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Intradermotherapy allows for treatment of different aesthetic conditions. Currently, it can be applied in its conventional form using needles or using the pressurized technique. The sample consisted of 35 women with adiposity located in the abdominal region. The volunteers were randomly assigned to 3 subgroups: G1 (n = 12) who were subject to the pressurized technique and the conventional technique with needles using only saline substance, with 6 volunteers in each application mode; G2 (n = 9), who received pressurized application using Concept Ti Liporedutor (lipolytic substance); and G3 (n = 14), who were treated with the needle injection technique, with the same substance used in G2. All groups received 4 treatment sessions with 2-week intervals between them. The analysis of the fat layer conducted 90 days after the initial application demonstrated a significant reduction in measurements in the treated groups, and also when compared with the control group, both for ultrasound, perimetry, and plicometry (only right side) data. Despite the effectiveness of the 2 application techniques, the pressurized method showed superior results. Hyperemia and skin marks were among the adverse reactions reported by the groups, but they showed quick resolution. It is noteworthy that most of the volunteers in the treated groups evaluated the results positively and were satisfied with the treatment. The intradermotherapy protocol with lipolytic substance significantly reduced the fat layer, with more evident results when using the pressurized application method.

Considering the great interest of many professionals in the foundation that guides the effective use of ozone therapy in the treatment of aesthetic disorders, this study aims to define the physiological and practical aspects of using the oxygen-ozone mixture to solve aesthetic problems. Exploratory research was carried out, presented in a narrative review, to highlight the action of ozone therapy in the treatment of aesthetic affections. The review explored scientific articles, books, theses, and dissertations published and available in the following databases: MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and LILACS (Latin Literature American and the Caribbean in Health Sciences). In addition, elements that characterize the authors’ clinical experience on ozone therapy in various aesthetic treatment protocols were added. We found several reports in the literature that justify the use of ozone and its different therapeutic modalities in various aesthetic affections, mainly in the treatment of localized fat, cellulite, rejuvenation, skin tissue repair, acne, dyschromia, and others. Through its various therapeutic modalities, we conclude that ozone therapy has added a lot to aesthetic procedures, mainly for its effective supporting action or as the main agent of critical physiological changes to enhance clinical results when treating aesthetic conditions.

Introdução: A gordura localizada consiste no acúmulo irregular de tecido adiposo em determinadas regiões do corpo e, por afetar diretamente na autoestima do indivíduo, é grande a procura por tratamentos estéticos no intuito de amenizar tal disfunção. A carboxiterapia é uma técnica que utiliza da infusão de gás carbônico medicinal na pele e tecido subcutâneo para promover efeitos fisiológicos. Objetivo: Analisar a eficácia da Carboxiterapia no tratamento da gordura localizada. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa realizada a partir da busca nas bases de dados LILACS, SCIELO e BIREME, através dos descritores Gordura localizada, Carboxiterapia, Efeito Bohr, Lipodistrofia localizada, Tela subcutânea. Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Conclui-se que a carboxiterapia é um tratamento totalmente seguro, pois na proporção em que o CO2 se infiltra, é inofensivo para o organismo, e quando associado a outros trazendo redução da gordura localizada.

Being profitable procedures with little disposable costs, a number of noninvasive technologies have gained much popularity in recent years and are permeating the aesthetic marketplace. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) when focused at a targeted depth of 1.1 to 1.6 cm within subcutaneous tissue raises local tissue temperature at the focal point resulting in almost immediate cell death without damage to the surrounding tissues. Despite having gained popularity, little information is available regarding HIFU use for the treatment of localized fat and aesthetic body sculpturing. The current literature review is intended to investigate evidence-based efficacy of HIFU in aesthetic body contouring. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Bruises are often difficult to detect on victims of violence, potentially impacting investigation and prosecution. The purpose of our randomized controlled trial was to measure the effectiveness of an alternate light source (ALS) within visible and long ultraviolet spectrums at improving bruise detection compared to white light over time. We also examined the effects of skin color, age, gender, localized fat, and injury mechanism on bruise detection. Participants included 157 healthy adults with balanced sampling across six skin color categories. Bruises were created under the controlled application of a paintball pellet and dropped weight to one upper and lower arm, respectively. Using a crossover design, both bruises were examined 21 times over 4 weeks. Ten different wavelength (350–535 nm) and filter (yellow, orange, red) combinations were used. Multilevel models were used to analyze 2903 examinations on both upper and lower arms. Results in multivariable models showed after controlling for other covariates 415 and 450 nm using a yellow filter had greater odds of detecting evidence of bruising than white light (Upper Arm: 415 nm: OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 4.35–6.56; 450 nm: OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 3.36–4.96). Under either light source, being female and having more localized fat had increased odds of detecting bruises created by the dropped weight (female: OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 2.37–3.70; fat: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34). Our results support ALS as an appropriate tool to enhance concurrent physical assessment of bruises in the presence of known history of injury. Future development and evaluation of clinical practice guidelines for ALS application are needed.

The evolution of beauty market and personal care is constant in Brazil as well in the rest of the world. Technological advances have brought up nanotechnology to the cosmetological field, employing active principles at atoms enveloped by vesicles, in order to take the active principle precisely to the target tissue to optimize the results achieved because of the considerable ease to cross skin barriers. Manufacturing of nanotechnology cosmetics is confronted with low absorption capacity. One of the many active principle found in cosmetic industry is caffeine, a pseudoalkaloid from the xanthine group used as a stimulant with the mechanism of the lipolytic action. This active is widely used in a esthetics and cosmetics field in treatments involving dysfunctions such as localized fat and fibroedema geloid. To work out perfectly, the principle active need to interact and create a set of factors that includes lipolysis intensification. The caffeine encapsulation in gel-based nanocosmetics has the purpose of taking this active up to the adipocyte, the target cell, for mentioned dysfunctions treatment. Thus, we aim to present a review of how has been, the use of caffeine in the production of cosmetics.

Localized fat deposits are associated with health and aesthetic problems that mainly affect a large proportion of individuals. Recently, bioactive constituents of TP have been reported to affect lipid metabolism. In this study, we performed a network pharmacological analysis to assume potential lipolytic effects of TP and investigated the actual lipolytic effects of TP extract injection on local body fat and its underlying mechanism. Using the genes related to active compounds of TP, the network was constructed. Through the Functional Enrichment Analysis, Lipid Metabolism and Fatty Acid Metabolism were expected to be affiliated with the network, which implied possible lipolytic effects of TP. On the comparison between TP network and Obesity-related Gene Sets, about three-fourths of elements were in common with the gene sets, which indicated a high relevance between TP and obesity. Based on the genes in lipolysis-related pathways, Perilipin, CGI-58, ATGL, HSL and MGL were selected to identify the actual lipolytic effects of TP. TP injection reduced the inguinal fat weight. Also, the diameter of the adipocytes was decreased by the TP treatment in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, TP suppressed lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, because the expression of Perilipin was increased, CGI-58, ATGL, HSL and MGL were markedly decreased. Furthermore, glycerol release was down-regulated by the TP treatment. TP exerted its lipolytic effects by regulating the lipolysis machinery through stimulation of lipases. Based on the present findings, TP is expected to be a potent component of injection lipolysis for removing localized body fat.

Gynecomastia is a benign condition developing in association with localized fat deposition and glandular tissue proliferation in the breast in males, and characterized by breast growth. Drug is one of the most important factors in the etiology of gynecomastia. Methylphenidate is a commonly preferred and well-tolerated drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Gynecomastia is an uncommon side-effect of methylphenidate use. We report a case of bilateral gynecomastia developing in a dose-dependent manner during methylphenidate monotherapy and resolving with discontinuation of medication in a 15-year-old patient with a history of a similar side-effect during previous use of the drug. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the few case reports of gynecomastia developing in association with methylphenidate.

Over the years the problem of spot reduction has often been addressed. Many fats regions tend to resist weight loss compared to others that have a greater vascularization; scientific evidence shows that blood flow in adipose areas is not high enough to allow the release of all fatty acids into the circulation. The objective of this essay is to prove how an adequate pre-workout muscle vascularization can have positive effects on the reduction of adipose tissue in less vascularized areas both in terms of time and effectiveness. Ten subjects will be examined divided into two groups (control group and experimental group) for the duration of twelve weeks, the experimental group will perform a pre-vascularization of the muscle district closest to the area of the adipose tissue taken under consideration, the control group instead, will skip this pre-vascularization phase. The progress of the two groups will be monitored until the end of the period under examination through anthropometric and plicometric tests. The expected results should confirm that adequate vascularization before training of the experimental group led to a greater and anticipated reduction of localized adipose tissue compared to the subjects of the control group who did not perform this method.

The aim was to evaluate the effects of ozone therapy in the treatment of adiposity. An integrative review was carried out during the month of October 2020, in the SciELO, LILACS, PubMed and Academic Google databases, with the descriptors: oxygen-ozone therapy, adiposity and the corresponding ones in Portuguese and Spanish. Inclusion criteria: articles available in full, in Portuguese, English and Spanish and containing at least two descriptors in the title or abstract, published between 2000 and 2020. Five scientific articles were selected, one on obesity, two on lipomas and another two on submental fat (double chin). Ozone proved to be an excellent lipolytic agent, reducing adiposity with few applications and without side effects. However, more studies on ozone therapy and adiposity treatment are needed to establish the ideal concentrations and frequency of ozone application to guarantee better results for the treatment of aesthetic dysfunctions, such as localized fat and pathologies, such as lipomas.

We describe a novel gold-templating method for fabricating stable, biodegradable, bile salt microparticles with controlled geometry., Bile acids are proposed as therapeutic agents for various diseases, including liver diseases and obesity. However, oral or subcutaneous administration of a solubilized version of these drugs has limited efficacy and imposes unwanted side effects. Here, we describe a gold-templating method for fabricating stable, bile salt—cholate or deoxycholate—microparticles. The gold ions’ reduction at the oil-water interface in a double emulsion solvent evaporation process enables a gold–bile salt interaction and the formation of bile salt particles. We demonstrate that composite microparticles release cholate/deoxycholate into solution via a surface erosion process. We illustrate these particles’ capability to lyse adipocytes, both in vitro and in vivo, with minimal side effects, contrary to the Food and Drug Administration–approved salt solution that leads to severe inflammation and ulceration. Overall, particle-based cholate/deoxycholate opens opportunities for localized delivery of these salts, improving efficacy while minimizing side effects associated with oral and subcutaneous use.

Summary:. Median and lateral neck areas are quite challenging to improve. Three-dimensional cryolipolysis is a noninvasive technique for localized fat reduction. We investigated the efficacy and safety of the technique when applied to these areas. A prospective study of patients treated with one session of 3-dimensional (3D) cryolipolysis is performed. Clinical outcomes are assessed using caliper measurements, patient surveys, and independent, blinded plastic surgeons’ photographic evaluation. The studies are conducted using a commercially available noninvasive medical device for 3D cryolipolysis. All patients received gentle massage of the treated areas for 3 minutes, and the final follow-up is after 3 months. Thirty-nine patients are enrolled in our study from June 2018 to December 2018. All 39 subjects received treatment on at least one intended area (median, right, and left lateral neck). Comparison of the pre- and posttreatment caliper measurements demonstrated a significant reduction of the treated areas at 3 months. Posttreatment, 82.05% of patients marked the results of fat reduction as exceptional or very improved, 12.82% as improved, 5.13% as no result, and 0% as worse. Improved patients and the blinded plastic surgeons noticed at these patients’ groups a bonus tightening effect. No serious adverse reactions are observed; thus, 3D cryolipolysis considered as a safe and effective noninvasive localized fat reduction technique with an extra, almost regularly observed, tightening effect.

The present study reviewed the relevance of noninvasive radiofrequency treatment for localized fat through the Joule effect. This procedure promotes the conversion of radiation into heat in the tissues, providing some benefits, such as vasodilation, stimulation of the drainage system, reduction of free radicals and improvement of tissue oxygenation and nutrition. When administered in treatments for localized fat, a controlled temperature of 40 ° C should be achieved through the infrared thermometer. Thus, radiofrequency promotes a friction between the adipocytes, generating the rupture. The cellular content that is extravagated is carried by the lymphatic system to the liver for metabolism. This study was carried out through a qualitative approach, through bibliographic findings with scientific knowledge aligned to the present problem. In conclusion, the literature indicates the use of radiofrequency in localized adiposity as an efficient aesthetic method.

At present a steady increase of obesity prevalence is observed all over the world. It is known that specifically visceral obesity is associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease and their complications development, but the available verification methods do not determine the real visceral adipose tissue volume accurately. The importance of localized fat depot as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and as an early marker of target organs damage in obese patients is discussed in the review. An alternative method of epicardial adipose tissue thickness determined with the use of echocardiography used as waist circumference analogue for a more precise evaluation of visceral obesity in everyday practice is reviewed.

In recent years, a new method focused ultrasound (FUS) has been used in the treatment of localized fat. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the FUS in the treatment of abdominal subcutaneous fat.Thirty-one healthy women were divided into two groups: G1 (N = 7), 6 sessions, 3 passes, once a week and G2 (N = 23), 10 sessions, 2 passes, twice a week. Outcome measures were reduction of circumference and fat thickness. Safety monitoring included laboratory testing (serum lipids profile and liver function tests) and adverse events were also assessed. Patient satisfaction and tolerance questionnaires were also applied. One patient underwent abdominoplasty and received a single session of FUS 24 h before surgery and a skin sample was collected for histological analysis.The results showed improvement in body contouring and reduction of the thickness of the fat layer observed by ultrasonography in both groups: G1 (P 0.001) and G2 (P 0.0001). The histology showed disrupted adipocytes and collapsed membranes 24 h after the FUS treatment.FUS represents an effective and safe treatment for reducing localized adipose tissue by adipocytolysis.

Vivianne Carvalho Canela,1 Cinthia Nicoletti Crivelaro,1 Luciane Zacchi Ferla,1 Gisele Marques Pelozo,1 Juliana Azevedo,2 Richard Eloin Liebano,3 Caroline Nogueira,4,5 Renata Michelini Guidi,4,5 Clóvis Grecco,4 Estela Sant’Ana4 1Ibramed Center for Education and Advanced Training (CEFAI), Amparo, SP, Brazil; 2CDE Medical Imaging Department, Brazilian College of Radiology (CBR), Amparo, SP, Brazil; 3Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil; 4Research, Development and Innovation Department, Ibramed Research Group (IRG), IBRAMED, Amparo, SP, Brazil; 5Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil Background and objectives: Nowadays, there are several noninvasive technologies being used for improving of body contouring. The objectives of this pilot study were to verify the effectiveness of the Heccus® device, emphasizing the synergism between nonfocused ultrasound plus Aussie current in the improvement of body contour, and to determine if the association of this therapy with whole-body vibration exercises can have additional positive effects in the results of the treatments.Subjects and methods: Twenty healthy women aged 20–40 years participated in the study. Ten patients received Combined Therapy treatment (G1) and the other 10 participants received Combined Therapy with additional vibratory platform treatment (G2). Anthropometric and standardized photography analysis, ultrasonography, cutometry and self-adminestered questionnaires of tolerance and satisfaction levels with the treatment were used.Results: Compared with baseline values, reduction of fat thickness was observed by ultrasonography in the posterior thigh area in the G1 group (P

Background The increasing search for procedures for fat reduction is related to dissatisfaction with body shape. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been proven effective in body sculpting when used noninvasively to reduce subcutaneous fat and improve body contour. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect and safety of HIFU single treatment for male localized fat and body remodeling. Patients/methods Twenty-four male subjects (18 to 59 years old) with BMI ≤ 30 kg/cm² and at least 2 cm of abdominal fat received a single HIFU treatment session. Individuals were subjected to abdominal measurements before and after procedure. In addition, biochemical analyses of blood samples were performed to assess possible inflammatory effects or oxidative stress induction by the treatment. Results High-intensity focused ultrasound was found to be an effective treatment in reducing localized adiposities in the abdominal region. A significant decrease (0.6%) was observed in infraumbilical circumference of subjects submitted to HIFU single treatment when compared with control subjects. The laboratory parameters did not present any appreciable changes. Conclusion This study further strengthens the current view that HIFU is an effective and safe tool for localized fat reduction.

Background The adipocytolytic non-surgical esthetic procedures are indicated for the reduction of localized fat and are effective in reducing local adiposity through the ablation of adipocytes with fast and lasting results, besides causing local inflammation. Objective This study aimed to characterize the adipocytolytic procedures and correlate the phases of the inflammatory process with the results obtained from such procedures, in order to clarify the role of inflammation triggered by the adipocytolytic procedures and its relation with the lipolytic process, with a focus on body shaping. Methods This work is an integrative literature review that presents a total of 72 articles published between 1998 and 2015, derived from the PubMed database, in order to establish a relationship between clinical and basic science research, assuming an important role in medical practice based on evidence. Results The results show that the adipocytolytic procedures are characterized by triggering inflammation arising from the disruption of adipocytes by interfering with the lipolytic signaling pathways in both acute and chronic phases of inflammation through the direct action of proinflammatory cytokines or catecholamines. Therefore, inflammation plays an important role in modulating the lipolytic process, influencing body shaping. Conclusion The inflammatory process assists the adipolytic process in all stages of inflammation, contributing to the reduction of body contouring.

Background Localized fat is a matter of great concern among individuals from today's society. Cryolipolysis is a noninvasive technique that have shown great results in reducing localized fat. Aims To analyze the efficacy of cryoplipolysis on visible local fat reduction in submental region, arms, or male breast (pseudogynecomastia) in Brazilian subjects, and to assess possible factors associated with treatment success. Methods Single-arm, nonrandomized trial, with volunteers from both genders with visible excess fat in the arms or submental region or men presenting pseudogynecomastia. Eligible subjects were submitted to physical, photographic, and ultrasound analysis before and three months after intervention. A single cryolipolysis session was performed using specific methods for each region, followed by a local massage for two minutes. Data were described as measures of central tendency and dispersion and measures of frequency. Reduction in measurements and factors associated with treatment success was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results Thirty-six subjects underwent one session of cryolipolysis in each area (22 subjects treated the arms, 20 the submental region and 9 the breast). In general, a mean reduction of 19.1% was observed. Significant differences were observed for almost all body parts analyzed. Body mass index was the only variable showing a significant relationship with intervention results. Conclusions Cryolipolysis is a useful noninvasive tool in reduction of visible localized fat in arms and submental region and of pseudogynecomastia. Obese subjects are not benefited by the treatment.

Luana Ramalho Pianez,1 Fernanda Silva Custódio,1 Renata Michelini Guidi,1-4 Jauru Nunes de Freitas,5-7 Estela Sant’Ana8-10 1Ibramed Center for Education and Advanced Training (CEFAI), Amparo, 2Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Porto Alegre, 3University of Campinas, Campinas, 4Ibramed Research and Development Department, Amparo, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Universitá Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; 6Centro de Medicina Pesquisa e Ensino (CEMEPE), Belo Horizonte, 7Advanced Dermatology Studies Group (GDA), Rio de Janeiro, 8Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), 9University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos,10Indústria Brasileira de Equipamentos Médicos (IBRAMED), Amparo, São Paulo, Brazil Background: Carbon dioxide therapy, better known as carboxytherapy, relates to percutaneous infusion of medical carbon dioxide with therapeutic approaches, and its use in the treatment of localized fat has demonstrated good results. Gynoid lipodystrophy, also known as cellulite, affects 80%–90% of women after puberty, especially in the buttocks and thighs. Its etiology is complex and involves multifactorial aspects. Its treatment and evaluation require the use of new technologies (more effective and low-cost approaches). The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in the areas of buttocks and posterior thigh.Patients and methods: Ten women, 29±6.1 years, were selected and all of them received eight treatment sessions, with an interval of 7 days between sessions. Standardized digital photographs were used to assess the severity of cellulite, and panoramic images were collected by ultrasound diagnosis. The evaluations were performed before the first treatment (baseline) and 7 days after the last treatment session of carboxytherapy.Results: After the treatment, there was a significant reduction (P=0.0025) of the cellulite from degree III to degree II, and this improvement had correlation with the improvement in the organization of the fibrous lines and the disposal of adipose tissue lines of the treated regions observed through the panoramic ultrasound images diagnosis.Conclusion: Carboxytherapy is an effective technique of treatment of cellulite in the buttocks region and posterior thighs of healthy women. Keywords: carbon dioxide, cellulite, localized fat, gynoid lipodystrophy, skin, panoramic ultrasound

An article in Science Advances reports the design of biodegradable bile salt microparticles for localized fat dissolution.

O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da aplicação da terapia combinada de modo pulsado associado ou não à corrente excitomotora de média frequência em mulheres, para o tratamento de redução de gordura localizada, efeitos na pressão arterial e no sistema nervoso autônomo. Trata-se de um estudo ensaio clínico randomizado, formado por mulheres que realizaram o tratamento de terapia combinada ao longo de 12 sessões. As variáveis analisadas foram antropometria, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial. Apresentando diminuição da gordura localizada do grupo com associação da corrente excitomotora, a VFC não demonstrou resultados significativos, sugerindo estudos futuros com população cardiopata.

Fundamentos: Estudos com carboxiterapia tem mostrado sua eficácia no tratamento de gordura localizada. No entanto, atualmente não há um consenso entre o volume, fluxo, número e periodicidade entre as sessões. Objetivos: Identificar os efeitos temporais do uso da carboxiterapia na lipodistrofia localizada através da avaliação da composição corporal, perfil lipídico, enzimas hepáticas e marcador inflamatório. Métodos: Foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, trinta e quatro mulheres e divididas em dois grupos: um tratado com carboxiterapia (GT) e outro grupo sem infusão do gás carbônico (GC). Realizou-se avaliação corporal e coleta de sangue capilar e periférico em jejum de 10 horas. O GT recebeu uma sessão de carboxiterapia e, após dez minutos, realizou-se nova coleta de sangue capilar e avaliação corporal. Ao sétimo dia, obteve-se amostra sanguínea. No 14o dia coletou-se amostras sanguíneas e medidas corporais. O GC foi submetido às mesmas etapas do GT, exceto a infusão de CO2. Resultados: Houve diminuição dos níveis de glicose e HDL-col. Não houve diferença estatística de perimetria, adipometria, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, LDL-col, PCR, TGO e TGP no GT quando comparado ao GC. Limitações do estudo: O estudo realizado apresentou limitações quanto ao baixo número amostral e o tempo de tratamento com carboxiterapia, uma única aplicação. Conclusões: Nestas condições experimentais, constatou-se que a carboxiterapia tem a capacidade de reduzir os níveis de glicose e HDL-col nos indivíduos submetidos ao procedimento. Background: Carboxitherapy studies have shown its efficacy in the treatment of localized fat. However, there is currently no consensus among volume, flow, number and periodicity between sessions. Objectives: To identify the temporal effects of the use of carboxytherapy in localized lipodystrophy through the evaluation of body composition, lipid profile, liver enzymes and inflammatory marker. Methods: Thirty-four women were randomly selected and divided into one group treated with carboxytherapy (GT) and another group without carbon dioxide infusion (GC). Body evaluation and 10-hour fasting and capillary blood sampling were performed. The GT received a carboxytherapy session and, after ten minutes, a new collection of capillary blood and body evaluation was performed. On the seventh day, a blood sample was obtained. On the 14th day, blood samples and body measurements were collected. The GC was submitted to the same stages of the GT, except the infusion of CO2. Results: There was a decrease in glucose and HDL-col. There was no statistical difference of perimetry, adipometry, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-col, CRP, TGO and TGO in GT when compared to CG. Limitations of the study: The study presented limitations on the low sample size and the time of treatment with carboxitherapy, a single application. Conclusions: In these experimental conditions, it was found that carboxytherapy has the capacity to reduce glucose and HDL-col levels in the subjects submitted to the procedure.

Background: Cryolipolysis is a nonsurgical technique for localized fat reduction. With the increased risk of complications from more invasive methods such as liposuction, cryolipolysis presents a promising method for nonsurgical body contouring. This study presents a systematic review of the available clinical data, with an emphasis on the efficacy, methods, safety, and complications of cryolipolysis. Methods: To identify clinical studies that assessed outcomes of cryolipolysis, a systematic review of the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases was performed with the search algorithm cryolipolysis OR cool sculpting OR fat freezing OR lipocryolysis. Results: The primary literature search returned 319 articles. After inclusion criteria were applied and additional articles were idenfied via manual review of article references, 19 studies were selected for review. Average reduction in caliper measurement ranged from 14.67 percent to 28.5 percent. Average reduction by ultrasound ranged from 10.3 percent to 25.5 percent. No significant impact on lipid levels or liver function tests after cryolipolysis treatments was noted in any study. Only mild, short-term side effects, such as erythema, swelling, and pain, were noted. Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia was described in one patient. Conclusions: Cryolipolysis is a promising procedure for nonsurgical fat reduction and body contouring and presents a compelling alternative to liposuction and other, more invasive methods. This procedure appears to be safe in the short term, with a limited side effect profile, and results in significant fat reduction when used for localized adiposities. It remains unclear whether posttreatment manual massage and multiple treatments in the same anatomic area enhance the efficacy of cryolipolysis.

Review of modern non-invasive methods of localizedfat deposits removal, classification of liposuction methods, mechanisms of action are described. The basics of biological effects on tissue, the results of clinical trials, efficiency of the methods are presented. The method of cryolipolysis is described in details.

Delivery of the drugs to the target tissue and reducing their side effects on surrounding tissues is still a significant challenge for pharmaceutical scientists. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of PLGA-PEG-PLGA triblock copolymer as a matrix material for a sustained-release system of sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). The copolymer was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization reaction, using microwave irradiation and characterized by different techniques. It was shown that the introduction of NaDC to the PLGA-PEG-PLGA copolymer did not influence its inherent sol-gel transition behaviour, but increased the sol-gel transition. The results showed the appropriate NaDC/polymer interaction and the formation of NaDC/polymer-mixed micelle. The sustained release of NaDC from the copolymer lasted for 2 days. This release can be attributed to the formation of NaDC/polymer-mixed micelles and trapping NaDC in the copolymer matrix. The cytolytic efficacy of NaDC-loaded copolymer and sustained release of NaDC were investigated on human adipocytes. Overall a sustained-release formulation for NaDC can be used to study localized fat dissolution.

Background: Laser-assisted liposuction (LAL) is currently widely used to reduce localized fat. A novel Nd:YAG laser that uses a wavelength of 1,444 nm, which is better absorbed by fat, has recently been introduced. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of 1,444-nm Nd:YAG LAL for the treatment of gynecomastia. Patients and Methods: Thirteen Korean male patients (20-28 years, mean age 23 years) diagnosed with gynecomastia were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated by LAL with 1,444-nm Nd:YAG laser (100 µs pulse width, 40 Hz frequency, 300 mJ pulse energy and 12 W power with continuous emission) after tumescent anesthetic infiltration and were then evaluated. Outcome was assessed using the following 4 methods: (1) clinical assessment with photographs obtained before and 12 weeks after LAL treatment, (2) comparison of pre- and postoperative patient chest circumferences, (3) computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate changes in breast thickness and (4) a patient satisfaction survey at the end of the study. Results: After 12 weeks, most patients (84.5%) showed an improvement greater than 50%. Mean chest circumference was significantly reduced from 109.6 ± 8.2 to 101.2 ± 4.4 cm 12 weeks after LAL (p < 0.001). CT scans showed a significant reduction in mean breast thickness from 22.7 ± 3.2 to 15.6 ± 2.4 mm (p = 0.016). Side effects (pain, edema, numbness and ecchymosis) were minimal and disappeared shortly after the first manifestation. Conclusion: Gynecomastia can be safely treated with 1,444-nm Nd:YAG LAL to reduce fatty tissue and total breast volume.