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COVID-19 is a droplet-transmitted potentially fatal coronavirus pandemic affecting the world in 2020. The WHO recommended social distancing and human-to-human contact was discouraged to control the transmission. It has put many countries in a state of lockdown and sporting events (including the 2020 Olympics) have been affected. Participation in sports and exercise, typically regarded as healthy activities, were also debated. The local professional football leagues, governed by the Hong Kong Football Association, ultimately postponed all matches after much deliberation on the transmission risk for the spectators and on-field players. Large spectating crowds are well-known to be infectious hazards, but the infection risk for on-field players is less recognized. To address this question, we performed a small-scale investigation that showed, in a 90 min match, the average duration of close contact between players was 19 min and each player performed an average of 52 episodes of infection-risky behaviours. This suggests that the infection risk was high for the players, even without spectators. Aside from watching professionals exercise, many people opted to hike in the countryside during the weekends to avoid city crowds. This led to a widespread discussion on the issue of masked versus unmasked hiking. We performed a laboratory study to investigate the physiological effect of wearing a facemask during simulated hiking and found that it significantly elevated heart rate and perceived exertion. The clinical implication is that hikers need to realize masks increase the physiological burden, especially in those with multiple underlying comorbidities. Elite athletes, especially those training for the upcoming Olympics, needed to balance and reschedule their training regime since the risk of deconditioning versus the risk of infection was a genuine dilemma for themselves and their team. We described the multiple infection-control measures imposed by the national team training centre to help strike this balance. Amidst a global pandemic affecting millions; staying active is good, but staying safe is paramount., Highlights • Staying active during a pandemic like COVID-19 requires smart tactics. • As the team physicians, we described the strategies utilised to balance infection control and sports during COVID-19 in the professional football league and the Olympic team's training. • Contact sports like football, even without spectating crowds, pose an infection risk to the players; while exercising with face-masks cases a significant increase in physiological demand.

Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) categories and physical fitness are associated but the reciprocal relationship between BMI categories and physical fitness has not been investigated. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between BMI categories and physical fitness. Methods: This is a population-based 4-year cohort study in 48 elementary schools. Children aged 6 to 9 years at recruitment were included. BMI categories and physical fitness including handgrip strength, core muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured using standard equipment and protocol. Results: Among 26 392 eligible participants, 19 504 (73.9%) were successfully followed for 3 years. Baseline obesity prevalence was 5.9%. After 3 years, those who were unfit at baseline had an increased risk of obesity (risk ratio [RR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.71, P

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of aggregate sports participation and the overall crime in Hong Kong. Data of sports participation and the number of crimes from the year 2001 to 2015 were used in this study. Poisson regression models in level and in one-lagged period by maximum likelihood were used to explore the relationship between sports participation and crime in Hong Kong. The findings proved that higher sports participation of citizens would lower the overall crime in the city. This linkage also existed for young persons. The results of this study brought practical implications on the future planning of sports policy. The Hong Kong government played an important role in providing sports and recreation opportunities for the citizens. Recently, there was rising discontent towards the political power in the city, especially from the younger generation. It was hopeful that sports activities could be a medium to relief the grievance of young people and build up a stronger social cohesion. School sports might be a ready-made panacea for the current situation. Therefore, it suggested that more school sports opportunities should be provided to the younger generation.

Childhood obesity may be related to school environment, but previous studies often focused on food environment only. This study aimed to examine the relationship between school physical activity environment and childhood obesity.This is a cross-sectional study with multilevel data collected on school physical activity environment using teacher questionnaires, students' growth, and obesity status from electronic health records, and neighborhood socioeconomic status from census data.This study included 208 280 students (6-18 years of age) from 438 schools (45% of Hong Kong). Prevalence of obesity was 5.0%. After controlling for socioeconomic status and intraschool correlation, robust Poisson regression revealed a reduced obesity risk associated with higher teachers' perceived physical activity benefits (risk ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, P = .02), physical activity teaching experience (0.93, 0.91-0.96, P .001), school campus size (0.93, 0.87-0.99, P = .02), physical activity ethos (0.91, 0.88-0.94, P .001), number of physical activity programs (0.93, 0.90-0.96, P .001), and physical activity facilities (0.87, 0.84-0.90, P .001). Students in schools with at least 3 physical activity-friendly environmental factors (11.7%) had a much lower risk of obesity (0.68, 0.62-0.75, P .001) than those without (23.7%).A physical activity-friendly school environment is associated with lower risk of obesity. School physical activity environment should be considered in future epidemiologic and intervention studies.

Aim: To gain insight into the experiences of family carers participating in a weight management program via mHealth tools for overweight children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.Background. Many weight reduction programs fail to show positive and sustainable impacts due to not involving parents, who are usually unavailable to attend school-based health programs. The mHealth interactive interventions were carried out in September 2015 - August 2016, engaging carers to monitor and sustain their children’s healthy lifestyle behaviors at home being one way to achieve this.Design. Qualitative research design to conduct focus group discussion with family carers involved in a school-based weight management program via the mHealth interventions.Methods. An exploratory study was used to examine family carers’ views of participating in a weight management program. Focus group interviews examined the in-depth experiences of 20 family carers in providing social support and monitoring lifestyle behaviors via the mHealth interactive interventions.Results. Twenty family carers were recruited, and four themes emerged: (1) improving family carer-child interactions and communications, (2) gaining useful and practical health information from experts, (3) supporting each other via an mHealth platform, and (4) appreciating the collaborative effort between school personnel and family carers. Family carers stressed the usefulness of the mHealth interactive interventions in monitoring and sustaining the children’s healthy lifestyle behaviors at home.Conclusion. The mHealth interactive interventions for increasing family carers’ involvement and monitoring were well received. The findings provide new insights into using mHealth interventions in future weight management programs involving parental participation in the home environment.

Physical activity (PA) is important for young children in achieving positive health outcomes and there is growing evidence suggesting that PA and fitness play an important role in children’s brain development and academic performance. Studies of preschool children typically show that few meet recommended daily PA levels. Meanwhile many preschoolers worldwide attend preschools, but little is known about their on-campus PA or the factors that influence it, especially during classroom sessions. The purpose of this study was to use a validated instrument to conduct a micro-analysis of student PA levels, lesson contexts, and teacher prompts for PA during classroom sessions. We assessed these factors during 165 classroom sessions taught by 25 teachers in four preschools. The sessions occurred prior to (PRE-PE) or following the PE lessons (POST-PE) that we described in an earlier paper (Chow et al., 2015). Children spent classroom time primarily sitting (76%) and standing (13%), while engaging in PA (mostly of low or moderate intensity) 11% of the time. PA occurred mostly during lesson transitions and music time. Overall, boys were more active than girls (MVPA% = 12.1 vs. 8.8), and teachers rarely promoted either in-class or out-of class student PA. The study contributes to the limited literature on PA and its related contexts in preschools. The results have implications for providing pre-service and in-service teacher education related to the importance of PA and how to implement it. Expanded surveillance studies are recommended. In addition to using questionnaires and accelerometers or pedometers to assess PA, the studies should include observation methods so that important on-site and potentially modifiable contexts can be assessed directly.

Physical activity (PA) is important for children’s growth and development and for their current and future health. Schools, especially during physical education (PE), are important locations for children to accrue PA. The purpose of this study was to assess the PA levels of preschool children during structured PE lessons and to evaluate the impact of selected characteristics (e.g., lesson context, length, and location; teacher behavior; class size; activity area density). Trained observers used SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) to assess 90 structured PE lessons taught by 25 different teachers. Intact classes (n = 5 to 6 and representing 3 different grade levels) in 4 selected preschools were observed on 4 days over a 4-week period. Overall, children engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 49.9% (SD = 15.7) of lesson time and there were differences in MVPA% among the four preschools, by lesson context, and by teacher behavior. There were no significant differences in MVPA% either between indoor (n = 69) and outdoor (n = 21) lessons or among the 3 grade levels. Even though the lessons approached the 50% MVPA guideline, the brevity of them left children far short of recommended daily amounts of PA. Future studies should investigate how preschools can increase on-campus opportunities for PA both during PE and throughout the school days.

There is a scarcity of resources and studies that utilize targeted weight management interventions to engage parents via mHealth tools targeting obese children and adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities (MIDs) extended from school to a home setting. To test the feasibility and acceptability of a school-based weight program (SBWMP) involving parents via mHealth tools designed to reduce weight, enhance knowledge and adopt healthy lifestyles, and thereby achieve better psychosocial well-being among children and adolescents with MIDs. Four special schools were randomly assigned as intervention or control schools. Students from the intervention group (n = 63) were compared to those in the control group (n = 52), which comprised those with usual school planned activities and no parental involvement. Demographics were considered as covariates in a general linear model, an ordinal regression model and a binary logistic regression model analyzing the relationships between the SBWMP and the outcome variables at baseline (T0) and six months later (T1). Body weight, body mass index, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were lower in the intervention group compared to the control group, although the differences were not statistically significant. There was a positive and direct impact of the SBWMP on students’ health knowledge and psychological impacts in the intervention group. The SBWMP extended to the home involving parents via mHealth tools is a feasible and acceptable program for this group with MIDs and their parents.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of a positive youth development (PYD)-based sports mentorship program on the physical and mental well-being of adolescents recruited in a community setting. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial in which we recruited students from 12 secondary schools in Hong Kong, China. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention or a control arm after stratification for school from October 2013 to June 2014. Participants were not blinded to allocation because of the nature of the intervention. Students in the intervention arm received an after-school, PYD-based sports mentorship for 18 weeks. Each weekly session lasted 90 minutes. Students in the control arm received exclusive access to a health education Web site. RESULTS: Six hundred and sixty-four students (mean age 12.3 years [SD 0.76]; 386 girls [58.1%]) completed baseline and postintervention assessments. The intervention improved students’ mental well-being (Cohen’s d, 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.40; P = .001), self-efficacy (Cohen’s d, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.37; P = .01), resilience (Cohen’s d, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.34; P = .02), physical fitness (flexibility [Cohen’s d, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.43; P = .02], lower limb muscle strength [Cohen’s d, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.33; P = .03], and dynamic balance [Cohen’s d, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.37; P = .01]), and physical activity levels (Cohen’s d, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.55; P < .0001). The intervention did not significantly improve physical well-being (Cohen’s d, −0.01; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.14; P = .86), BMI z scores (Cohen’s d, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0.12; P = .69), body fat proportion (Cohen’s d, −0.15; 95% CI, −0.31 to 0.00; P = .051), and social connectedness (Cohen’s d, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0.12; P = .72). CONCLUSIONS: A PYD-based sports mentorship intervention improved healthy adolescents’ mental well-being, psychological assets, physical fitness, and physical activity levels.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Are preschool children physically active? A bulk of research evidence indicates that most preschool children engage mainly in sedentary behavior and have little physical activity (PA) time. Recent reviews show that physical environment such as outdoor play, equipment, and toys as well as the type of preschool can affect children’s PA. In Hong Kong, most children ages 3 to 6 years attend preschools of half-day or whole-day sessions. The purpose of this paper was to present summarized results showing the amount of daily step counts taken by a sample of 240 preschool children (137 boys, 103 girls) in Hong Kong. The study participants came from five preschools. The data included four consecutive days of two weekdays and two weekend days. Findings showed that boys had significantly higher mean daily step counts (15,221 steps) than girls (12,208 steps) and children were significant more active during weekends compared with weekdays. 近期愈來愈多文獻指出，幼兒整體的體能活動，逐漸下降，不利健康成長。本文以步行計儀器量度香港幼兒的體能活動情況，資料顯示：以一連四天計算，男童和女童的整天活動量分別為15,221步及12,208步，而且周末的活動量明顯較平日為多。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Man believed that the world was composed of man, the subject and non-human entities, the objects. Philosophy attempts to locate the nature of either subjects or objects, thus, the argument between subjectivism and objectivism. Such metaphysical arguments go on for thousands of years without coming to an agreement. Philosophers in the last century turn their attentions away from the subject - object argument. They focus on the bridge of the two - language, which is the focus of postmodernism. This paper tries to elaborate briefly the nature of post-modernity and its influence on current education practices, particularly on physical education. It is not meant to claim academic rigor in this short essay for the purpose of it is only to inform those, PE teachers in particularly, who are new to postmodern thoughts. It is only an alignment of some relevant writings gearing to this purpose. 哲學是探討應該如何活在世上、何種事物是存在的及此類事物的本質、什麼算是真的知識以及什麼是推理的正確原則的一門學科。哲學並不存在一個沒有爭議的定義，這個領域隨著時代轉變而不斷地擴張，且根據不同的時代對不同的問題也有改變。後現代主義把哲學定義為創造概念的學術、本文嘗試從哲學觀點探討後現代主義與體育教學的關係。

Physical activity (PA) during physical education is important for health purposes and for developing physical fitness and movement skills. To examine PA levels and how PA was influenced by environmental and instructor-related characteristics, we assessed children’s activity during 368 lessons taught by 105 physical education specialists in 42 randomly selected schools in Hong Kong. Trained observers used SOFIT in randomly selected classes, grades 4–6, during three climatic seasons. Results indicated children’s PA levels met the U.S. Healthy People 2010 objective of 50% engagement time and were higher than comparable U.S. populations. Multiple regression analyses revealed that temperature, teacher behavior, and two lesson characteristics (subject matter and mode of delivery) were significantly associated with the PA levels. Most of these factors are modifiable, and changes could improve the quantity and intensity of children’s PA.

Sensory organisation of balance control is compromised in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). A randomised controlled trial involving 88 children with DCD was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a task-specific balance training (functional-movement training, FMT) programme in improving balance deficits in a DCD population. The DCD participants were randomly assigned to either a FMT group or a control group. The FMT group received two training sessions/ week for 3 months. Measurements of the participants’ sensory organisation (somatosensory, vestibular and visual ratios), balance and motor proficiency (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, MABC scores) and center of pressure sway velocity (Unilateral Stance Test, UST scores) were taken at baseline, immediately after FMT and 3 months after FMT. The FMT group showed greater improvements than the controls in somatosensory ratio at 3 and 6 months (all P 0.05). The results of both the MABC and the UST also indicated that the balance performance of the FMT group was significantly better than that of the control group at 3 and 6 months (all P

Background: \ud Adolescent mental health problems are global public health concern. Primary prevention through physical activity (PA) has been suggested as a potential approach to tackling this problem. Studies in Western countries have provided some evidence of a relationship between PA and adolescent mental health, but the evidence in China is not sufficient. Furthermore, the mechanism behind this relationship has not been empirically tested. The present study aimed at testing the association between PA and mental well-being of Chinese adolescents and to investigate whether a psychological (self-efficacy and resilience) and social (school and family connectedness) mediation model is valid to explain such a relationship.\ud \ud Methods: \ud A total of 775 Chinese students in Grades 7 and 8 were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The participants were given questionnaires to assess their PA level, mental well-being, and the potential mediators. Path models were used to analyse the association between PA and mental well-being, and the roles of potential mediators.\ud \ud Results: \ud The PA level was significantly correlated with the adolescent’s mental well-being (r = 0.66, p

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of camp adventure programs on improving the self-concept of youth participants with a view to providing management reference to enhance the value, quality and quantity of camp services in Hong Kong. A total of 339 respondents, aged from 12 to 25, answered the questionnaires. A thorough discussion has been made in accordance with the present findings on the following aspects: (a) the effects of camp adventure programs on improving different domains of self-concept of youth participants; and (b) to explore any possible factors and components that might contribute to the identified effects.本文旨在探討本港營地歷奇活動對改善青少年自我觀念的影響，並從管理學層面提供建設性意見，盼望能夠提升營舍服務的質素及價值。共有339名年齡12至25歲回答了問卷，本文給予讀者詳細的討論，包括如何改善青少年自我觀念及其相關之因素。

Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio es dar a conocer la estrategia seguida en el Hospital Universitario Puerto Real para crear una consulta preanalgésica del parto con el fin de dar respuesta a los derechos de la embarazada a recibir una adecuada analgesia durante el trabajo del parto, cumpliendo la Ley 41/2002 Reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. Valorar la situación en el resto de los hospitales andaluces. Material y método: analizamos los retos y dificultades que se plantearon en su momento y la estrategia para la creación de esta consulta. Las cuestiones que se plantearon fueron: ¿en qué momento de la gestación deberían acudir las gestantes? ¿Qué necesidades de personal y formación de personal supondría la creación de esta consulta? ¿Dónde se ubicaría la consulta? ¿Qué material didáctico sería necesario para informar adecuadamente a nuestras gestantes? Para determinar cómo se había dado respuesta a la analgesia del parto y la aplicación de la Ley 41/2002 en el resto de los hospitales andaluces realizamos una encuesta telefónica. Resultados: la consulta de preanalgesia para el parto comenzó en nuestro hospital en febrero del año 2007. Se de-sarrollaron cursos de formación para el personal de paritorio. La consulta se realiza en la semana 20 de gestación haciéndola coincidir con la ecografía que realiza el Servicio de Ginecología en la semana 20. El personal asignado es una auxiliar de enfermería y el anestesiólogo de guardia asignado a paritorio. La consulta se ubica en una sala en el Hospital de Día con capacidad suficiente para 12 personas, donde se imparte una charla y se proyecta un vídeo informativo. Posteriormente se hace una valoración individualizada, se cumplimenta y firma el consentimiento informado. Desde la creación de la consulta de preanalgesia del parto han sido citadas en la consulta 12.990 gestantes. La media anual de gestantes informadas y valoradas preoperatoriamente es de 1.384, lo que supone un 63,93 % del total de las gestantes. Los datos obtenidos de las encuestas telefónicas realizadas en los Centros Hospitalarios del Sistema Andaluz de Salud, corresponden a 27 de los 33 centros hospitalarios en los que se atienden partos. La valoración preanestésica a las gestantes sólo se realiza en 8 centros (29,63 %),en 5 de ellos de forma rutinaria (18,52 %) y en 3 (11,1 %) sólo a las gestantes de alto riesgo. El consentimiento informado se obtiene previamente al momento del parto tan sólo en 9 de los 27 hospitales encuestados (33,33 %), en los 18 centros restantes se obtiene en el momento del parto (66,67 %). Conclusiones: desde que se instauró la consulta de preanalgesia del parto en nuestro hospital se ha mejorado la valoración preanalgésica de la gestante y hemos conseguido dar cumplimiento a la Ley 41/2012. Objective: The objective of this study is to report the strategy followed in the Hospital Universitario Puerto Real (Cádiz, Spain) to create a pre-analgesic consultation for labor in order to provide an appropriate analgesia during delivery, complying with Law 41/2002 which regulates the autonomy rights and obligations of patients regarding information and clinical documentation. We evaluate the approach taken in the rest of the hospitals in Andalusia. Material and method: We analyzed the challenges and difficulties that arose at the time and the strategy for the creation of this consultation. The questions which were raised were: At what stage of pregnancy pregnant women should attend the consultation? What staffing and training would be required to create this consultation? Where would it be located? What materials would be needed to properly inform our pregnant women? We conducted a phone survey in order to determine how our response was given to labor analgesia and how Law 41/2002 was being applying in the rest of hospitals in Andalusia. Results: The pre-analgesic labor consultation of the Hospital Universitario Puerto Real was created in February 2007. Training courses were developed for delivery room staffing. Consultations are currently carried out during the 20th week of gestation, coincident with the echography done by the Gynecology Service of the Hospital. The staffs assigned are a nurse assistant and the anesthesiologist on duty in the delivery room. The consultation room is located in the in the outpatient department of the hospital and has a capacity for 12 people. Pregnant women receive a lecture and an informative video. After this, we complete the individualized pre-analgesic assessment of each patient and the informed consent process. Since its creation, they have been cited 12,990 pregnant women. The annual average of pregnant women informed and preoperatively evaluated is of 1,384; which represents the 63.93 % of all pregnant women. Twenty-seven of the 33 hospitals of the Andalusia Health System in which deliveries are practiced, telephone survey respondents. The results of this survey show that the pre-anesthetic assessment for pregnant women is only performed in 8 centers (29.63 %), in 5 of them routinely (8.52 %) and only to high-risk pregnant women in 3 (11.1 %). The informed consents are obtained before the delivery only in 9 of the 27 hospitals surveyed (33 %). In the 18 centers remaining they were obtained at delivery (66.67 %). Conclusions: Since the foundation of the pre-analgesic consultation for delivery in our hospital, we have improved the pre-analgesic assessment of pregnant women and we have achieved complying with Law 41/2012.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.A survey was conducted to investigate the profile of selection of infant-carrying methods and the prevalence of related muscle fatigue at different parts of body and its intensity in Hong Kong females. 266 mothers were interviewed. 93 mothers reported that they had carried their infants outside home in the period of seven days prior to the survey. 85 mothers carried their infants in front of their chest (Chest_C) while 8 mothers carried their infants at the back (Back_C). It seemed that mothers generally used Chest_C method when their infants were light and with small body size. When infants became heavier and bigger, infant carrying by mothers was less frequent and the method of Back_C instead of Chest_C was used. It was also noted that although the occurrences of severe muscle fatigue at shoulder and low back were reported in Chest_C and Back_C groups, the low back fatigue intensity in Back_C group was likely to be less than that in Chest_C group. Such findings implied that Chest_C method might possess higher risk of musculo-skeletal disorders by comparing with Back_C method. Further study for investigating the physical stress on low back muscles elicited from Back_C and Chest_C infant carry methods is suggested.在華人社會，婦女仍是嬰兒的主要照顧者。為了加強親子感情及增加活動，揹嬰兒進行戶外活動越來越被現代媽媽所採用。揹嬰兒時，嬰兒的體重可能對媽媽身體造成疲勞。本文試圖探討不同揹嬰兒的方法對媽媽各身體部位所造成的疲勞程度的影響。

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) not only paralysed economic activities in SARS-affected cities, it also affected sporting activities. SARS was identified in Hong Kong in late February 2003 and the WHO issued a global alert on 12 March, 2003. The incubation period of SARS is usually 4–6 days and patients commonly present with high fever (temperature >38°C), dry cough, chills and rigor, dyspnoea and diarrhoea. Although a specific antiviral agent and vaccines for SARS are not available at the time of writing, a standard treatment protocol for SARS has been developed. The average mortality rate is about 16% in Hong Kong. The coronavirus is a common pathogen for upper respiratory tract infection and is the most probable pathogen for SARS. Transmission methods may, therefore, be similar for both these infections. Transmission is possible when aerosolised viral particles come into contact with the susceptible host’s mucous membrane, most commonly the nose, but also the mouth and eyes. With appropriate preventive measures to avoid contact with virus, the probability of infection is minimal. Isolation of those who have had close contact with confirmed or suspected SARS patients and/or who have persistent fever will be the most effective and practical method of avoiding contact. Maintaining personal hygiene and frequent hand washing can also reduce the risk of infection. Using diluted bleach (1 part bleach in 99 parts water) to cleanse training areas and equipment is also recommended. With proper event planning to conform with quarantine measures, special travel arrangements, facility sterilisation and use of venues with good ventilation and filtering systems, sport competition can still proceed.

The present study investigated physical activity trends among young children aged three, four, and five years old in Hong Kong preschools using pedometry. Subjects were eighty-six boys and sixty-two girls ( n = 148). The Digi-walker sw-200 electronic pedometers were utilized to collect activity data during daily regular physical activities in three preschools. School A was located at the rural area whereas School B and C were in urban areas. An observation inventory, Children Activity Rating's Scale (CARS), was used to categorize the intensity level of the physical activities and to validate the pedometer counts. In line with overseas studies, significant age and gender differences in physical activity levels were also observed among the Hong Kong preschool children. A two (gender) 2 three (age groups) analysis of variance indicated that both main effects were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Older children in the school (School A) with a larger outdoor play space in a rural district were much more ...

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to collect preliminary physical activity data of Hong Kong secondary school students during their physical education lessons, extra-curricular activity, and the whole regular school days. Physical activity was measured in terms of the step count device - pedometer. Preliminary findings suggested that gender difference existed and diversified trends were observed. Further investigations were necessary to understand the underlying factors in order to promote physical activity in school settings.本文旨在收集本港中學生於體育課及課外活動時的身體活動量，作為初步的數據，以便日後進行全面性的研究。我們利用步數記錄儀量度身體的活動量，發現男生的活動量大大超越女生，而且觀察到不尋常的趨勢，值得我們關注。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The intent of the researchers was to determine the physical activity level of the secondary school students during their lunch period in regular school days in Hong Kong. The physical activity for the following two distinct groups were studied: Mandatory Group - students who are not permitted to have lunch meal outside the school, and Free Group - students who are free to go away the school for a meal. Subjects' age ranged from 13 to 18 with a mean of 14.6. Pedometers were utilized to assess the physical activity in terms of the step counts recorded. The step counts for the free group were significantly (p < .05) larger than that of the mandatory group, indicating that more physical activity was achieved when the students were free to move outside the school during lunch time. In addition, boys were more active than girls in both groups. Recommendations for the promotion of students' habitual physical activity during lunch period were made.本文作者旨在探討本港中學生於午膳間的身體活動量，利用輕便的步數記錄儀來比較兩組群之身體活動量分別：留在校內組及離開校園組。學童年齡由13至18歲不等，平均為14.6歲。結果顯示：留在校內組的身體活動量較離開校園組顯著少（P < .05)，引證出學童留在校內午膳時，缺乏足夠的身體活動。而且女生的活動量也較男生顯著減少，校內學生活動量下降的問題，值得體育工作者的關注。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the 5-minute run test and the incremental treadmill run test in assessing aerobic capacity. Twenty subjects participated in this study. The maximum oxygen uptake was estimated by the 5-minute run test and directly measured by the incremental treadmill run test. Correlations were computed by the SPSS Pearson procedures. Linear regression analysis was utilized to predict the 5-minute run test scores based upon the incremental treadmill run test results in determining maximum oxygen uptake. Significant relationship was found between two tests in assessing maximum oxygen uptake. Simple linear regression showed that running velocity in 5-minute run was a significant predictor for maximum oxygen uptake measured in the incremental treadmill run test. To conclude, the 5-minute run test was valuable to predict maximum oxygen uptake.本文旨在探討兩種評估有氧能力的測試：「五分鐘跑測試」和「遞增負荷跑台測試」之關係。是次研究共有二十位受試者參與，在實驗室進行遞增負荷跑台運動測量其標準的最大攝氧量，用「五分鐘跑測試」來推測和評估其最大攝氧量，所得的資料以相關和直線回歸法分析，從而探求「五分鐘跑測試」和「遞增負荷跑台測試」之關係。研究結果顯示兩種評估有氧能力的測試有密切的關係；此外，研究員利用五分鐘平均跑速推算出最大攝氧量的回歸方程。

The purpose of this study was to determine the trends and issues impacting on government and voluntary camps in the next five years in Hong Kong. The study involved three stages. First, survey of a select expert panel (n = 34) identified a total of 146 trends and issues. Second, a questionnaire was then distributed to a wider group of camp managers and administrators (n = 46). Third, a sample of ideal typical cases of experienced camp managers and administrators (n = 7) were interviewed to determine the implications or solutions of these trends and issues. The results were then compared with Jubenville and Twight's model (1993) of outdoor recreation system. Data from the interviews were also analyzed. Lastly, an alternative model of camp management was then presented.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Coaching school athletes becomes part of the physical educators' daily work today. The selection guidelines for the school athletes varies a lot. Many physical educators may prefer to recruit children depending on the body size. However, the present study attempts to investigate the relationship between body characteristics and throwing performance. Fifty-two 9-year-old boys were measured. Results indicated that the upper limb's length correlated significantly with the throwing performance.訓練學生參加運動競賽已成爲體育教師工作的一部份，而挑選運動員雖然沒有一套準則，但許多教師都認爲選擇體型高大的學生會有利於爭取好成績。究竟「體型」與運動成績有何關係？本研究透過量度52個九歲男生的體重、三頭肌皮脂厚、臂長和臂體積，並爲學生進行擲豆袋測試，來分析「體型」與「擲豆袋成績」的相關。結果發現「臂長」與「擲豆袋成績」 成正相關。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.With the aid of today's computer software, the use of factor analysis becomes popular in educational setting, especially in cognitive and affective domain. However, the factor-analytic technique has been extensively used by researchers in the psychomotor domain since 1970s. The present paper attempts to illustrate the basic theories and assumption of utilizing factor analysis and to demonstrate the user friendly procedures in order to measure psychomotor behaviour.一般使用因子分析法的敎育研究，多集中於在認知和情感範疇。本文章以簡易的電腦程式，説明如何使用因子分析法來量度心理肌動行為，並作出實際例子給讀者參考。

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of preschool type (public vs private) on motor skill performance in 239 (121 boys, 118 girls) preschool children ages 3 to 6.5 yr. Preschoolers were tested on 12 fundamental motor skills from the Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition and 11 anthropometrics (body height, weight, Body Mass Index, waist and hip girths, and body segment lengths). Analysis of variance controlled for anthropometrics and age indicated that children from private preschools performed better on locomotor skills than those from public preschools. However, no difference was found in object control skills. The results suggest that performance of locomotor skills by preschool children is affected by their schools' physical environment.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Objective sport skill tests are common measurement tools for physical educators to evaluate their students' performance in school setting. Traditionally, students are being graded in accordance with their performance in the skill tests, such as throwing objects for distance, wall volley test, or dribbling through a test course. The present paper attempted to collect a variety of information on the objective sport skill testing from experienced scholars. Since most school physical educators are not researchers, it is necessary to provide them with user-friendly techniques. After an extensive review of the related literature in the field of measurement in physical education and exercise science, a model of objective sport skills testing was developed which served as a guideline for the physical educators to follow. It is hoped that such user-friendly procedures would enhance the teaching qualities in the school.運動技能測試是一種常用於測定學童運動能力的工具。一般的運動技能測試有傳球測驗、對牆擊球測試、射球測驗或擲遠測試等。由於學校體育工 作者日常工作繁忙，及並非專項學術研究者，故本文的目的是綜合有關運動技能測試的文獻，配合學校體育的情況，建議出一個給學校體育工作者適用的運動技能測試模式。