Search

Following economic restructuring movements in 1950s, loft living first emerged as a result of gentrification process in New York City. In Istanbul, loft living became available recently and loft designs have represented in limited cases. This paper aims to examine loft living and loft designs in Galata, emerged as a result of micro-scale gentrification process in Istanbul. The research defines lofts in terms of spatial criteria; examines loft designs as an architectural result of gentrification process in Galata and aims to read the socio-cultural change through these designs. Selected lofts were examined through observations, interviews and photographs. The analysis table specifies names, construction dates, conversion dates, user profiles and according to criteria predetermined as part of the research, investigates what type these lofts correspond in structural and functional terms. Consequently, lofts emerged following the initial gentrification movements in Galata (original lofts converted for mixed-use) still exist in district; the number of ‘lofts converted for commercial use’ has increased due to the recent popularization of the area. Besides, ‘semi-lofts converted for residential use’ and ‘imitation lofts built for residential use' reflecting just the commercial image of loft living and realized by large-scale construction firms, have emerged. 1950’li yıllarda New York kentindeki soylulaştırma süreci, ekonomik yeniden yapılanma hareketleri sonucunda loft yaşamı üretmiştir. Loft yaşam, İstanbul’da yakın geçmişte ortaya çıkmış ve loft tasarımlar tekil örnekler ile görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul’da mikro ölçekte meydana gelen soylulaştırma süreci sonucunda Galata’da ortaya çıkan loft yaşam ve loft tasarımları incelemektir. Çalışmada loftlar, mekânsal ölçüt ve tipleri ile tanımlanmış; Galata’da soylulaştırma sürecinin mimari bir sonucu olarak loft tasarımlar incelenmiş ve bu süreçteki sosyo-kültürel değişimin bu tasarımlar üzerinden okuması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seçilen örnekler, gözlem, röportaj ve fotoğraflar aracılığı ile incelenmiştir. Analiz tablosunda loftlar, isimleri, yapım tarihleri, dönüştürme tarihleri, kullanıcı profilleri ile incelenmiş ve belirlenen kriterlere göre bu loftların yapısal ve işlevsel açıdan hangi loft tipine karşılık geldiği analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçta, Galata’daki ilk soylulaştırma hareketleri ile ortaya çıkan ve ‘karma kullanımlı orijinal loft’ özelliği gösteren loftların, tekil örnekler ile halen varlığını sürdürdüğü; bölgeye artan ilgi nedeniyle özellikle ‘ticari kullanımlı loft’ özelliği gösteren loftların sayısının arttığı ve son olarak büyük inşaat firmalarının tüm binayı satın alarak dönüştürdükleri ‘konut kullanımlı ara loft’ veya loft yaşamı bir ticari imaj olarak kullanarak inşa ettikleri ‘konut kullanımlı sahte loft’ özelliği gösteren yeni loftların ortaya çıktığı gözlemlenmiştir. Publisher's Version

Numerical simulation was carried out using multi-zone heat calculation program TRNSYS, the effects of night purge in loft space during summer on room temperature and cooling load were compared among six cities in Japan. The room temperature reduction effect of night purge was remarkable between 10 times/h and 50 times/h of ventilation rate, and not so much when the ventilation rate was between 50 times/h and 200 times/h. It was found that increasing the size of the loft window or providing it face-to-face during night purge slightly reduces the room temperature at night, but increases the room temperature during the day. It was also found that as the nighttime ventilation rate increased in both August and September, the cooling load decreased., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 51(97), pp.33-38; 2021

Purpose. Analysis of the main advantages of choosing the latest methods of renovation and reconstruction of industrial buildings into residential ones in the reconstruction of Ukrainian cities after the war based on existing domestic and foreign experience. Methodology. In Ukraine, in the current context of limited financial and logistical resources, the renovation and reconstruction of existing industrial buildings in destroyed cities and resettlement cities due to Russian aggression is an appropriate solution in terms of reducing the cost of new construction and reconstruction of industrial buildings. Along with the spread of modern methods of renovation and reconstruction of well-known Ukrainian and foreign companies in Ukraine, when planning the restoration of housing stock after the war, attention should be paid to the method of reconstruction of industrial buildings in loft-style housing. Identification of specific features of loft formation as new elements of reconstruction of industrial buildings into residential ones. Results. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in renovation and reconstruction of industrial areas. It is revealed that depending on the tasks, different functional adaptation and direction of one or another industrial building or complex in residential, as well as their subsequent adaptation to the existing city system is possible. During the reconstruction of urban industrial areas, it is appropriate to use the loft style for reconstruction as economic, the feasibility of which is confirmed by world experience. Originality. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the renovation and reconstruction of industrial buildings for residential. Different approaches to the process of renovation of industrial territories are revealed and the principles of transformation of the existing industrial function into a public space are substantiated. Practical value. Technical, technological and organizational solutions allow the use of industrial buildings with their technological properties, which ensure the reliability of the operation of residential buildings. Analysis of the real state of industrial zones., Мета. Аналіз основних переваг вибору сучасних новітніх методів реновації та реконструкції промислових будівель в житлові в умовах відновлення міст України після війни на основі існуючого вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду. Методика. В Україні, у сучасних умовах обмеження фінансових та матеріально-технічних ресурсів, реновація та реконструкція існуючих промислових будівель в зруйнованих містах і містах переселення біженців від агресії Росії є доцільним рішенням з точки зору зменшення витрат на нове будівництво і перебудови промислових будівель в житлові. Разом із поширеннями сучасними методами реновації та реконструкції відомих українських та закордонних фірм в Україні при плануванні відновлення житлового фонду після закінчення війни треба уділити увагу методу реконструкції промислових будівель в житлові в стилі лофт. Визначення специфічних особливостей формування лофтів, як нових елементів реконструкції промислових будівель в житлові. Результати. Аналіз вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду реновації та реконструкцій промислових територій. Виявлено, що в залежності від задач, можливе різне функціональне пристосування та спрямування тієї чи іншої промислової споруди або комплексу в житлове, а також їх наступна адаптація в існуючу систему міста. Під час реконструкції міських промислових територій доречно використовувати стиль лофт для реконструкції, як економічний, доцільність чого підтверджується світовим досвідом. Наукова новизна. Аналіз вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду реновації та реконструкцій промислових будівель під житлові. Виявлено різні підходи до процесу реновації промислових територій та обґрунтовано принципи перетворення існуючої промислової функції під громадський простір. Практична значимість. Технічні, технологічні та організаційні рішення дозволяють використовувати промислові будівлі з їх технологічними властивостями, які забезпечують і надійність експлуатації зведених житлових об’єктів. Аналіз реального стану промислових зон був проведений з метою ефективного процесу реновації та реконструкції застарілих промислових споруд.

3D modeling of a product is one of the most important element in manufacturing process. The purpose of this research is to create and compare script-based 3D modeling of helical gears using Autodesk Fusion 360® software then compare with 3D helical gear model from ISO T.E.A standard part number 0518. The research method used was an experimental study. The research begins with the creation of script type A that has a face (sketch plane) perpendicular to the XY plane. While the type B script uses a face that is perpendicular to its helical gear curve. For create the 3D gear profile in script A and B, the loft feature operation was used. The number of faces that analyzed here are 3.5 and 7 and the number of points on the gears involute spline that analyzed here are 5, 15 and 25. Furthermore, the model made by script A and B will be analyzed and compared to 3D helical gear model from ISO T.E.A standard part number 0518 based on its volume and geometry using solidwork® and geomagic® software. The results show that the 3D model using script tipe A with total number of face is 7, is the model that most closely resembles the ISO T.E.A standard number part 0518 3D helical gear model, while 3D model using script tipe B with total number of face is 3, is the model that most closely resembles the ISO T.E.A standard number part 0518. Based on the specified tolerance limits, both models have met general tolerance standards.

Publikacja porusza istotny temat współczesnej mody na rewitalizowanie i przekształcanie dawnych budynków przemysłowych w nowoczesne obiekty komercyjne. Pośród wielu możliwości zagospodarowania ważne miejsce zajmują obiekty hotelarskie. Otwieranie nowoczesnych hoteli loftowych przyczynia się do urozmaicenia oferty turystycznej i ożywienia dawnych dzielnic przemysłowych, przyciąga także na ich obszary nowych turystów. Celem publikacji jest wykazanie, że obiekty loftowe, w tym szczególnie hotele, mogą przyczynić się do rewitalizacji znacznych obszarów miejskich, poprawy sytuacji gospodarczej i rozwoju przedsiębiorczości. Metody badawcze zastosowane w pracy to krytyka piśmiennicza i analiza najnowszych danych wtórnych. W publikacji wykorzystano również luźne rozmowy telefoniczne przeprowadzone w 2019 roku z managerami znanych hoteli loftowych w całej Polsce. Publikacja została napisana przy wykorzystaniu danych zwartych, artykułów naukowych oraz danych netograficznych. Rezultaty analizy naukowej wskazują, że hotelarstwo loftowe w Polsce rozwija się w sposób systematyczny i staje się trwałym elementem współczesnego rynku hotelarskiego. Implikacje teoretyczne i praktyczne pracy wskazują, że beneficjentami rozwoju tej gałęzi hotelarstwa będą zarówno miasta – siedziby hoteli, jak i ich klienci. W przyszłości można się spodziewać dalszego rozwoju tego segmentu hotelarstwa.

This paper investigates the performance of high-loft thermal insulations in terms of their compression properties, recovery behavior and thermal resistance. The aforementioned properties belong to the basic producer requirements for winter functional sportswear, sleeping bags or blankets. Majority of thermal insulation producers declare high quality of their products claiming durability and insulation within beginning of their application. But, it is important to uncover how dynamic compressive loading (which simulates real condition of using) influences heat transport of tested filling for the whole lifetime period. Therefore, two groups of top synthetic thermal insulation materials were tested before and after compression loading. Subsequently, relaxation behavior of samples was determined by thickness recovery after the compression test. Furthermore, thermal resistance was measured before and after the compression test to find out the change in thermal effectivity of samples. In summary, these results have not met expectations and show a rather poor correlation between the rate of compression after dynamic loading and the drop of thermal resistance of tested fillings.

The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the statistical data on the property of the housing units with the loft space. Based on the LIFULL HOME'S data set, the distribution of houses with loft space in Japan and the number of housing units with the loft space are clarified in terms of the regional characteristics. The ratio of loft area in the occupied area by prefecture and the relationship between the loft area and the occupied area are described in this paper., 長崎大学大学院工学研究科研究報告, 50(95), pp.42-47; 2020

On the basis of the conducted researches the features of forming of interior space of habitation of style of "loft" are certain. The specific of construction of interior of habitation is exposed from the side of social necessity, psychological perception, recommendations are developed in relation to methods and principles of organization of dwelling apartment of "loft".

Endüstri devrimi ile birlikte sanayi atılımını gerçekleştirmiş olan batı ülkelerinde kent dokusu içerisinde özellikle liman bölgeleri ve çevresinde endüstriyel üretim ve depolama ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere pek çok atölye, fabrika ve depo yapısı inşa edilmiştir. 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren endüstrinin kent dışına kayması ile birlikte işlevsiz durumda kalan bu yapılar atıl duruma düşmeye başlamıştır. Yapıların loft dönüşümü anlayışı bu dönemde ekonomik gücü olan zayıf olan sanatçıların geniş hacimli, stüdyo olarak da kullanabilecekleri konut ihtiyacına çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Zamanla sanatçıların bu anlayışla dönüştürülmüş evlerde yaşamaya başlamaları ile birlikte “sanatçı evi” kimliğine bürünmüş loft konutlar, halkın her kesiminden talep görmeye başlamıştır. 21. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren ise tasarım fikrinin kökenindeki “dönüşüm” mantığından çıkmış ve yeni inşa edilmekte olan yapıların da loft karakterine bürünmesi başlamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı bir ihtiyaç olarak ortaya çıkmış ama zaman içerisinde popülerleşmiş loft konutların, kullanıcılarına sunduğu ısıl, görsel ve işitsel konfor koşullarının incelenmesi ve ne ölçüde konforlu veya yaşanabilir olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada kullanılacak simülasyon modelleri ve literatür araştırmalarından çıkarılacak sonuçlar ile birlikte tasarlanacak olan loft anlayışındaki konut yapılarında konforu arttırmaya yönelik alınabilecek mimari kararlara yönelik öneriler sunulacaktır Many of workshops, factories and warehouses have been built in urban especialy in the ports and arounds to meet needs of industrial production and storage in the western countries, that have made the industrial breakthrough with the industrial revolution. Since the second half of 20. century, these remained dysfunctional structures has been started to fall into the idle state with the shift of the industry to the outskirts of the city. The understanding of loft transformation of residences approved itself as a solution for the requirements of large-volume housing that could be used as studios by artists with weak economic power in this period. With the artists started to live in these transformed residences in time, loft residences took on the identity of "artist's house" began to be demanded from all segments of the public. From the beginning of the 21st century, the origin of design got out of the "transformation" point and started to wrap itself up in being loft character in the newly constructed buildings. The aim of the this study is examine the thermal, visual and auditory comfort conditions for the users of loft houses, which has arised as a need though became popular over time, and to reveal how comfortable or livable they are. With the results from the simulation models and the literature research will be putted forward suggestions to increase the comfort on architectural decides for the loft styled housings.

Lutka je od svojih početaka korištena kao lutkarev alter ego, da bi u suvremenom lutkarstvu bila prepoznata kao zahvalan medij za otvaranje izvođačevih najintimnijih prostora. Za razliku od europskog, u hrvatskom lutkarstvu lutka je vrlo rijetko korištena kao autobiografski produžetak, no u posljednjih nekoliko godina, s pojavom osječke akademije, lutkari sve više ulaze u sebe i svoju intimu uz pomoć lutke i animacije. Ovaj u hrvatskom lutkarstvu donedavno zanemaren odnos lutkara i njegove nežive scenske partnerice analizirat će se u predstavama Ni’ko kao ja, ±∞1/8 i Samoizolacija u 40 minuta nastalima na Akademiji za umjetnost i kulturu u Osijeku te Laboratorij života Lutkarske organizacije koju fakat trebamo (LOFT).

[ES] Se trata de un Trabajo Final de Grado basado en el diseño y cálculo de la estructura de una planta industrial dedicada a la fabricación y distribución de cuchillas metálicas, situada en el polígono industrial Fuente del Jarro de Paterna. La nave industrial cuenta con un área 2520 ¿¿2, en la cual se incluye un altillo de 540 ¿¿2 destinado al almacenamiento de materiales. Este edificio industrial también incluye un puente grúa cuya función es el movimiento de cargas pesadas durante el desarrollo de la actividad industrial en el interior de la nave propuesta., [CAT] Es tracta d’un Treball Final de Grau basat en el disseny i càlcul d’una planta industrial dedicada a la fabricació i distribució de fulles metàl·liques, situat en el polígon industrial Fuente del Jarro (Paterna). La nau industrial compta amb una àrea 2520 𝑚���2, en la qual s'inclou un altell de 540 𝑚���2 destinat a l'emmagatzematge de materials. Aquest edifici industrial també inclou un pont grua la seua funció és el moviment de càrregues pesades durant el desenvolupament de l'activitat industrial a l'interior de la nau proposada., [EN] This is a Final Degree Project based on the design and structural calculation of an industrial warehouse dedicated to the manufacture and distribution of metal blades, located in the industrial park Fuente del Jarro (Paterna). The industrial warehouse has an area of 2520 ¿¿2, which includes a loft of 540 ¿¿2 for the storage of materials. This industrial building also includes a bridge crane whose function is the movement of heavy weigths during the development of the industrial activity inside the proposed warehouse.

RELAP5 je alat koji korisnicima omogućuje modeliranje povezanog ponašanja sustava rashladne tekućine reaktora i jezgre za razne prijelazne trenutke i nesreće koje bi se mogle dogoditi u nuklearnom reaktoru te se koristi za analizu sigurnosti reaktora. LOFT postojenje je eksperimentalno postojenje dizajnirano da simulira ponašanje glavnih komponenata i reakcija sustava komercijalnih reaktora s stlačenom vodom (PWR) tijekom pretpostavljenih nesreća uzrokovanih gubitkom rashladne tekućine. L2-5 eksperiment bio je treći veliki eksperiment u LOCA uvjetima. Izveden je u lipnju 1982. godine. Eksperiment je simulirao 200%-tni prekid hladne cijevi komercijalnog PWR-a. Gorivo korišteno u L2-5 eksperimentu je dizajnirano da ima jednaka fizikalna, kemijska i metalurška svojstva poput komercijalnog goriva. RELAP5 is a tool that allows users to model the related behavior of the cooling liquid reactor system and the core for various transients and accidents that may occur in a nuclear reactor. LOFT has been experimentally designed to simulate the behavior of major components and reactions of commercial pressurized water reactor (PWR) systems during presumed accidents caused by coolant loss. The L2-5 experiment was the third major experiment under LOCA conditions. It was performed in June 1982. The experiment simulated a 200% break in cold pipes of commercial PWR. The fuel used in the L2-5 experiment was designed to have one physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties like commercial fuel.

The article examines the formation of metamodern urban aesthetics. The concept of metamodern is used to denote changes in the worldview and forms of culture at the beginning of the 21st century. The clear connection between postmodern, multiculturalism and urban culture of the late 20th century is emphasized; it is also stated that irony and collage of postmodern culture created understanding of the multi-layered reality. The development of these phenomena has formed a new attitude to the urban space. The city is both a material object and a symbolic project. Based on this, we view architecture and urban environment as a visualization of the metamodern paradigm. The key concept of the research is the concept of Atmosphere. It is actively used by supporters of metamodernism. The methodological basis of the study is the semiotic analysis of the visual object, applied in the framework of the theory of spatial production by A. Lefebvre and P. Bourdieu. The object of our analysis is the Levent Loft project (Istanbul, Turkey). The objectives of the article are a semiotic analysis of the Levent Loft architectural complex to demonstrate of the transition from the postmodern paradigm to the metamodern. The subject of this article is an analysis of the application of loft-style design to create an urban space. The architectural and design solution of the Levent Loft complex was created within the framework of a new concept of urban space. The evolution of a loft style in a single project reveals the transition to a new structure of perception. In Levent Loft, the objects and parameters of the observer are combined into an integral system of prepared space, atmosphere. The principle of multiple reality is preserved here as one of the observation parameters. The project also allows the presence of a personal model of reality, which does not imply historical rootedness. The implementation of this project demonstrated the changes in aesthetic preferences for urban redevelopment. This was perceived as a transition to a new perception of the world. The project reflected a new understanding of the role of man in the multi-layered cultural space of a modern city. The design of this architectural object is presented as visual rhetoric creating the urban anthropology of the metamodern era. As a result, we come to the conclusion that loft design has become an instrument to create a new semiotic field of metamodern: the Levent Loft complex demonstrates a system of configured space, atmosphere where the principle of multiple realities is preserved without historical rooting. It is pointed out that the project testified to a new understanding of the role of man in a multilayer cultural space of a modern city., В статье исследуются формирования урбанистической эстетики метамодерна. Понятие метамодерн используется для обозначения изменений в мировоззрении и формах культуры начала 21 века. Указывается связь постмодерна, мультикультурализма и городской культуры конца 20 века, а также отмечается, что ироничность и коллажность, как принципов постмодерна, создали понимание многослойности реальности. Развитие этих феноменов сформировал новое отношение к городскому пространству. Город является и материальным объектом, и символическим проектом. На основе этого мы рассматриваем архитектуру и городское пространство как визуализацию парадигмы цель модерна. Ключевым понятием исследования является понятие "атмосфера", предложенное в рамках Новой Эстетики Гернота Беме. Она активно используется сторонниками цель модернизма. Методологическая основа исследования - семиотический анализ визуального объекта, примененный в рамках теории производства пространства Лефебр и Бурдье. Предмет анализа статьи - архитектурный комплекс Левент Лофт (Стамбул, Турция). Цель статьи - семиотический анализ архитектурного комплекса Левент Лофт для демонстрации перехода от постмодернистской парадигмы к метамодерну. Предметом статьи является анализ применения дизайна лофт-стиля для создания городского пространства. Архитектурно-конструкторское решение комплекса Левент Лофт было создано в рамках новой концепции городского пространства. Эволюция лофт-стиля в рамках одного проекта отражает переход к новой структуре восприятия современниками. В Левент Лофт объекты и параметры наблюдателя объединяются в интегральную систему подготовленного пространства, атмосферы. Принцип множественной реальности сохраняется здесь как один из параметров наблюдения. Проект также допускает присутствие личной модели реальности, которая не предусматривает исторической укорененности. Реализация этого проекта продемонстрировала изменения вкусов городской перепланировки. Это воспринималось как переход к новому восприятию мира. Проект отразил новое понимание роли человека в многослойном культурном пространстве современного города. Дизайн этого архитектурного объекта представлен как визуальная риторика, что создает городскую антропологию эпохи метамодерна. Как результат, мы приходим к выводу, что лофт стал инструментом для создания нового семиотического поля метамодерна: комплекс Левент Лофт демонстрирует систему "настроенного пространства", атмосферы, где сохраняется принцип множественной реальности, без исторической укорененности. Указывается, что проект зафиксировал новое понимание роли человека в многослойном культурном пространстве современного города., У статті досліджуються формування урбаністичної естетики метамодерна. Поняття метамодерн використовується для позначення змін в світогляді і формах культури початку 21 століття. Указується чіткий зв'язок постмодерну, мультикультуралізму та міської культури кінця 20 століття, а також наголошується, що іронічність і колажність як принципи постмодерну створили розуміння багатошаровості реальності. Розвиток цих феноменів сформував нове ставлення до міського простору. Місто є і матеріальним об’єктом, і символічним проєктом. На основі цього ми розглядаємо архітектуру і міський простір як візуалізацію парадигми мета модерну. Ключовим поняттям дослідження є поняття "атмосфера", запропоноване в рамках Нової Естетики Гернота Бьоме. Вона активно використовується прихильниками мета модернізму. Методологічна основа дослідження – семіотичний аналіз візуального об'єкта, застосований в рамках теорії виробництва простору Лефебра і Бурдьє. Предмет аналізу статті - архітектурний комплекс Левент Лофт (Стамбул, Туреччина). Мета статті – семіотичний аналіз архітектурного комплексу Левент Лофт для демонстрації переходу від постмодерністської парадигми до метамодерну. Предметом цієї статті є аналіз застосування дизайну лофт-стилю для створення міського простору. Архітектурно-конструкторське рішення комплексу Левент Лофт було створене у межах нової концепції міського простору. Еволюція лофт-стилю в рамках одного проекту відображає перехід до нової структури сприйняття сучасниками. У Левент Лофт об'єкти та параметри спостерігача об'єднуються в інтегральну систему підготовленого простору, атмосфери. Принцип множинної реальності зберігається тут як один з параметрів спостереження. Проект також допускає присутність особистої моделі реальності, яка не передбачає історичної укоріненості. Реалізація цього проєкту продемонструвала зміни естетичних уподобань для міського перепланування. Це сприймалося як перехід до нового сприйняття світу. Проєкт відобразив нове розуміння ролі людини в багатошаровому культурному просторі сучасного міста. Дизайн цього архітектурного об'єкта представлений як візуальна риторика, що створює міську антропологію епохи метамодерну. Як результат, ми приходимо до висновку, що лофт став інструментом для створення нового семіотичного поля метамодерна: комплекс Левент Лофт демонструє систему "налаштованого простору", атмосфери, де зберігається принцип множинної реальності, без історичної вкоріненості. Указується, що проект зафіксував нове розуміння ролі людини в багатошаровому культурному просторі сучасного міста.

Najvažniju stavku nuklearnih elektrana predstavlja njezina sigurnost te nam L2-5 test daje dobar uvid u ponašanja PWR elektrane za vrijeme velike izljevne nesreće. Nodalizacija testa se provodi unutar RELAP5 programa te su sve potrebne termičke i hidrauličke informacije prikupljene za vrijeme stvarnih izljevnih nesreća koje su se provodile s ciljem osmišljanja samog programa RELAP5. Program na osnovu matematičkih operacija te rješavanjem diferencijalnih jednadžbi dolazi do simuliranja stvarnih prilika za vrijeme nuklearnih nesreća. Nakon puknuća hladnog cjevovoda dolazi do velikog snižavanja tlaka unutar primarnog kruga PWR elektrane te gubitak velikog dijela fluida koji bespovratno izlazi iz sustava. Preostali fluid počinje ključati te se zbog gubitka rashladnog sredstva i smanjenog prijenosa topline uzrokovano velikim toplinskim otporom pare temperatura jezgre bitno povisi. Nakon prorade sustava za zaštitno hlađenje dolaze do ponovnog uranjanja jezgre u tekućinu te dolazi do snižavanja temperature jezgre čime sustav ulazi u stabilno stanje. Nodalizacija samog postrojenja unutar RELAP5 programa bila je proizvoljna te smo u ovom radu testirali utjecaj povećavanja kao i smanjivanja broja kontrolnih volumena jezgre te povećavanje kontrolnih volumena tlačnika i parogeneratora ali sa zadržavanjem njihovih originalnih proporcija čime je utvrđeno da nodalizacija nema utjecaja na rezultate pokusa samih komponenta na kojima su izvršene izmjene kao ni na komponente kojima je model ostao isti. The most important aspect of nuclear power plants is its safety, and the L2-5 test gives us a great insight into the behavior of PWR power plants during large break loss of coolant accident. Nodalization of the test is conducted within the RELAP5 program in which all of the necessary thermal and hydraulic information (which were collected during the actual LBLOCA accident) was entered. The program is based on solving differential equations and using basic mathematical operations to simulate real conditions during nuclear accidents. After the rupture of the cold leg, there is a large drop in pressure of the primary loop of PWR nuclear plant, the fluid begins to irrevocably leak. Remaining fluid starts to boil after the loss of primary coolant and large pressure drop, boiling causes heat transfer to slow down and that significantly raises the core temperature. After the initialization of emergency core cooling system core gets reflooded and the temperature significantly decreases, power plant enters its stable state. The nodalization of the model itself was arbitrary and in this paper, we tested the effect of increasing and decreasing the number of control volumes of the core, and increasing control volumes in pressurizer and steam generator while still keeping their original proportions and found that nodalization has no effect on the test result of the exchanged elements of the model same as on the models that remained the same throughout the whole experiment.

The objective of this study is to clarify thermal environment in summer and measures to improve thermal comfort for apartment houses with loft. Measurement of room temperature and numerical simulation were carried out using results of the measurement and multi-zone heat calculation program TRNSYS, the effects of night purge in loft space durin g summer on room temperature and cooling load were compared among five cities in Japan. This paper describes the results of numerical simulation of room temperature and cooling load using TRNSYS.

Photographs taken by filmmaker and photographer Babette Mangolte of Annette Michelson's loft in Soho in 1978 and 2004.

In the UK, there has been an increase in the number of loft conversions, driven by demands for increased floor areas of dwellings to accommodate more individuals or increase property values. While rooms directly underneath roofs are known to have increased overheating risks, there is little research available that quantifies this risk, and how to mitigate it cost-effectively. This paper seeks to evaluate overheating risks in loft conversions, using integrated environmental solutions virtual environment to dynamically simulate indoor temperatures in a semi-detached dwelling in London, UK, under current and future (2050s and 2080s medium and high emissions) climate scenarios. Adaptive overheating risk and energy consumption are calculated with and without passive overheating adaptations that reduce solar gains, increase ventilation, or add thermal insulation. Marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) are then used to select the most cost-effective adaptations based on installation and ongoing energy consumption costs. Results estimate 11,340–12,210 more summertime Category I overheating degree-hours for the loft than conventional bedrooms in the dwelling under the current climate; total category I loft overheating degree-hours may increase to 20,319 by 2080. While external shutters and night-purge ventilation were the most effective at reducing overheating degree-hours (96% and 89%, respectively), the most cost-effective solutions considering capital and ongoing costs are ventilation strategies, including night-time purge ventilation, advance ventilation and cross ventilation. Passive adaptations are not capable of eliminating overheating entirely, and by the 2080s active cooling is likely to be required to maintain comfortable indoor conditions in lofts. Practical application: Converted lofts – present in 5.8% of English and 10.8% of London dwellings – are at significantly elevated risk of high indoor temperatures relative to conventional rooms. Passive adaptations such as ventilation and shading can effectively mitigate loft overheating until around 2080, after which active measures become necessary. When capital and ongoing costs are considered, the most cost-effective heat mitigating adaptations are night and advance ventilation and internal curtains/blinds. Heat mitigating adaptations for converted lofts should become mandatory, and such spaces should not be occupied by the vulnerable or elderly during hot weather.

This contribution presents an ongoing research effort addressing the performance assessment of a number of buildings planned by the Austrian architect Konrad Frey, who is considered to be one of the pioneers of sustainable architecture in Austria. A number of his buildings, planned in the 1970s, consequently integrated principles of modern solar houses. Relevant key projects are subject of an on-going research project. Thereby numeric building simulation was deployed to assess the energy performance of the buildings. In this contribution, we present the intermediate results of a study that focused on one of his latest buildings, namely the prefabricated low-cost loft house. As opposed to architect’s rather complex early designs the loft house concept targeted inexpensive solutions and used simple and commonly available building components and systems. As part of the overall project, the thermal performance of this building was evaluated in terms of the effectiveness of passive cooling via various ventilation schemes (including night time ventilation).

Michael C. Heller. Loft Jazz: Improvising New York in the 1970s . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016. 272 pp. In his engaging new book, Loft Jazz: Improvising New York in the 1970s , Michael C. Heller explores jazz communities in 1970s New York and simultaneously questions concepts of

[ES] El presente trabajo final de grado trata sobre el diseño y el cálculo de un edificio de uso terciario destinado al almacenamiento y distribución de fertilizantes, productos fitosanitarios y suministros agrícolas, ubicada en el polígono industrial del municipio de Museros (Valencia). El edificio se ha resuelto mediante dos naves de estructura metálica a dos aguas adyacentes abarcando una superficie total de 2.763,60 metros cuadrados. La primera nave está formada por 7 pórticos y una luz de 30,2 metros, la segunda está formada por 14 pórticos y 17,80 m de luz, en ambas naves la separación entre pórticos es de 6 metros, la altura de pilar es de 8 metros y la de cumbrera de 10. La nave 1 cuenta con un altillo de 362,40 m2 de superficie a 5 metros sobre el suelo. La nave 2 dispone de una zona descubierta donde se ubica un pequeño vivero. Para el desarrollo del presente trabajo de final de grado se ha empleado el programa de cálculo de estructuras CYPE; utilizando los softwares CYPE3D y generador de pórticos. Los planos se han realizado mediante el programa AutoCad de Autodesk, mientras que para el desarrollo del presupuesto se ha utilizado el software de CYPE Arquímedes junto con el generador de precios para consulta., [CA] El present treball final de grau tracta sobre el disseny i el càlcul d'un edifici d'ús terciari destinat a l'emmagatzematge i distribució de fertilitzants, productes fitosanitaris i subministraments agrícoles, situada en el polígon industrial del municipi de Museros (València). L'edifici s'ha resolt mitjançant dues naus d'estructura metàl·lica de dos aiguavessos adjacents abastant una superfície total de 2.763,60 metres quadrats. La primera nau està formada per 7 pòrtics i una llum de 30,2 metres, la segona està formada per 14 pòrtics i 17,80 m de llum, en totes dues naus la separació entre pòrtics és de 6 metres, l'altura de pilar és de 8 metres i la de carener de 10. La nau 1 compta amb un entresolat de 362,40 m2 de superfícies a 5 metres obre el sòl. Per al desenvolupament del present treball de final de grau s'ha emprat el programa de càlcul d'estructures CYPE; utilitzant els softwares CYPE3D i generador de pòrtics. Els plans s'han realitzat mitjançant el programa AutoCad de Autodesk, mentre que per al desenvolupament del pressupost s'ha utilitzat el programari de CYPE Arquímedes juntament amb el generador de preus per a consulta., [EN] This final degree project deals with the design and calculation of a tertiary use building for the storage and distribution of fertilisers, phytosanitary products and agricultural supplies, located in the industrial estate of the municipality of Museros (Valencia). The building has been resolved using two adjacent gabled metal structure warehouses covering a total area of 2.763,60 square metres. The first bay is made up of 7 porticoes and a span of 30,2 metres, the second is made up of 14 porticoes and a span of 17,80 metres. In both bays, the separation between porticoes is 6 metres, the pillar height is 8 metres and the ridge height is 10 metres. Building 1 has a loft area of 362,40 m2 at 5 metres above the ground. Building 2 has an open area where a small nursery is located. For the development of this final degree project, the CYPE structural calculation programme was used, using the CYPE3D and portal frame generator software. The plans were drawn up using the Autodesk AutoCad programme, while the CYPE Archimedes software was used for the development of the budget, together with the price generator for consultation.

In October 2007, Joe Gebbia and Brian Chesky, two unknown college graduates, lived in a rented loft in San Francisco. A conference to be held there attracted many exhibitors and tourists, leading to an extreme short supply of hotel accommodation. The two students came across an idea: renting their living room in the loft to tourists for covering their rental for the loft. Acting without delay, Gebbia made the arrangment for the rental space: A few idle inflatable mattresses were laid out in the living room as the beds while Chesky log on to the local website to advertising their rental space. Everything went well.

Rats (Rattus norvegicus) bred for research are typically confined with their litters until weaning, but will spend time away from pups when given the opportunity. We aimed to assess how dam welfare is affected by the ability to escape from their pups. Rat dams (n = 16) were housed in cages either with or without an elevated loft. We measured time dams spent in lofts, time spent nursing, and affective states using elevated plus maze and anticipatory behavior testing. We predicted that 1) dams housed with lofts would use them increasingly as pups aged, 2) dams without a loft would spend more time passively nursing (i.e. initiated by pups rather than the dam) and more total time nursing as pups aged, and 3) dams housed with lofts would show evidence of a more positive affective state. Dams housed with lofts spent more time in the loft with increasing pup age; dams spent on average (mean ± SE) 27 ± 5% of their time in the loft when pups were 1 wk old, increasing to 52 ± 5% of their time at 3 wks. When pups were 3 wks old, dams with lofts spent less time passively nursing (10 ± 2% of total time, compared to 27 ± 4% for dams without a loft) and less time nursing overall (36 ± 4% of time versus 59 ± 2% for dams without a loft). Rats without loft access showed increased anticipatory behavior potentially indicative of negative affective state (24.5±1.8 behaviors per minute in wk 3 compared to 18.8±1.0 in wk 1). These findings indicate that rat dams in laboratories choose to spend time away from their pups when provided the opportunity, particularly later in lactation; an inability to do so is associated with increased passive nursing and negative affect.

Having taught at an affluent, suburban high school, as well as serving as the director of a faith-based program for urban teens, Annie Lockhart-Gilroy has an advantageous foot in two distinct conte...

Статья посвящена анализу направлений офисного дизайна. Авторами рассмотрены вопросы проектирования офисных помещений, проанализированы современное состояние офисного дизайна, специфика проектирования офисных интерьеров, стилистические модели современного офисного дизайна., the article is devoted to one of the directions of environmental design – office space design, analysis of the current state of office design, specifics of office interior design, stylistic models of modern office design.