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We conduct a global hybrid simulation of an observation event to affirm that an interplanetary (IP) shock can drive significant suprathermal (tens to hundreds of eV) H+ outflows from the polar cap. The event showed that a spacecraft in the lobe at ∼6.5 RE altitude above the polar cap observed the appearance of suprathermal outflowing H+ ions about 8 min after observing enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact. The simulation includes H+ ions from both the solar wind and the ionospheric sources. The cusp/mantle region can be accessed by ions from both sources, but only the outflow ions can get into the lobe. Despite that upward flowing solar wind ions can be seen within part of the cusp/mantle region and their locations undergo large transient changes in response to the magnetosphere compression caused by the shock impact, the simulation rules out the possibility that the observed outflowing H+ ions was due to the spacecraft encountering the moving cusp/mantle. On the other hand, the enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact drive more upward suprathermal outflows, which reach higher altitudes a few minutes later, explaining the observed time delay. Also, these simulated outflowing ions become highly field‐aligned in the upward direction at high altitudes, consistent with the observed energy and pitch‐angle distributions. This simulation‐observation comparison study provides us the physical understanding of the suprathermal outflow H+ ions coming up from the polar cap. Key Points: A global hybrid simulation to understand the suprathermal outflowing H+ ions observed in southern lobe driven by an interplanetary shockThe simulated outflowing H+ ions in the lobe are outflows from the polar cap driven by enhanced Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impactThe simulated outflowing H+ ions can account for the observed pitch‐angle distribution and the time delay from the shock impact [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand how sharp changes in the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions affect the ionosphere outflows at high latitudes, we analyze an event observed on 17 July 2002 showing suprathermal (tens to hundreds of eV) outflowing H+ ions in the lobe driven by the impact of an interplanetary (IP) shock. A spacecraft in the lobe at altitudes of ∼6.5 RE first observed enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes ∼2 min after the shock impact and then, another 8 min later, the appearance of suprathermal outflowing H+ ions as ion beams and ion conics. The increasing downward DC Poynting fluxes and the increasing outflowing H+ fluxes that appeared later were highly correlated because they shared a similar increasing trend with a time scale of ∼5 min. To explain such time delay and correlation, we conclude that a plausible scenario was that the enhanced DC Poynting fluxes reached down to lower altitudes, drove processes to accelerate the pre‐existing polar wind ions to ion beams and ion conics, and then these newly generated suprathermal ions flowed upward to the spacecraft altitudes. This event indicates that an IP shock can drive a significant amount of suprathermal H+ outflows from the polar cap. Key Points: Cluster observed suprathermal outflowing H+ ion beams and ion conics in the lobe after the impact of an interplanetary (IP) shockThe outflowing H+ ions appeared ∼10 min after the shock impact and ∼8 min after enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxesThe suprathermal outflowing H+ ions were likely pre‐existing thermal polar wind being accelerated caused by the enhanced Poynting fluxes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thyroid gland samples were obtained from 20 adult buffaloes freshly slaughtered at the Municipal Slaughter house in Bikaner which were free from any pathological condition of thyroid gland. The thyroid gland consisted of two lobes i.e. left and right that were connected by a thin and narrow isthmus at their middle or caudal parts. The shape of each lobe was either oval or irregularly triangular and these were exhibited a reddish brown in colour. Each lobe was surrounded by a covering of loose connective tissue. Each lobe was surrounded by a covering of loose connective tissue and these lobes extended from the lower aspect of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the lateral aspect of the second tracheal ring. The right lobe was larger than the left. The isthmus was positioned at the level of the first to the second tracheal ring. The isthmus exhibited a pale in colour. The average weight and length of the right and left thyroid gland 11.935±0.478 grams, 10.4±0.636 grams and 6.26±0.250 cm, 5.315±0.194 cm, respectively. The average width and thickness of right and left thyroid gland at cranial, middle and caudal 3.195±0.64 cm, 4.58±0.121 cm, 3.945±0.116 cm and 1.2±0.044 cm, 1.335±0.047 cm, 1.09±0.058 cm, respectively. The average volume of thyroid gland 25.45±1.315 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local breed cattle's liver, reddish-brown, occupies the right hypochondriac region with 35.2 ± 3.24 cm long and 5.5 ± 0.5 kg weight. Connected by left and right triangular ligaments; and falciform ligaments with the diaphragm, and hepatorenal ligament with the right kidney. While the coronary ligament encompassing the caudal vena cava divides into dorsal and ventral branches, enclosing the nuda region. The round ligament connects the umbilical fissure to the umbilicus. The lesser omentum on the liver's visceral surface connects the stomach and duodenum through hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments, respectively. The liver has, parietal and visceral surfaces; right, left, ventral, and dorsal borders; and left, right, caudate, and quadrate liver lobes that are not clearly separated, except for the caudate. The gallbladder has a dark green color and pear-shaped morphology, measures 16 ± 1.5 cm, and is located in a shallow cystic fossa. Consisting of the neck, forms an inverted funnel shape, body, and fundus. The diameters were 2 ± 0.3, 6 ± 1.2, and 4 ± 1.3 cm, respectively. The biliary tract consists of extrahepatic and intrahepatic ducts. The extrahepatic ducts have a left duct of 3 ± 0.5 cm and a right duct of 2 ± 0.25 cm. Converging to form a common hepatic duct 8 ± 0.5 cm. The cystic duct is 3± 0. cm, joins with the common hepatic duct ventrally. The intrahepatic ducts consisted of primary, secondary, tertiary, interlobular, intralobular, and intercalated ducts. The left hepatic duct received 9 ± 1 of dorsal primary ducts and 8 ± 2 ventral primary ducts. The right hepatic duct receives 4 ± 1 dorsal ducts and 2 ± 1 ventral ducts.

CRISPR mutagenesis is an efficient way to disrupt specific target genes in many model organisms. We previously devised a targeted CRISPR recombination method to generate intragenic recombinants of alleles in Drosophila. Here, we assessed the applicability of CRISPR targeting‐induced recombination to different genetic loci. We compared the ectopic recombination rates in the male germline by CRISPR targeting at two neighboring genetic loci within the genomic region that consists of the repressed chromatin domain of the Lobe gene, and the transcriptionally active domain of PRAS40. Targeting around the transcription initiation of PRAS40 resulted in higher recombination rates of homologous chromosomes than targeting at the Lobe intron. Based on the efficient homologous recombination by CRISPR targeting observed around transcriptionally active loci, we further investigated targeted recombination between P‐elements that are inserted at different genomic locations. Male recombination by CRISPR targeting of P‐elements located proximally and distally to the ebony gene produced recombinants deficient for the intervening region of ebony transcription. Taken together, we suggest that targeted homologous recombination by CRISPR targeting may have specific genetic applications, such as generation of allelic combinations or chromosomal variations.

CRISPR mutagenesis is an efficient way to disrupt specific target genes in many model organisms. We previously devised a targeted CRISPR recombination method to generate intragenic recombinants of alleles in Drosophila. Here, we assessed the applicability of CRISPR targeting‐induced recombination to different genetic loci. We compared the ectopic recombination rates in the male germline by CRISPR targeting at two neighboring genetic loci within the genomic region that consists of the repressed chromatin domain of the Lobe gene, and the transcriptionally active domain of PRAS40. Targeting around the transcription initiation of PRAS40 resulted in higher recombination rates of homologous chromosomes than targeting at the Lobe intron. Based on the efficient homologous recombination by CRISPR targeting observed around transcriptionally active loci, we further investigated targeted recombination between P‐elements that are inserted at different genomic locations. Male recombination by CRISPR targeting of P‐elements located proximally and distally to the ebony gene produced recombinants deficient for the intervening region of ebony transcription. Taken together, we suggest that targeted homologous recombination by CRISPR targeting may have specific genetic applications, such as generation of allelic combinations or chromosomal variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrugated lobed nozzle is an emerging research topic in jet flow dynamics, and little investigation has been conducted on its effect on flow characteristics. Thus, in this study, the effects of lobe count and lobe length of corrugated lobed nozzles on subsonic jet characteristics were experimentally investigated by analyzing the velocity profiles of the jets emanating from the nozzles. The Pitot tube readings were obtained by varying the count (4 ≤ N ≤ 8) and length (10 mm ≤ L ≤ 20 mm) of corrugated lobes. These measurements were then compared with the experimental readings obtained for a baseline circular nozzle. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) and exit nozzle area were kept identical at 1.5 and 600 mm2, respectively, for all nozzle configurations. The most striking observation was the ‘W’-shaped radial velocity profile of the corrugated nozzle, which differed from the ‘Top hat’ profile of the baseline circular nozzle. Additionally, the length of the potential central region of the corrugated nozzle was always shorter than that of the baseline circular nozzle, indicating the early occurrence of turbulence in the former. It was found that the lobe length had a meagre effect on the velocity variation in the jet issuing from the corrugated nozzle, whereas the lobe count had a significant effect on the velocity profile. However, as the lobe count increased, the velocity profile of the corrugated nozzle gradually resembled that of the circular nozzle. The findings of this study would be beneficial for selecting a proper lobe count and lobe length while designing and implementing a corrugated lobed nozzle.

This paper investigates the influence of water level oscillation and sediment supply volume on shallow‐water delta development by means of a flume experiment. The experiment simulated the natural water level by dividing a cycle of sediment period into four parts: the draught period, the flood period (FP), the interflood period in a falling limb (IPF) and the interflood period in a rising limb (IPR). During the FP, flooding broke former channels and a large amount of sediments were evenly unloaded at the surface of lobes. Erosion often appeared at the beginning of the IPF and was dominant at low stand. Most sediments were concentrated in incised valleys and unloaded at the channel mouth to form a new lobe during the falling limb. Erosional channels and lobes were broken at the IPR. Sediments homogeneously covered the surface of lobes and few new lobes appeared during the period. Different sediment supplies influenced the characteristics of incised valley and channel style. Low sediment supply to the delta was strongly influenced by water level change, while high sediment supply was mainly affected by fluvial processes. Based on the flow sand content of water, channels can be classified into four types: (a) narrow and deep multiple channels, (b) narrow and shallow branch channels, (c) broad and shallow main channels, and (d) broad and deep stable channels. Their width‐to‐depth ratios are 1.1–3.5, 5.1–12.9, 7.3–20.2, 2.6–4.6, respectively. Most mouth bars were initially formed but then broken by water level oscillation and channel bifurcation. The preserved mouth bars were well preserved at the far end of lobes, where they entered the low‐energy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrugated lobed nozzle is an emerging research topic in jet flow dynamics, and little investigation has been conducted on its effect on flow characteristics. Thus, in this study, the effects of lobe count and lobe length of corrugated lobed nozzles on subsonic jet characteristics were experimentally investigated by analyzing the velocity profiles of the jets emanating from the nozzles. The Pitot tube readings were obtained by varying the count (4 = N = 8) and length (10 mm = L = 20 mm) of corrugated lobes. These measurements were then compared with the experimental readings obtained for a baseline circular nozzle. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) and exit nozzle area were kept identical at 1.5 and 600 mm², respectively, for all nozzle configurations. The most striking observation was the 'W'-shaped radial velocity profile of the corrugated nozzle, which differed from the 'Top hat' profile of the baseline circular nozzle. Additionally, the length of the potential central region of the corrugated nozzle was always shorter than that of the baseline circular nozzle, indicating the early occurrence of turbulence in the former. It was found that the lobe length had a meagre effect on the velocity variation in the jet issuing from the corrugated nozzle, whereas the lobe count had a significant effect on the velocity profile. However, as the lobe count increased, the velocity profile of the corrugated nozzle gradually resembled that of the circular nozzle. The findings of this study would be beneficial for selecting a proper lobe count and lobe length while designing and implementing a corrugated lobed nozzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, currently the top cause of infectious death from a single pathogen worldwide. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of clinical and radiological presentations of pulmonary TB on mortality. Materials and Methods: This retrospective case series study was performed on 215 patients (120 females and 95 males) using the recorded files of patients who were registered as pulmonary TB at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil, Iraq. Recorded files were studied from January 2018 to December 2019. Results: The mean age ± SD of the patients was 44.03 ± 21.57 years (ranged from 1 to 91 years), and female to male ratio was of 1.16:1. The right lung [97 (45.1%)] and upper zones [148 (68.8%)] were involved more frequently than other zones. Infiltration [120 (56%)] was the most common lung lesion. Clinical symptoms such as hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, and chest pain were associated with a statistically significant increase in mortality. The right upper zones were affected more than other zones, and its involvement was statically significant. The involvement of both lungs had significant higher mortality [9 (25.7%)] than a single lung involvement [right lung: 2 (2.1%) versus left lung: 3 (3.9%)]; P value was

Abstract Proximal interruption of the pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly with varying presentation. These patients can be asymptomatic or symptomatic with breathlessness, haemoptysis, recurrent chest infections and pulmonary hypertension. Here, we present a patient who presented with massive haemoptysis secondary to interruption of the left lower lobe PA. To the best of our knowledge, massive haemoptysis due to isolated interruption of the left lower lobe PA has been rarely reported in the English medical literature.

Of particular interest is the part of the Typikon of the Monastery of Pantokrator of Constantinople (14th century), which specifies the creation of a special institution for those suffering from the sacred disease. Επεί δε και αδελφούς τινας των κατεχομένων τη ιερή νόσω εβουλόμεθα ιδιαζόντως τινι τρόπω... The text shows us clearly how exactly the emperor planned the operation of this institution; however, the determination of the content of the term holy disease creates serious difficulties, precisely because of the various concepts that appear in the texts. It is therefore of interest to determine precisely whom the author of the "Typikon" means by the phrase "brothers of those who are possessed by the sacred disease". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, currently the top cause of infectious death from a single pathogen worldwide. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of clinical and radiological presentations of pulmonary TB on mortality. Materials and Methods: This retrospective case series study was performed on 215 patients (120 females and 95 males) using the recorded files of patients who were registered as pulmonary TB at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Center in Erbil, Iraq. Recorded files were studied from January 2018 to December 2019. Results: The mean age ± SD of the patients was 44.03 ± 21.57 years (ranged from 1 to 91 years), and female to male ratio was of 1.16:1. The right lung [97 (45.1%)] and upper zones [148 (68.8%)] were involved more frequently than other zones. Infiltration [120 (56%)] was the most common lung lesion. Clinical symptoms such as hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, and chest pain were associated with a statistically significant increase in mortality. The right upper zones were affected more than other zones, and its involvement was statically significant. The involvement of both lungs had significant higher mortality [9 (25.7%)] than a single lung involvement [right lung: 2 (2.1%) versus left lung: 3 (3.9%)]; P value was <0.0001. The lower lung zone involvement has higher mortality [7 (19.4%)], and the type of lung lesion such as miliary distribution and cavitation has higher mortality, 2 (100%) and 3 (14.3%), respectively; P value was <0.016. Conclusion: Poor predictors of the outcome of pulmonary TB include clinical (hemoptysis, weight loss, night sweat, shortness of breath, and chest pain) and radiological (both lung involvement, upper zones especially the right upper zone, miliary distribution, and cavitation) presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a malformation of cortical development characterized by nodules of abnormally migrated neurons. The cause of posteriorly placed PNH is not well characterised and we present a case that provides insights into the cause of posterior PNH. Case presentation We report a fetus with extensive posterior PNH in association with biallelic variants in LAMC3. LAMC3 mutations have previously been shown to cause polymicrogyria and pachygyria in the occipital cortex, but not PNH. The occipital location of PNH in our case and the proposed function of LAMC3 in cortical development suggest that the identified LAMC3 variants may be causal of PNH in this fetus. Conclusion We hypothesise that this finding extends the cortical phenotype associated with LAMC3 and provides valuable insight into genetic cause of posterior PNH.

Abstract Background Genotypic variability in M. hyopneumoniae has been reported within and among herds. However, information regarding VNTR types within single lung lobes is lacking. The objective of his study was to analyse M. hyopneumoniae infections and their association with VNTR types and lung lesions at the lobe level. Lungs from 300 pigs from 10 farms experiencing an enzootic pneumonia outbreak were collected and scored. M. hyopneumoniae was detected by real-time PCR and genotyped by MLVA assay in all samples. Results The results showed genotypic variability within single pigs and among lung lobes. At the lobe level, infection with one VNTR type (SN infection) was dominant. Lobes with lesion scores > 0 were associated with positive results for real-time PCR. At the lobe level, no relationship was observed between infections with more than one genotype (MX infections) and the proportion of Mycoplasma-like lesions. Lesion-free lobes presented a higher proportion of MX infections than lobes scored > 0. M. hyopneumoniae was detected more frequently in the right lobe of the lung (p

The consequences of pumping on food quality are poorly understood, and wine is a good example. Therefore, the present paper examines the use of four pumps and the application of inertization on wine quality. We develop a novel, physical qualitative index (PQI), which is the ratio between pumping specific energy and the net positive suction head, and examine the correlation with wine quality characteristics. Four pumps (a flexible impeller pump, a lobe pump, a peristaltic pump, and a rotary piston pump) that are widely-used in wine cellars were compared over a wide array of chemical-physical variables, during conventional racking, with and without inertization. The analysis found a correlation between the PQI and some quality variables, and this finding was confirmed by a conventional statistical analysis (ANOVA-GLM). Overall, the flexible impeller pump performed slightly differently compared to the other pumps with respect to some color-related parameters. All pumps behave differently as a function of inertization (or not). Inertization was effective in minimizing volatile losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations from the modern seafloor that suggest turbidity currents tend to erode as they lose channel-levee confinement, rather than decelerating and depositing their sediment load, has driven investigations into sediment gravity flow behaviour at the mouth of submarine channels. Commonly, channel mouth settings coincide with areas of gradient change and play a vital role in the transfer of sediment through deep-water systems. Channel mouth settings are widely referred to as the submarine channel-lobe transition zone (CLTZ) where well-defined channel-levees are separated from well-defined lobes, and are associated with an assemblage of erosional and depositional bedforms (e.g., scours and scour fields, sediment waves, incipient channels). Motivated by recently published datasets, we reviewed modern seafloor studies, which suggest that a wide range of channel mouth configurations exist. These include traditional CLTZs, plunge pools, and distinctive long and flared tracts between channels and lobes, which we recognise with the new term channel mouth expansion zones (CMEZs). In order to understand the morphodynamic differences between types of channel mouth settings, we review insights from physical experiments that have focussed on understanding changes in process behaviour as flows exit channels. We integrate field observations and numerical modelling that offer insight into flow behaviours in channel mouth settings. From this analysis, we propose four types of channel mouth setting: 1) supercritical CMEZs on slopes; 2) plunge pools at steep slope breaks with high incoming supercritical Froude numbers; 3) CLTZs with arrays of hydraulic jumps at slope breaks with incoming supercritical Froude numbers closer to unity; and, 4) subcritical CLTZs associated with slope breaks and/or flow expansion. Identification of the stratigraphic record of channel mouth settings is complicated by the propagation, and avulsion, of channels. Nonetheless, recent studies from ancient outcrop and subsurface systems have highlighted the dynamic evolution of interpreted CLTZs, which range from composite erosion surfaces, to tens of metres thick stratigraphic records. We propose that some examples be reconsidered as exhumed CMEZs.

Submarine lobes form at the distal end of sediment gravity flow systems and are globally important sinks for sediment, anthropogenic pollutants and organic carbon, as well as forming hydrocarbon and CO2 reservoirs. Deep-marine, near bed or bottom currents can modify gravity flow pathways and sediment distribution by directly interacting with the flow or by modifying seafloor morphology. Deciphering the nature of gravity- and bottom currents interaction, particularly in ancient systems, remains a challenge due to the lack of integrated datasets and the necessary oceanographic framework. Here we analyse high-resolution 3D seismic reflection and core data from the Upper Cretaceous interval offshore Tanzania to reveal the interaction of turbidite lobes with fine-grained sediment waves and contourite drift deposits. Contourite drift morphology governs the large-scale confinement style and shape of lobes that range from frontally confined and crescent shaped, to laterally confined and elongated, to semi-confined lobes. Core data reveals massive to cross-laminated high density turbidites in the lobe axis position that show no direct interaction between gravity flows and contour currents. Lobe off-axis and fringe deposits consist of parallel- and ripple-laminated, low density turbidites, which are inter-bedded with bioturbated, muddy siltstones that represent the toes of contourite drifts. Starved ripples, and streaks of up to fine-grained sandstone above individual turbidite beds indicate reworking by bottom currents. This facies distribution reflects the temporal interaction of quasi-steady bottom currents and turbidity currents that interact with the topography and build lobes over short periods of time. Frontally confined turbidity currents form lobes in a fill-and-spill fashion, in which the confinement of turbidity currents causes rapid deposition and obscures any bottom current signal. Lateral confinement causes increased turbidity current runout length, and promotes the development of lobe fringes with a high proportion of bottom current reworked sands. During times when sediment gravity flows are subordinate, contourites accumulate on top of the lobe, confining the next flow and thus modifying the overall stacking pattern of the lobe complex. Although sediment volumes of these bottom current modified lobe complexes are comparable to other deep-marine systems, bottom currents considerably influence facies distribution and deposit architecture.

Abstract Background In Drosophila, the development of the fly eye involves the activity of several, interconnected pathways that first define the presumptive eye field within the eye anlagen, followed by establishment of the dorso-ventral boundary, and the regulation of growth and apoptosis. In Lobe (L) mutant flies, parts of the eye or even the complete eye are absent because the eye field has not been properly defined. Manifold genetic interactions indicate that L influences the activity of several signalling pathways, resulting in a conversion of eye tissue into epidermis, and in the induction of apoptosis. As information on the molecular nature of the L mutation is lacking, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still an enigma. Results We have identified Protein Kinase D (PKD) as a strong modifier of the L mutant phenotype. PKD belongs to the PKC/CAMK class of Ser/Thr kinases that have been involved in diverse cellular processes including stress resistance and growth. Despite the many roles of PKD, Drosophila PKD null mutants are without apparent phenotype apart from sensitivity to oxidative stress. Here we report an involvement of PKD in eye development in the sensitized genetic background of Lobe. Absence of PKD strongly enhanced the dominant eye defects of heterozygous L 2 flies, and decreased their viability. Moreover, eye-specific overexpression of an activated isoform of PKD considerably ameliorated the dominant L 2 phenotype. This genetic interaction was not allele specific but similarly seen with three additional, weaker L alleles (L 1 , L 5 , L G ), demonstrating its specificity. Conclusions We propose that PKD-mediated phosphorylation is involved in underlying processes causing the L phenotype, i.e. in the regulation of growth, the epidermal transformation of eye tissue and apoptosis, respectively.

Proximal interruption of the pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly with varying presentation. These patients can be asymptomatic or symptomatic with breathlessness, haemoptysis, recurrent chest infections and pulmonary hypertension. Here, we present a patient who presented with massive haemoptysis secondary to interruption of the left lower lobe PA. To the best of our knowledge, massive haemoptysis due to isolated interruption of the left lower lobe PA has been rarely reported in the English medical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a malformation of cortical development characterized by nodules of abnormally migrated neurons. The cause of posteriorly placed PNH is not well characterised and we present a case that provides insights into the cause of posterior PNH. Case presentation: We report a fetus with extensive posterior PNH in association with biallelic variants in LAMC3. LAMC3 mutations have previously been shown to cause polymicrogyria and pachygyria in the occipital cortex, but not PNH. The occipital location of PNH in our case and the proposed function of LAMC3 in cortical development suggest that the identified LAMC3 variants may be causal of PNH in this fetus. Conclusion: We hypothesise that this finding extends the cortical phenotype associated with LAMC3 and provides valuable insight into genetic cause of posterior PNH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genotypic variability in M. hyopneumoniae has been reported within and among herds. However, information regarding VNTR types within single lung lobes is lacking. The objective of his study was to analyse M. hyopneumoniae infections and their association with VNTR types and lung lesions at the lobe level. Lungs from 300 pigs from 10 farms experiencing an enzootic pneumonia outbreak were collected and scored. M. hyopneumoniae was detected by real-time PCR and genotyped by MLVA assay in all samples. Results: The results showed genotypic variability within single pigs and among lung lobes. At the lobe level, infection with one VNTR type (SN infection) was dominant. Lobes with lesion scores > 0 were associated with positive results for real-time PCR. At the lobe level, no relationship was observed between infections with more than one genotype (MX infections) and the proportion of Mycoplasma-like lesions. Lesion-free lobes presented a higher proportion of MX infections than lobes scored > 0. M. hyopneumoniae was detected more frequently in the right lobe of the lung (p < 0.05), with a similar distribution within lobes for SN and MX infections. The anatomic conformation of swine lungs led to a higher prevalence of infections in the right lobe. However, this study showed that this condition did not affect the distribution of infections with multiple VNTR types. Nevertheless, careful consideration of sample selection should be practised for M. hyopneumoniae genotype analyses, including lung lobes with no visible lesions. Conclusion: The results did not show a significant association between the number of detected genotypes and the severity of the lesions at the lung lobe level, but revealed the unexpected detection of M. hyopneumoniae genotypes in lesion-free lobes. These results imply that a representative sampling of all lobes may lead to an accurate identification of the VNTR-type distribution. Further studies including factors that can affect pathogenetic evolution of this bacterium could shed light on the complexity of the relationship between genotypes and the lung lesions magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung cancer (LC) is the most common fatal malignant neoplasm worldwide, especially in developing countries. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between radiological and clinicopathological findings of the LC. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 446 patients in Erbil city/Iraq from January of 2014 to December of 2016. Results: The mean (± standard deviation) age at diagnosis was 65.21 (±10.9) for males versus 62.1 (±9.98) years for females. Most cases of squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma were current or ex-smokers, whereas adenocarcinoma was common in passive and never smokers. The right lung was affected more than the left lung (P < 0.05). The most common histological subtypes in the right upper lobe were adenocarcinoma and small-cell carcinoma, whereas the left upper lobe was affected mostly by squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.001). Adenocarcinoma commonly presented with peripheral mass, whereas hilar ± central mass was common in small-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Cavitation was seen mainly in squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.001). Conclusions: LC is a disease of old age presenting at late stage. Smoking remains the major cause of LC. Despite increasing the frequency of adenocarcinoma still it is not more common than squamous cell carcinoma as seen in developed countries. Adenocarcinoma is predominant in never and passive smokers. The right lung is affected more than the left lung. Adenocarcinoma and small-cell carcinoma affect the right upper lobe, whereas squamous cell carcinoma affects the left upper lobe. Further studies are necessary to confirm or refute the side and lobe preference by LC.

Drosophila Lobe (L) alleles were first discovered ∼100 years ago as spontaneous dominant mutants with characteristic developmental eye defects. However, the molecular basis for L dominant eye phenotypes has not been clearly understood. A previous work reported identification of CG10109/PRAS40 as the L gene, but subsequent analyses suggested that PRAS40 may not be related to L. Here, we revisited the L gene to clarify this discrepancy and understand the basis for the dominance of L mutations. Genetic analysis localized the L gene to Oaz, which encodes a homolog of the vertebrate zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423) family transcriptional regulators. We demonstrate that RNAi knockdown of Oaz almost completely restores all L dominant alleles tested. Lrev6-3, a revertant allele of the L² dominant eye phenotype, has an inframe deletion in the Oaz coding sequence. Molecular analysis of L dominant mutants identified allele-specific insertions of natural transposons (roo[ ]L¹, hopper[ ]L5, and roo[ ]Lr) or alterations of a preexisting transposon (L²-specific mutations in roo[ ]Mohr) in the Oaz region. In addition, we generated additional L²-reversion alleles by CRISPR targeting at Oaz. These new loss-of-function Oaz mutations suppress the dominant L eye phenotype. Oaz protein is not expressed in wild-type eye disc but is expressed ectopically in L²/+ mutant eye disc. We induced male recombination between Oaz-GAL4 insertions and the L² mutation through homologous recombination. By using the L²-recombined GAL4 reporters, we show that Oaz-GAL4 is expressed ectopically in L² eye imaginal disc. Taken together, our data suggest that neomorphic L eye phenotypes are likely due to misregulation of Oaz by spontaneous transposon insertions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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During the Renaissance anatomists laid the foundations for present day knowledge in this discipline. Not all anatomists however, were good linguists, which led to errors in translation and prompted discussions in reference to the correct use of certain anatomical terms. The controversial use of the terms lobe and lobule being one of these discrepancies. The objective of this study was to analyze the terms lobus and lobulus and propose a correct concept for the naming of anatomical structures following Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) recommendations. A search was carried out for the terms lobe and lobule with their derivatives in Anatomical Terminology. Each term was analyzed from an etymological and semantic point of view according to the Medical-Biological, Historical and Etymological Dictionary, University of Salamanca. Terms derived from lobe and lobule can be found in a number of systems in the human body, characterizing this term as one of frequent use. In conclusion, the term lobe from the Latin lobus, originates from the Greek language, meaning the rounded structure and protrusion of an organ. Subsequently, Romans Latinized the term in order to reclassify it into medical language. Consequently, and in accordance to FITAP regulation, with Latin as the official language, the correct terms to use are lobus and lobulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep‐water Niger Delta continental slope is a prolific petroleum province. A key challenge in unlocking the potential of such petroleum provinces is in understanding the internal architecture and associated controlling factors of deep‐water depositional systems. Here, we used high‐resolution 3D seismic data to analyse the development of a submarine system on the midslope of the Niger continental margin: the Bakama Submarine Depositional System (BSDS). Over 18 km down dip, the BSDS evolves from lobes through straight channels to lobes again. The fills of intraslope Minibasin I comprised three overlapping lobe complexes varying in size from 1,200 to 4,000 m in width, 15 to 30 m in thickness, and 8 to 11 km in length. During the development of these three lobe complexes, Minibasin I and adjacent growth faults interacted with a variety of deep‐water depositional process, which directly influenced the sediment distribution on this slope and the evolution of whole BSDS. Downstream of Minibasin I, ten straight, sub‐parallel adjacent channels occurred on a significantly increased slope (from <2° to >3°). They deeply incise the underlying strata and are small in scale, 150 to 200 m in width, 30 to 45 m in depth with aspect ratios of 4 to 5. On a more gentle slope section (<2°) within the linked downslope intraslope basin (Minibasin II), these adjacent channels are replaced by two attached lobe complexes that are some 2,100 to 3,100 m in length, 600 to 1,700 m in width, and 10 to 30 m in thickness. Therefore, it could be concluded that localized slope gradients play an important role in the development of straight channels and their attached lobes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pituitary gland is noted through distinct particularities to those of the other vertebrates. Within this class there are morphological variations in form, the size and lobulation of the pituitary gland. Thus, in some species, adenohypophysis is not anatomically divided but it is consisting of a single lobe. In many species of Teleostei adenohypophysis it consists of two lobes, one anterior or distally subdivided into two zones and the other intermediate. The present paper aims to highlight the structure of the pituitary gland and cell types present in cyprinids lobes. The studies were performed on microscopic preparations containing sagittal sections through carp pituitary. The sagittal histological sections made of 5µm reveal the presence of two distinct parts: neurohypophyses of nervous origin, and the adenohypophysis of epithelial origin. Considering the scientific importance and the practice of pituitary hormones in stimulating the maturation of gonads in fish also followed the changes of the pituitary structure, especially of the middle gonadotropic lobe. The histological study of the pituitary gland in the H. molitrix species at different times of the year has given us the possibility to track the seasonal variations of the basophil gonadotropic lobe structure. In the present study demonstrated that during the annual cycle, GTH cells go through different stages of activity that are not synchronous in all cells GTH. We were able to draw conclusions regarding the best period for harvesting pituitary glands used for pituitary injections under artificial reproduction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Drosophila, the development of the fly eye involves the activity of several, interconnected pathways that first define the presumptive eye field within the eye anlagen, followed by establishment of the dorso-ventral boundary, and the regulation of growth and apoptosis. In Lobe (L) mutant flies, parts of the eye or even the complete eye are absent because the eye field has not been properly defined. Manifold genetic interactions indicate that L influences the activity of several signalling pathways, resulting in a conversion of eye tissue into epidermis, and in the induction of apoptosis. As information on the molecular nature of the L mutation is lacking, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still an enigma. Results: We have identified Protein Kinase D (PKD) as a strong modifier of the L mutant phenotype. PKD belongs to the PKC/CAMK class of Ser/Thr kinases that have been involved in diverse cellular processes including stress resistance and growth. Despite the many roles of PKD, Drosophila PKD null mutants are without apparent phenotype apart from sensitivity to oxidative stress. Here we report an involvement of PKD in eye development in the sensitized genetic background of Lobe. Absence of PKD strongly enhanced the dominant eye defects of heterozygous L2 flies, and decreased their viability. Moreover, eye-specific overexpression of an activated isoform of PKD considerably ameliorated the dominant L2 phenotype. This genetic interaction was not allele specific but similarly seen with three additional, weaker L alleles (L1, L5, LG), demonstrating its specificity. Conclusions: We propose that PKD-mediated phosphorylation is involved in underlying processes causing the L phenotype, i.e. in the regulation of growth, the epidermal transformation of eye tissue and apoptosis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been no prior reports of the morphology of the caudate lobe of the liver in a Caribbean population. We sought to document the variations in caudate surface anatomy in this population. Two independent investigators observed 56 consecutive cadaveric dissections over a period of five years. Each liver was explanted using a standardized technique. The caudate lobe was observed and standardized measurements were taken using electronic calipers. There were 56 cadavers dissected over the study period. Morphologic anomalies of the caudate lobe were present in 64% of unselected persons in this Caribbean population. These included the presence of a linguiform process (64.3%), absence of a caudate process (28.6%), presence of an inferior caudate notch (21.4%), the presence of a vertical caudate fissure (19.6%) and the presence of a papillary process (10.7%). The caudate fissure co-existed with a caudate notch in 91.6% of our population. Only 36% of persons in this Caribbean population had normal caudate lobe anatomy. These variations carry clinical significance and are of importance to any clinician treating liver diseases in persons of Caribbean extract. This population has the highest prevalence of a linguiform process (64.3%) to be reported in medical literature. It is unclear why the incidence was so high in this Caribbean population, but it is tempting to think that there might be an ethnic predisposition since the majority of cadavers in our study were of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity (91.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Comparative analyses of deep-marine sedimentological studies are hindered by the wide variety in methods of data collection, scales of observation, resolution, classification approaches and terminology. A relational database, the Deep-Marine Architecture Knowledge Store (DMAKS), has been developed to facilitate such analyses, through the integration of deep-marine sedimentological data collated to a common standard. DMAKS hosts data on siliciclastic deep-marine system boundary conditions, and on architectural and facies properties, including spatial, temporal and hierarchical relationships between units at multiple scales. DMAKS has been devised to include original and literature-derived data from studies of the modern sea-floor, and from ancient successions studied in the subsurface and in outcrop. The database can be used as a research tool in both pure and applied science, allowing the quantitative characterisation of deep-marine systems. The ability to synthesise data from several case studies and to filter outputs on multiple parameters that describe the depositional systems and their controlling factors enables evaluation of the degree to which certain controls affect sedimentary architectures, thereby testing the validity of existing models. In applied contexts, DMAKS aids the selection and application of geological analogues to hydrocarbon reservoirs, and permits the development of predictive models of reservoir characteristics that account for geological uncertainty. To demonstrate the breadth of research applications, example outputs are presented on: (i) the characterisation of channel geometries, (ii) the hierarchical organisation of channelised and terminal deposits, (iii) temporal trends in the deposition of terminal lobes, (iv) scaling relationships between adjacent channel and levee architectural elements, (v) quantification of the likely occurrence of elements of different types as a function of the lateral distance away from an element of known type, (vi) proportions and transition statistics of facies in elements and beds, (vii) variability in net-to-gross ratios among element types. Highlights • A repository for deep-marine sedimentological data has been built, known as DMAKS. • Data standardisation enables quantitative analysis of deep-marine systems. • Multi-parameter querying aids evaluation of deep-marine boundary condition effects. • DMAKS output can be used to produce predictive models of sedimentary architecture. • DMAKS can be used to produce synthetic analogues to hydrocarbon reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize grain is of a great economic importance worldwide. Morphometric and cytological descriptions of developing maize endosperms are available in inbred lines growing under natural conditions. Despite tremendous potential in biotechnology, similar studies focused on endosperm development in vitro are rather rare. Here we provide a comparative study on growth and development of endosperms in planta versus in vitro, considering regulation by different cytokinins during endosperm cultivation. Histochemical analyses were performed on hand-cut sections of samples stained with Sudan III. Microtubules (MTs) were immunolocalized in whole mount samples and Steedmanʼs wax sections of endosperm and miniendosperm from in vitro conditions. Our results confirmed that in vitro cultured maize endosperms proliferate and establish aleurone and starchy cells like endosperms grown in planta, however later ones undergo a distinct developmental program triggered/controlled by cytokinins. Higher mitotic activity of surface layer cells resulted in the miniendosperm proliferation, while the centrally localized parenchymatic starchy-like cells differentiated into tracheary elements (TEs). Furthermore, we report, for the first time, on the formation of numerous lobes and trichomes on pericarp cells. MT rearrangements play an important regulatory role in the differentiation of TEs. Formation of functional vascular tissue and lipid accumulation appears to be fundamental for maize miniendosperm proliferation. In contrast, the presence of maternal tissue (pericarp and nucellus) prevents miniendosperm growth and development. We assume the formation of lobes and trichomes is an adaptive response of in vitro maize endosperm to high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and micro energy sources are becoming increasingly important in the current environmental conditions. Especially, the production of electricity and heat in so-called cogeneration systems allows for significant primary energy savings thanks to their high generation efficiency (up to 90%). This article provides an overview of the currently used and developed technologies applied in small and micro cogeneration systems i.e., Stirling engines, gas and steam microturbines, various types of volumetric expanders (vane, lobe, screw, piston, Wankel, gerotor) and fuel cells. Their basic features, power ranges and examples of implemented installations based on these technologies are presented in this paper.