mean for children and how important is games’ influence in their development. The participating teachers also reported that children’s games include many elements of values that we brought from past to present and they reflected the cultural values of society.

PurposeExpert systems are computer-based systems that mimic the logical processes of human experts or organizations to give advice in a specific domain of knowledge. Fuzzy expert systems use fuzzy logic to handle uncertainties generated by imprecise, incomplete and/or vague information. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the methods and applications in fuzzy expert systems.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have carefully reviewed 281 journal publications and 149 conference proceedings published over the past 37 years since 1982. The authors grouped the journal publications and conference proceedings separately accordingly to the methods, application domains, tools and inference systems.FindingsThe authors have synthesized the findings and proposed useful suggestions for future research directions. The authors show that the most common use of fuzzy expert systems is in the medical field.Originality/valueFuzzy logic can be used to manage uncertainty in expert systems and solve problems that cannot be solved effectively with conventional methods. In this study, the authors present a comprehensive review of the methods and applications in fuzzy expert systems which could be useful for practicing managers developing expert systems under uncertainty.

Este trabajo pretende ser una referencia útil para los estudiosos de la filosofía de Platón. Aporta un enfoque original a la investigación de los procesos lógicos que condicionan que unas formas participen de otras. Con la introducción del concepto de participación relacional, abre una posible vía de solución a las distintas versiones del argumento del «tercer hombre». Puede resultar de interés asimismo el método de generación de los números a partir de lo par y lo impar, propuesto en la interpretación de Parménides 143e-144a. El escrito tiene continuidad en un segundo artículo acerca del ser y la verdad en Platón.

In recent years, high medical-social importance of most nosological types of cardiovascular diseases reflects an increase of surgery activity in this medical field. The enlargement of endovascular procedures is obvious and logical process. Today Endovascular therapy department of Scientific Research Institute of Heart Surgery and Organ Transplantation is one of the medical facility, where conducted scientific researches and new methods of diagnostics and treatment of vascular and cardiac diseases are being introduced.

This article examines the role of logical communicative modalities in evaluative and axiological processes. The logical process in modal statements and its connection with assertive statements.

Data mining is the logical process used for searching relevant data through large amount of information. The key role of using data mining is to find the patterns that are previously known. Once, the patterns are identified then these patterns are allowed to make an effective decision for the development of the business. The major steps involved in the data mining process are exploration, pattern identification, and deployment. Due to the enormous growth of data, the data mining is highly required to handle the scientific data, sensor data, business transactions, videos, pictures, and so on. Moreover, it refers to the extraction of implicit, potentially useful, and previously unknown information from the data stored in the databases. It contains different techniques for discovering the useful knowledge from a large amount of database. Data mining is an essential step in the process of knowledge discovery. Some of the steps involved in the knowledge discovery process include data cleaning, data integration, data selection, data transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation.

Herbert Simon, the father of the decision-making discipline, wrote that “the work of managers (…) is largely work of making decisions” (Simon, Academy of Management Perspectives 1:57–64, 1987). One would say, then, that management science should have a clear idea of how managers decide, individually and in groups. Decision-making is classically understood as a logical process that goes through analyzing the situation, generating alternatives, evaluating the possible outcome and consequences of these alternatives in light of the objectives, and choosing the best solution.

To analyze the process from the prescription of the drug to the health outcome, from a medical and pharmaceutical perspective, to prevent the occurrence of drug-related problems (DRPs) in older adults. A mapping of a logical process of drug use from the perspective of physicians, pharmacists, and patients has been established, but many fields remain unexplored (e.g. off-label use, substance use disorders, therapeutic failure), especially in some settings (e.g. home-dwelling) as little data is available in older adults. Prevention of DRPs imperatively requires taking into account the opinions of all healthcare professionals as well as those of patients and their caregivers. To lay the fundamentals of drug-related problems (DRPs) in older adults, and to organize them according to a logical process conciliating medical and pharmaceutical approaches, to better identify the causes and consequences of DRPs. A narrative overview. The causes of DRPs may be intentional or unintentional. They lie in poor prescription, poor adherence, medication errors (MEs) and substance use disorders (SUD). Poor prescription encompasses sub-optimal or off-label drug choice; this choice is either intentional or unintentional, often within a polypharmacy context and not taking sufficiently into account the patient’s clinical condition. Poor adherence is often the consequence of a complicated administration schedule. This review shows that MEs are not the most frequent causes of DRPs. SUD are little studied in older adults and needs to be more investigated because the use of psychoactive substances among older people is frequent. Prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, patients, and caregivers all play a role in different causes of DRPs. The potential deleterious outcomes of DRPs result from adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failures. These can lead to a negative benefit-risk ratio for a given treatment regimen. Interdisciplinary pharmacotherapy programs show significant clinical impacts in preventing or resolving adverse drug events and, suboptimal responses. New technologies also seem to be interesting solutions to prevent MEs. Better communication between healthcare professionals, patients and their caregivers would ensure greater safety and effectiveness of treatments.

Certain critics of “conventional” economic theory from time to time voice surprise at the general acceptance of marginalism and at “the confidence of the textbook writers in the validity of the marginal analysis.” These critics would probably revolt against all those definitions of economics which contain marginalism as an implicit criterion. Marginalism, as the logical process of “finding maximum,” is clearly implied in so-called economic principle—striving to achieve with given means a maximum of ends. This is not to deny that a goodly portion of all business behavior may be non-rational, thoughtless, blindly repetitive, deliberately traditional, or motivated by extra-economic objectives. But the material thus far presented as the result of empirical research has not proved what the analysts intended to prove. Any attempt to “test” marginalist theory through empirical research presupposes full understanding of the theory. Empirical research designed to verify or disprove marginal productivity theory in the analysis of input of the individual firm is beset with difficulties.

Introduction. The scientific schools serve as engines of development of science and the training centers for scientists. At the same time, the identity of the founder and head of the scientific school is of great importance; this person has to have unique theoretical thinking, talent and the researcher’s intuition, to be purposeful, responsible for generation of the ideas and personally interested in the development of current scientific problems, as well as to have distinctive managerial and pedagogical qualities. The aim of this article is to analyse the establishment and “evolution” of the scientific school of G. M. Romantsev, the Academician of the Russian Academy of Education; to identify the prospects for the main directions of the school development. Methodology and research methods. The study was based on the hermeneutic method of interpretation and understanding of scientific texts; general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and interpretation of available scientific heritage were applied. Results and scientific novelty. The authors of the present publication have made an attempt to comprehend the content of scholarly writings by G. M. Romantsev and his followers within the framework of the scientific school; a theoretical model of professional pedagogical education in Russia was designed by them. It was found out that most of the research publications are interdisciplinary, often conducted at the intersection of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, Law and Economics; research and practice nature of most of the studies was defined: theoretical studies are traditionally accompanied by innovative experimental activity. The place of Vocational Pedagogy in the system of pedagogical sciences was proved; its role as theoretical and methodological foundations of vocational-pedagogical education was highlighted as well. The key theoretical and methodological premises of this type of education are formulated; its logical processes and vectors for further development are denoted. Scientific achievements of the scholars of G. M. Romantsev’s school in the field of the higher vocational education are presented; possible ways of advancement of vocational training for workers and handicraftsmen in Russia are presented. Practical significance. The output of the work undertaken by the representatives of the scientific school of G. M. Romantsev continue to be the basis for correction and development of education and vocational standards, the conceptual framework, regulatory background of vocational education, including legal support for occupational guidance among young people. Continued innovative activity of the research team and application in practice of the outcomes obtained will enable to narrow the gap between the theory and practice of vocational education, to enhance the competitiveness of the Russian higher school, and to meet the demands from the manufacturing sector and economy for qualified specialists. Furthermore, the research outcomes can provide substantial assistance to design the modern structure of the pedagogical scientific research organization and build an effective process management workflow.

In this review, recent examples featuring C-H functionalization in the synthesis of complex natural products are discussed. A focus is given to the way in which C-H functionalization can influence the logical process of retrosynthesis, and the review is organized by the type and method of C-H functionalization.

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society Summer Meeting 2016 held at University College, Dublin on 11–14 July 2016 Conference on ‘New technology in nutrition research and practice’ Nutrient profiling as a tool to respond to public health needs Uses of nutrient profiling to address public health needs: from regulation to reformulation; Nutrient profiling aims to classify or rank foods according to their nutritional composition to assist policies aimed at improving the nutritional quality of foods and diets. The present paper reviews a French approach of nutrient profiling by describing the SAIN,LIM system and its evolution from its early draft to the simplified nutrition labelling system (SENS) algorithm. Considered in 2010 by WHO as the 'French model' of nutrient profiling, SAIN,LIM classifies foods into four classes based on two scores: a nutrient density score (NDS) called SAIN and a score of nutrients to limit called LIM, and one threshold on each score. The system was first developed by the French Food Standard Agency in 2008 in response to the European regulation on nutrition and health claims (European Commission (EC) 1924/2006) to determine foods that may be eligible for bearing claims. Recently, the European regulation (EC 1169/2011) on the provision of food information to consumers allowed simplified nutrition labelling to facilitate consumer information and help them make fully informed choices. In that context, the SAIN,LIM was adapted to obtain the SENS algorithm, a system able to rank foods for simplified nutrition labelling. The implementation of the algorithm followed a step-by-step, systematic, transparent and logical process where shortcomings of the SAIN,LIM were addressed by integrating specificities of food categories in the SENS, reducing the number of nutrients, ordering the four classes and introducing European reference intakes. Through the French example, this review shows how an existing nutrient profiling system can be specifically adapted to support public health nutrition policies.

Greaves, Alan/0000-0002-8004-4702; Salihoglu, Rana/0000-0003-3277-2446; Sakinc, Mehmet/0000-0001-5955-0099; Akcer On, Sena/0000-0002-0708-8629 WOS: 000527372800001 The ancient Gulf of Latmos is an iconic example of a dynamic landscape and humankind's historical relationship with it. Using extensive new primary data and original models for calibrating radiocarbon dates in transitional lagoon environments, we demonstrate that Lake Bafa (or Bafa Golu, in Turkish) formed at a much earlier date than previously thought. In questioning the logical process by which previous dates were achieved, we re-examine the relationship between sedimentological data, archaeology and written history. We reassert the need to establish independently dated environmental data sets as the foundation of regional studies as distinct from archaeological and historical interpretive processes. We conclude that Lake Bafa slowly transitioned to become an isolated lagoon sometime between the end of the second millennium B.C. and end of the first millennium B.C.; becoming a fully closed brackish lake during the second millennium A.D. This marks a major shift in our understanding of the nature of human occupation and activity here during the last four millennia but also in the way we date ancient lagoons and integrate historical and environmental data in general. School of Histories, Languages and Cultures at the University of Liverpool; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110Y021] School of Histories, Languages and Cultures at the University of Liverpool; TUBITAK, Grant/Award Number: 110Y021

The aim of this chapter is to enable you to be able to develop your own hand notation system. No matter how simple or complicated you wish to make it – the same underlying principles apply. If you are hoping to develop a computerised system, the same logical process must be followed, so this section is a vital part of that developmental process too. To gain the most benefit from this chapter, Chapters 4 and 5 should have also been read.

In this paper, we present an application that enables fast and controlled quality degradation of any given video sequence. Considering, that it also displays a preview of both degraded and reference video frames along with the corresponding quality degradation value, it can be a useful tool for education and research. Further, we describe the logical process of creating degradation artifacts, namely blurring, several types of electronic noise, blocking effect, color bleeding and mosquito noise. This paper also analyses the results of an experiment, conducted on video sequences affected by simulated artifacts and evaluated by two objective quality metrics. As expected, we certified that video quality is decreasing with rising intensity of each applied effect. Excluding sequences affected by any type of noise, video quality seems to be content dependent. Furthermore, we also discovered that noises impair video quality most critically, according to objective metrics.

A novel way of distributed discrete event simulation, called approximate distributed discrete event simulation, is presented in this paper. Compared with the classic simulation, the models for approximate simulation give some kind of free margin to the simulator during the execution. This can be used in some cases to reduce the overhead of the simulation, especially the execution time. Since the margin can be adjusted arbitrarily in the range, a trade-off between the simulation precision and the execution time can be achieved this way. It's well known that the execution time of distributed discrete event simulation can't be reduced significantly compared with a sequential simulation when the logical processes are tightly coupled and the look-ahead is very short. In this study, a framework of approximate distributed discrete event simulation with some novel algorithms is developed, which is aimed to provide a longer look-ahead and further the trade-off between the simulation precision and the execution time using the free margin provided by the model.