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This paper examines the use of coins in the city of Guihua (***) during the Qing dynasty to explore how different monetary practices reflect the diverse groups of people using them. I have analyzed store books and records, official documents, and Japanese investigations to reconstruct the original state of currency usage. During the Qing dynasty, there was a tradition of using Duanmo coins(***). The ratios of Duanmo coins varied across different regions, depending on their industries. To address the issue of insufficient coinage, the merchants of Guihua created a floating ratio known as the "Guihua City Coin"(***). The use of money was influenced by the movement of people and the way that they traded, leading neighboring areas to adopt and develop similar monetary habits. The creation of the Guihua City Coin was partly due to the city's proximity to the Great Wall, which placed it on the border of legal coinage and resulted in a constant shortage of money. Additionally, the Jin merchants' skill in the flexible use of Duanmo coins played a role in its creation. The merchants in the city of Guihua formed a close-knit association, allowing Guihua City Coins to circulate smoothly through mutual credit. The value of these coins originated from the common recognition among the city's merchants, indicating that the currency's boundary depended on its users. The rise and fall of Guihua City Coins thus provides insight into the political and economic environment of the city of Guihua in the Qing Dynasty, as well as the growth and development of local power dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparta stands out as a prominent city-state of ancient Greece, renowned for its significant historical impact. Its legacy is marked not only by its involvement in major historical events but also by the 'peculiarities' attributed to the constitution and societal life of the Classical city. Ancient written sources often portrayed Sparta as a militaristic and patriotic model of severity, discipline and austerity, crafting narratives that emphasised these traits. Over time, these narratives have fascinated various audiences and frequently been used for ideological and political purposes. Locally, these historical narratives have affected aspects of the contemporary Spartan society and the expectations of visitors and scholars. Projects for the enhancement of Spartan archaeological sites were systematically implemented rather late, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This article discusses this development and explores the ways in which organised and accessible archaeological sites and their narratives can engage diverse audiences. It also considers how such efforts can challenge and revise established narratives, impacting local identity and regional development.

The paper presents a case study from a school where fieldworks were carried before, during and after COVID-19. In the first phase of the fieldwork, the institution came into our attention as a non-resilient school. Our initial findings revealed that previous changes in the maintenance of the school, the spread of church education, the regional education market, the perception of changes in the composition of the student body and the presence of conflicts at the settlement level not only narrowed the school's scope but also combined to create a micro-environmental climate that worked against the school's resilience. During the COVID-19 and aftermath period, our main question was how the institution, which was not considered to be resilient, could cope with the challenges of the global crisis. We have found that COVID has triggered internal learning processes, especially in terms of teachers' use of digital tools. Although they have not managed to communicate with students in a uniform way and with a uniform set of tools, they have nevertheless developed new communication practices. During the fieldwork after the COVID-19 waves we have found that a person with local influence and community-organising skills had emerged in the local society. This social actor was able to use his or her networking capital and prestige to influence school processes. This fact highlights that the non-resilient institution has provided a successful local response in the shadow of global challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research paper is to present a study and analysis of the interaction and discourse between law, individuals, and culture within organizations. It aims to explore the social issues that arise because of this interplay, highlighting their impact on society. The paper investigates how legislation and organizational elements challenge societal norms, values, and the social structure of the community. Our approach is based on the literature and empirical observations accumulated throughout our professional and research experiences. The data we have collected is of a qualitative and exploratory nature, enabling us to have flexibility in the presentation, analysis, and formulation of initial conclusions and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre & Folklore / Mínsú Qǔyì is the property of Shih Ho-Cheng Folk Culture Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between the city and its vicinity has been undergoing a fundamental change, calling many old approaches into question, and challenging local societies and decisionmakers. The regions of East-Central Europe have several specificities that render it difficult to adopt traditional western approaches and procedures. This article attempts to interpret periurban developments by incorporating local features and transcending the dichotomy of town and countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the indigenous botanical knowledge system of the local community about the diversity of beneficial plants, how to use and manage them in Komplangan Perhutani, Magersari or Komplangan is part of the administrative area of the Kalurahan, a village in a sub-district in Indonesia. Study on Non Timber Forest (NTFPs) was conducted in Magersari area Bromo Tengger Semeru village. The Bromo Tengger Semeru Biosphere Reserve is unique in East Java, Indonesia. Traditional ecological knowledge for environmental conservation with isolated farming systems. The purpose of this research is to reveal species of biodiversity and ethnobotany aspects. The research was conducted using open ended interview, indeps interview, structural, and direct observation an index of cultural significance (ICS). The result of this study used more than 184 species of plants from the local community. Local people use plants in various uses, including food (57 species), medicine and poison (40 species), Perhutani industrial wood (23 species), building materials, firewood and local technology (21 species), conservation (21 species), forages (30 species), fruits (15 species) and rituals (20 species). Furthermore, after calculating the cultural significance index (ICS) it showed that maize (Zea mays) had the highest value and eight species had the highest value in local culture. The results of this study are very important to be used as basic information and evaluation studies of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Management of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge is very important for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Aim. At the moment of people's increasingly satisfied material and cultural life, how to meet the spiritual and cultural life has become problematic in rural areas. The original ecological villages have become one of the choices for the people to satisfy spiritual and cultural life. They can improve their physical fitness through the physical exercise of the original ecological villages. They can also learn traditional cultural knowledge, cultivate sentiment, and enhance the inheritance and development of traditional national sports culture. Material and Methods. Therefore, the use of qualitative analysis and quantitative research to describe the current status of the development of the Longlin De 'e Climbing rod, Through literature, field surveys, questionnaire interviews and oral history, and other research methods take the Longlin De 'e Climbing rod as an example to study the status of sports protection in the original ecological village. Results. The conclusion is that the lack of support from government departments in the original ecological village, the weakening of the villagers' sense of recognition of the national culture, and the change in a local social structure made inheritance unsustainable. Conclusions. Therefore, it is recommended that the government should respond to the improvement of the support of the original ecological villages, formulate corresponding measures, enhance the sense of identity in the sports culture of the original ecological village, change the traditional inheritance model, and create a good development and inheritance environment for the sports of the original ecological villages, to achieve the nation Protection of traditional sports culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change due to extended fossil fuel utilization strongly affects islands all over the world. Greece has a large number of islands of various sizes. As far as the electrification status and the climate surcharge of Greek islands is concerned, the current work is concentrated on the non-interconnected group of islands that cover their electricity demand on the basis of local oil-based thermal power stations. In this context, the EU-originated effort to drastically change the local electricity generation fuel mix was examined. More specifically, under the recent Territorial Just Transition Plan for the islands, a variety of actions is proposed in view of the “GReco-islands” initiative. Applying the proposed clean-green solution on a representative island (e.g., Patmos island), one may estimate the expected carbon dioxide emissions reduction. Finally, the necessary investments cost may be estimated due to the clean-green decarbonization actions implemented.

By quoting "The rites do not go down to the common folk, and punishments do not go up to the great officials," Fu Sinian (1896–1950) discussed the class distinction in Confucian culture. Because Confucian classics were losing their practical power to guide the daily lives of the lower classes, the local society was left with a void at the ruling, ideological, and cultural levels, or what Fu referred to as "the unstable layer of Confucian culture." When exploring the "unstable layer," we must first admit that we do not know the "locale" well enough. If we start from a different perspective, our view of many things would probably change. There were many linking figures between the local society and the national stage, who spread the activities and information from the core area to the local area, thus changing the ideological atmosphere of the local society. Yet regarding the way information and knowledge flew, there was an upward diffusion force in addition to the top-down penetration. There was perhaps an omnipresent "signaling mechanism" at work in the silent local community. If we focus only on the overall historical framework, we tend to ignore the plurality and uniqueness of local societies, but we should not be confined to local views either, and the two should be viewed circumferentially and repeatedly in order to enrich our vision of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to examine the realities of modern hygiene and medical institutions making their appearance in the rural Honam Plain (often called the “rice basket”) of colonial Korea in terms of organizing local units and spreading colonial ‘sanitary discipline’ throughout the region. In the Honam area, modern medical staff and facilities tended to concentrate on the cities in plain region (Kunsan, Jeonju, and Iri), while in the counties in mountainous region they were placed in the township where head office of each county was located. The case of Iksan County in plain region represented this pattern, which was closely associated with the behavior pattern of local Japanese immigrants as well as population growth (i.e., urbanization). The colonial city of Iri in Iksan County with burgeoning population of Japanese immigrants witnessed an early case of hygiene association right after Japan’s annexation of Korea in 1910. The Iri hygiene association was a product of organizational restructuring of the pre- annexation Japanese resident association into the school association after the annexation, under which it was subordinated. It stands as an interesting contrast to the Jeonju hygiene association organized ‘autonomously’ under the official (police) auspices in the mid-1930s, which did not undergo the stage of school association. Yet, both cases represented the urban ‘autonomous’ (civil) organizations’ effort to transplant colonial ‘sanitary discipline’ into the colonial local societies without recourse to the hygiene police apparatus. On the other hand, the sanitary project in rural areas was carried out on the basis of model hygiene village, with the identical purpose of raising awareness of hygiene and prohibiting epidemics just as the hygiene association in cities. However, considering the low level of epidemic inspection of Korean patients, the effect of the Japanese colonial sanitary project in Korean local societies was disappointing. There was an ever-widening gap in the colonial hygiene and medical services between Koreans and their colonizers as well as between urban and rural areas.

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unlike other parts of China, most Catholic villages in Manchuria or northeast China developed out of domestic immigrant settlements from Shandong and Hebei provinces. This article studies identity formation of these communities during the century between the establishment of the Catholic Manchuria Mission in 1840 and the extension of the state into rural society until the end of the Japanese rule in 1945. In examining the dual processes of integrating Catholic immigrants into a global Catholic Church and state structure in modern times, it argues that these communities established a strong Catholic identity within a short period because they were homogeneous and developed strong group cohesion during the transformation of Manchurian local society. Thus, they survived many political storms even to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New History / Xin Shixue is the property of Xin Shixue Zazhishe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There paper focuses on the local society of the village of Nagy16ta in Bihar county in the 1920s. The subject of analysis is the effects of the land reform of 1920 on local society. In my opinion, in addition to the opportunities provided by the state to local agricultural society, there were also alternative land purchase possibilities. The land sales by large landowners and the inflation after World War I also gave the farmers access to new parcels. The mikro-level research can nuance the big talk about the history of the land reform of 1920. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the informal economy has profoundly changed the social structure of rural society in Shanghai's suburbs, leading to the phenomenon of the "defamiliarization" of the "society of the familiar." As a result, local governments have lost the conventional resources and means to govern the risks posed by migrants working in the informal economy and, what is more, the model of minimalist governance itself has failed. In order to deal effectively with the risks to governance posed by the informal economy, local governments have tried persistently to strengthen their control over rural society through the expansion of administrative power and village organizations under their high-pressure system of governance. The goal of governance has been to compress and transform the production space of the informal economy, and integrate the large number of informal workers into the formal administrative management system. However, informal workers, who cannot be formalized because of the inherently informal nature of their work, face the prospect of eventually losing their livelihood space. Their lives have become more precarious and unstable since informal economic activity has continued to shrink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Student Yearbook of the University of Land Forces / Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre & Folklore / Mínsú Qǔyì is the property of Shih Ho-Cheng Folk Culture Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Place names are expression of a culture that is inscribed in the space as geography. This essay shows the symbolic role of some place names, collected through fieldwork, in the social organization of a small rural community in the northeast of Cameroon: the Gizey. This population has no temples or altars, but a culturally important sacred geography can be recognized in its habitat and landscape. The Gizey incorporate mythical and ritual components into place names which contribute to the understanding of the power, economic, cultural and territorial relations between the different exogamous lineages of society. The interpretation of the names reveals the current organization of Gizey territory. The description of the sacred places, myths and sacrifices also helps to discover a complex and dynamic identity, founded on traditional beliefs very important for the social reproduction of Gizey. Therefore the territorial know-how expressed by the toponyms, concerning the knowledge about the nature and the built places, is the most sophisticated manifestation of a symbolic practice that guides culturally the collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original provision in the article is the notion that transformational socio-economic processes in Russia resulted from the formation of business by one of the major subjects of socially responsible relationships, the effectiveness of which is provided by communication with the authorities and civil society, or social partnership. The article analyses approaches to understanding social responsibility in domestic and foreign traditions, summarizes the implementation of business practices of its social responsibility, and analyzes and summarizes the results of sociological research. The conclusion is made that the social partnership of business, authorities and the population are not always required by social practice. A hypothesis is formulated, the essence of which is that justification of the population in the sphere of protecting habitation and taking responsibility correlates with the level of trust in structures of power and decision-makers.The hypothesis is subjected to empirical testing of sociological research materials. The results conclusively show that there are significant differences according to a range of social indicators among respondents, trust in structures of power and absence of trust in them. Interpretation of results visually demonstrates the potential resources that authorities can use to overcome mistrust, detachment of the population from the process of development, and adoption and monitoring of important solutions and realization of responsibility.

Introduction In rural areas, tourism as one of the most popular forms of tourism can, lead to economic growth and the diversification of rural activities, on the other hand, by attracting human resource surpluses, to create employment and generate income for villagers, thus giving them an opportunity to develop All-round. In recent years and in line with tourism development in rural districts, study of the effect and action of rural tourism has been a productive domain for interdisciplinary research. One of the subjects is investigating the tourism effects on empowerment of rural societies. Accordingly, aim of the study is to investigate the role and the effect of rural tourism on empowering of local society in social, cultural and economic aspects in villages of central district of Natanz. Methodology The study is an applied research and from the point of view of the method and nature, it is a descriptive-analytic one. The method of collecting the data was a combination of library and field methods. Data collecting tool is a researcher made questionnaire including 85 general and special questions. Validity of the tool is face validity and was confirmed by experts and also was structural by means of factor analysis and its reliability was set by Cronbach’s Alpha about 0.854. Statistical population of the study were the rural inhabitants of central district of Natanz (N=4046). The sample size was 354 people according to Morgan table. Statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS software, Binominal tests, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, T student, Fisher, Manova, Anova, factor analysis and cluster analysis. The Maps was made by ArcGIS software. Results and discussion The results show that the average of general empowerment in tourism villages with amount of 3.34 is in a higher place than non-tourism villages with general empowerment average of 3.15. The results of T-test, according to the average amounts of the sample 3.48 and 3.34 for cultural empowerment and social empowerment respectively and high amounts of T student 11.574 and 8.280 which were the result in zero for the assumed significant level of zero, confirm the effect of tourism on cultural and social empowerment in level of 0.05. Level of significant of 0.155 for tourism effect on economic empowerment aspect, has denied the effect of tourism on this aspect. Also, the statistical amount of empowerment comparison in Fisher test is 5.967 with freedom degrees of 1 and 298 in form of triple aspects among tourism and non-tourism villages. Hence, the difference between general empowerment among tourism and non-tourism villages is significant. Zero amounts of significant level for Wilcoxon tests among empowerment aspects show that these aspects have significant differences two by two. Consequently, cultural empowerment with average of 3.484 is in the highest level and economic empowerment with average of 2.98 is in the lowest level. The results of clustering the variables demonstrate that cultural and social aspects are closer to each other based on conceptual theme. Conclusion According to the findings, empowerment status is better in tourist villages. In general, cultural empowerment is most and economic empowerment is the least. It seems that the situation with regard to economic empowerment seems not to be favorable; especially the investment empowerment has a bad situation. In fact, the presence of the tourist, although beneficial in terms of employment and income, was not as effective in the field of investment (as a more radical variable).The lack of meaningful economic effects of tourism on the part of the local community is due to the fact that the villagers expected to receive direct and tangible income from tourism and less attention to its multiplier effects. In any case, social and cultural empowerment in both types of villages is at a higher level than economic empowerment.According to the results of the research, setting up and providing legal support for private sector investment in tourism development in the studied villages, Development of basic skills for employment in the tourism sector in cooperation with the technical and vocational organization with the aim of creating job opportunities and income generation, Training on entrepreneurial skills with a native-oriented approach, Teaching social and communication skills to communicate with tourists and influential institutions in tourism, Recognizing and introducing the attractions of rural tourism using mass media, social networks, Cyberspace and interaction with tourism agencies, supporting cultural and local patterns and values as the main capital for tourism development, Increasing the knowledge and knowledge about tourism and holding local and regional ceremonies and celebrations with a tourist attraction approach can deepen the tourism impacts of the study in the study area and lead to rural development.