Search

Telicota palmarum hainanum Sonan, 1938 Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 28: 370, fig. 2. Labels: ��� Telicota / palmarum / hainanum Sonan/ DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� palmarum,��� ��� hainana/ Sonan,��� ���Xuechanglu [In Chinese]/ [Meiji] 41 [= 1908] 4 22,��� ��� Holo/ Type [in red].��� Sonan (1938 a) specified a male [actually female] specimen when he described Telicota palmarum hainanum Sonan, thus it represents the holotype. This holotype was located in TARI (Fig. 34���36), and the specimen conforms to the original description (p. 370) and associated figure (fig. 2) given by Sonan (1938). Evans (1949) listed hainanum as a synonym of Cephrenes chrysozona oceanica (Mabille, 1904). Maruyama (1991) pointed out that the correct name for this taxon should be Cephrenes acalle oceanica, and his treatment has been followed by de Jong & Treadaway (1993). Consequently the name hainanum Sonan, 1938 is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Cephrenes acalle oceanica (Mabille, 1904) in the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. (1938 a) A list of the butterflies of Hainan, with descriptions of two new sub-species of Hesperiidae. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 28, 348 - 372, 2 f. [In Japanese]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Maruyama, K. (1991) Butterflies of Borneo, 2 (2), Hesperiidae. Tobishima Corporation, Tokyo, xiii + 82 pp. [Japanese]; ix + 77 pp. [English]; 40 pls.","de Jong, R. & Treadaway C. G .. (1993) The Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 288, 1 - 139."]}

Augiades bouddha niitakana Sonan, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 213. Labels: ��� Augiades / bouddha / niitakana Sonan/ DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� 800 - SUIGEN/ 24 VII 1930 / Col. J. Sonan,��� ��� No. 60,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A male specimen was designated as the holotype by Sonan (1936), and this holotype was retrieved in TARI (Fig. 16���18). Evans (1949) treated this taxon as a subspecies of Ochlodes siva Moore, 1878, and this treatment was followed by Bridges (1983). Shir��zu (1960), however, considered this taxon a synonym of Augiades sylvanus var. formosana Matsumura, 1919, which was recognized to represent a valid subspecies of Ochlodes subhyalina (Bremer & Grey, 1853) by Evans (1949). Based on the characteristics of male genitalia, Chiba and Tsukiyama (1996) subsequently raised formosana to species status, and considered it a species endemic to Taiwan. Hsu et al. (2006), however, found that formosana Matsumura, 1919 is actually a junior subjective synonym of Ochlodes venata (Bremer & Grey, 1853), so niitakana Sonan, 1936 should be resurrected in the combination Ochlodes niitakanus. Shir��zu (1960) claimed that the allotype female of niitakana was probably a different species. His statement seems to be groundless. We examined the female paratype of niitakana (Fig. 19���21) and confirmed that it was conspecific with the male holotype., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Bridges, C. A. (1983) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Notes on Species-Group Names. Published by author, Urbana, 274 pp.","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Chiba, H & Tsukiyama, H. (1996) A review of the genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872, with special reference to the Eurasian species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Butterflies, 14, 3 - 16. [In Japanese with English abstract]","Hsu, Y. F., Chiba, H., Yang, Y. C., Tsukiyama, H., Yang, P. S. & Wang S. M. (2006) A Taxonomic review of the Taiwanese skippers described by Shonen Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoological Studies, 45, 322 - 338."]}

Ampittia maro matsumurai Sonan, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 213. Labels: ��� Ampittia maro / matsumurai/ Sonan/ DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� Taiwan / Ishida,��� ��� No. 52,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A male specimen was designated as the holotype by Sonan (1936), and this holotype was retrieved in TARI (Fig. 13���15). Evans (1949) considered this taxon a synonym of Ampittia dioscorides etura Mabille, 1891 described from Hong Kong. This treatment was followed by subsequent authors (e. g. Yamanaka 1980; Bridges 1983; Hamano 1987; Chiba et al. 1992). The name matsumurai Sonan, 1936 is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Ampittia dioscorides etura Mabille, 1891 in the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]","Bridges, C. A. (1983) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Notes on Species-Group Names. Published by author, Urbana, 274 pp.","Chiba, H., Hsu, Y. F. & Shirozu, T. (1992) Hesperiidae. In: Heppner, J. N., Inoue, H. (Eds.) Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 130 - 132."]}

Parnara ranrunna Sonan, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 215. Label: ��� Parnara / ranrunna Sonan / DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� Ranrun/ 10 III 1926 / S. Isshiki,��� ��� No. 67,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A single male specimen was designated as the holotype by Sonan (1936), and the holotype was retrieved from TARI (Fig. 25���27). Evans (1949) synonymized this taxon with Caltoris bromus yanuca Fruhstorfer, 1911. However, his treatment was not followed by most subsequent authors (e. g. Shir��zu 1960; Hamano 1986; Chiba et al. 1992), who retained it as a distinct Caltoris species. Yamanaka (1980), citing an unpublished idea from Hiroshi Tsukiyama, regarded this taxon as a junior synonym of Caltoris cahira austeni (Moore, 1884). This viewpoint was endorsed by Hsu and Wang (2005), and accepted by the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Hamano, E. (1986) Ecological Encyclopedia of Taiwanese Butterflies. Kodansha, Tokyo, 474 pp. [In Japanese]","Chiba, H., Hsu, Y. F. & Shirozu, T. (1992) Hesperiidae. In: Heppner, J. N., Inoue, H. (Eds.) Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 130 - 132.","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]","Hsu, Y. F. & Wang, S. M. (2005) Notes on immature biology of a rare skipper Caltoris bromus yanuca Fruhstorfer (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), with a discussion on the systematic status of Parnara ranrunna Sonan. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 80, 70 - 81."]}

Lobocla kodairai Sonan, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 209. Labels (the slash denotes new line): ��� Lobocla / kodairai Sonan / DET. J. SONAN,��� ���Hori/ 27 VII 1934 / K. Kodaira,��� ��� No. 49,��� ��� Type [in red].��� Only one female specimen (Fig. 1���2) was included in Sonan���s (1936) original description of this taxon. The material bearing the type label (Fig. 3) matches the original description. Evans (1949) treated kodairai as a synonym of Lobocla bifasciata (Bremer & Grey, 1853), while Shir��zu (1944, 1960) retained the name kodairai as a subspecific name. Lobocla bifasciata shows tremendous variation especially in male genitalia (Evans 1949). There is no doubt that this taxon belongs to bifasciata or its complex because its male genitalia (Shir��zu 1960) agree with those of bifasciata, but in order to judge whether the Taiwanese taxon is distinct or not, further investigation is required. Evans (1949) suspected that kodairai might be represented by a stray specimen, evidently an erroneous view as this taxon has been shown to be a montane skipper native to the island (Shir��zu 1960; Yamanaka 1980). We tentatively follow Shir��zu���s (1944, 1960) treatment, regarding kodairai Sonan, 1936 as a subspecific name of Lobocla bifasciata (Bremer & Grey, 1853)., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Shirozu, T. (1944) Notes on some Formosan butterflies (I). (Records of three species new to the fauna of Formosa). Transactions of Kansai Entomological Society, 14, 30 - 42. [In Japanese]","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]"]}

Gangara thyrsis hainana Sonan, 1930 Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 20: 37. Labels: ��� Gangara / thyrsis / hainana Son./ DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� thyrsis,��� ��� hainana/ Sonan,��� ��� Hainan 1929 [?].��� Sonan (1930 a) specified ���one mall[e]��� when he described Gangara thyrsis hainana, thus it represents the holotype of the taxon. This holotype was found in TARI (Fig. 31���33). Evans (1949) listed hainana as a synonym of Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775). Gangara thyrsis is widespread from the Himalayas across India and Sundaland to the Philippines and Sulawesi with weak geographical differentiation (Evans 1949), and we follow Evans��� treatment. The name hainana Sonan, 1930 is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775) in the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. (1930 a) Some butterflies from Hainan Island. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 20, 31 - 37. [In Japanese]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp."]}

Notocrypta arisana Sonan, 1930 Zephyrus 2: 175, Tab. 14, fig. 7. Labels: ��� Notocrypta / arisana Sonan / DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� Formosa / Arisan 1918./ X 2���23 / J. SONAN / M. YOSHINO,��� ��� No. 55,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A male specimen was designated as the [holo] type in the original description (Sonan 1930 b), and the holotype was retrieved in TARI (Fig. 10���12). Evans (1949) listed arisana as a synonym of Notocrypta paralysos asawa Fruhstorfer, 1911, and this treatment was followed by Bridges (1983). However, N. paralysos has not been recorded on the main island of Taiwan (Chiba et al. 1992). Shir��zu (1960) considered arisana a melanin form of N. curvifascia. Based on the investigation by Hiroshi Tsukiyama, Morishita (1978) treated it as a subspecies of N. feisthamelii (Boisduval, 1832). This treatment was followed by subsequent authors (e. g. Yamanaka 1980; Hsu & Li 1989; Chiba et al. 1992), and is accepted by the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. (1930 b) Notes on some butterflies from Formosa. Zephyrus, 2, 165 - 176, 1 pl. [In Japanese]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Bridges, C. A. (1983) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Notes on Species-Group Names. Published by author, Urbana, 274 pp.","Chiba, H., Hsu, Y. F. & Shirozu, T. (1992) Hesperiidae. In: Heppner, J. N., Inoue, H. (Eds.) Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 130 - 132.","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Morishita, K. (1978) Notocrypta. Yadoriga, 95 / 96: 15 - 33. [In Japanese]","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]","Hsu, Y. F. & Li, C. F. (1989) The revised taxonomic position of Notochrypta from Orchid Is. (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 42, 9 - 13."]}

Parnara kiraizana Sonan, 1938 Zephyrus 7: 255. Labels: ��� Parnara / kiraizana Sonan / DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� Kirai/ 10 VIII 1934 / M. Yamanaka,��� ��� No. 65,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A male was designated as the [holo] type when Sonan (1938 b) described this taxon, and the holotype was retrieved from TARI (Fig. 28���30). Evans (1949) treated this taxon as a subspecies of mencia Moore, 1877 [as Polytremis mencia kiraizana]. Shir��zu (1960) viewed it as a distinct species but transferred it to the genus Pelopidas without giving a rationale. He probably judged by the general appearance of kiraizana, notably the male stigma on the upperside of the forewing. Shir��zu���s treatment was followed by a few subsequent authors (e. g. Yamanaka 1980). However, this transfer was inappropriate, as the mesotibia of kiraizana possess no spines, a diagnostic character for the genus Polytremis, whereas the mesotibia of Pelopidas species possess prominent spines (Evans 1949; Kawazo�� & Wakabayashi 1976; Tsukiyama et al. 1997). This point was recognized by a few authors, who considered kiraizana a species endemic to Taiwan and used the combination of Polytremis kiraizana for the taxon (e. g. Hamano 1986; Sugiyama 1999). Nevertheless, this combination is never explicitly proposed, and no comparison between mencia and kiraizana was performed. The male genitalia of kiraizana (Fig. 40���42) and those of mencia (Fig. 43���45) are considerably different, thus we support that the combination of Polytremis kiraizana should be applied to this taxon (confirmed status). Although both P. s u p re m a Sugiyama, 1999 from Guangxi and P. m a t s u i i Sugiyama, 1999 from Sichuan may be good candidates for continental relatives, P. k i r a i z a n a is regarded as an endemic Taiwanese species for the present (Fig. 46)., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. (1938 b) Notes on some butterflies from Formosa (5). Zephyrus, 7, 250 - 275, 1 pl. [In Japanese]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]","Kawazoe, A. & Wakabayashi, M. (1976) Coloured Illustrations of the Butterflies of Japan. Hoikusha, Osaka, VII + 422 pp.","Tsukiyama, H., Chiba, H. & Fujioka, T. (1997) Hesperiidae. In: Fujioka, T. (Ed.), Japanese Butterflies and Their Relatives in the World, Vol. I. Shuppan Geijyutsu Sha, Tokyo, pp. 29 - 138. [In Japanese]","Hamano, E. (1986) Ecological Encyclopedia of Taiwanese Butterflies. Kodansha, Tokyo, 474 pp. [In Japanese]","Sugiyama, H. (1999) New butterflies from western China (VI). Pallarge 7: 1 - 14."]}

Coladenia sadakoe Sonan & Mitono, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 184 Labels: ��� Coladenia / sadakoe / Sonan et Mitono/ DET J. SONAN,��� ��� KAHODAI/ FORMOSA / 1930. X. 25 / COL. T MITONO,��� ���No. 50,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A single female was designated as the holotype in the original description (Sonan and Mitono 1936) and the specimen (Fig. 4���6) examined from TARI matches the description. Evans (1949) listed this taxon as a synonym of C. agni igna Semper, 1892 without giving any reason. This treatment was followed by Shir��zu (1960) and Bridges (1983). The type specimen shows the characteristics of Pseudocoladenia dan (Moore 1881) rather than C. agni igna (Shimonoya & Murayama 1976). This viewpoint was accepted by subsequent authors (e. g. Yamanaka 1980; Uchida 1991; Chiba et al. 1992; Uchida 1995; Hsu et al. 2007). The name sadakoe Sonan & Mitono, 1936 is considered a valid subspecific name for P. d a n from Taiwan in the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. & Mitono, T. (1936) On a new species of Hesperiidae, Coladenia sadakoe Sonan et Mitono. Zephyrus, 6,184 - 185. [In Japanese.]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Bridges, C. A. (1983) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Notes on Species-Group Names. Published by author, Urbana, 274 pp.","Shimonoya, T. & Murayama, S. (1976) Remarks on some Formosan Rhopalocera with descriptions of two new species, and the revision of a few scientific names. Tyo to Ga, 27, 43 - 48. [In Japanese with English summary.]","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]","Uchida, H. (1991) Charms of Formosa, Island of Everlasting Summer: Butterflies of Taiwan - Nature and Man. Published by author, Numazu, 216 pp. [In Japanese.]","Chiba, H., Hsu, Y. F. & Shirozu, T. (1992) Hesperiidae. In: Heppner, J. N., Inoue, H. (Eds.) Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 130 - 132.","Uchida H. (1995) Everlasting Island with Beautiful Butterflies - Nature and Man. Published by author, Numazu, 208 pp. [In Japanese.]","Hsu, Y. F., Chen, S. C. & Lu, C. C. (2007) On the immature biology of Pseudocoladenia dan sadakoe (Sonan & Mitono), with a discussion of the systematic status of this rare taxon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 83, 19 - 31."]}

Tagiades menaka hainana Sonan, 1938 Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 28: 370, fig. 1. Labels: ��� Tagiades / menaka /hainana Sonan DET. J. SONAN,��� ���Ling-sui/Hainan/ 1930 / COL. J. SONAN,��� ���menata,��� ���hainana/Sonan,��� ���Holo/ Type [in red],��� ���HES(3)��� Sonan (1938 a) specified just one male specimen when he described Tagiades menaka hainana, thus it represents the holotype of the taxon. The unique type (holotype) of the taxon was found in TARI (Fig. 37���39), and the specimen conforms to the original description and associated figure in Sonan (1938 a) although the collecting year was ��� 1908 ��� in the original description but ��� 1930 ��� on the label. Evans (1949) intended to list hainana as a synonym of Tagiades menaka menaka (Moore, 1865), but the name hainana was in the index of his catalogue and not in the text. The characteristics of the holotype, however, do not agree with those of T. menaka. Instead, the holotype possesses diagnostic characters of T. japetus (Stoll, 1782) defined by Evans (1949) and Tsukiyama (1980) as it has no hyaline spot in front of spots at the end of discoidal cell and a prominent hyaline spot in cell M 3 and Cu 1 of the forewing (Fig. 37���38). The wing markings of the specimen are generally similar to those of the wet season form of T. j. ravi Moore, 1865, but differ from it by possessing a white hindwing fringe instead of brown. Although it is difficult to accept the fact that this rather common skipper is represented by a single specimen, there is no specific evidence that it was mislabelled. Thus the name hainana may be used as the valid subspecific name for populations of T. japetus (status revised) inhabiting the island pending further research., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Sonan, J. (1938 a) A list of the butterflies of Hainan, with descriptions of two new sub-species of Hesperiidae. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 28, 348 - 372, 2 f. [In Japanese]","Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Tsukiyama, H. (1980) Miscellaneous notes on skippers of the Southeast Asia (2). Gekkan-Mushi, 118, 11 - 16. [In Japanese]"]}

Tagiades menaka kotoshona Sonan, 1936 Zephyrus 6: 212. Labels: ��� Tagiades / menaka / kotoshoana Sonan DET. J. SONAN,��� ��� Kotosho/ 10 III ��� 14 IV 1920 / J. Sonan/ Col. T. Okuni,��� ��� No. 51,��� ��� Type [in red].��� A single male specimen was designated as the holotype in the original description and the specimen bearing the type label matches the description (Fig. 7���9). Evans (1949) listed kotoshona as a synonym of T. litigiosa litigiosa M��schler, 1878. Again, no reason was given. Umeno (1937) pointed out that no diagnostic features could be identified between kotoshona and ��� Tagiades menaka martinus P��tz [sic].��� Shir��zu (1943) subsequently treated kotoshona as a synonym of T. trebellius martinus Pl��tz, 1884. This treatment was followed by subsequent authors (e. g. Shir��zu 1960; Chiba et al. 1992; Tsukiyama et al. 1997). The type shows the characteristics of T. trebellius martinus, which is the only Tagiades found in Kotosho (= Lanyu) (Shir��zu 1960, Yamanaka 1980), a small island off the southeastern coast of Taiwan. Neither T. menaka Moore, 1865 nor litigiosa has been confirmed from Taiwan (Chiba et al. 1992). The name kotoshona Sonan, 1936 is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of T. trebellius martinus Pl��tz, 1884 in the present study., Published as part of Chiba, Hideyuki, Hsu, Yu-Feng, Tsukiyama, Hiroshi, Lo, Philip Yik-Fui, Chen, Chien-Ren & Wang, Shou-Ming, 2009, Jinhaku Sonan's skipper type collection deposited at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2202 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189654, {"references":["Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp.","Umeno, A. (1937) On the butterflies of Koushun Gun, Formosa, mainly around Kuraru area (IV). Zephyrus, 7, 142 - 149. [In Japanese]","Shirozu, T. (1943) A revision of the genus Tagiades Hubner occurring in the Japanese Empire (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Transactions of Kansai Entomological Society, 13, 9 - 24. [In Japanese]","Shirozu, T. (1960) Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 481 pp. [In Japanese]","Chiba, H., Hsu, Y. F. & Shirozu, T. (1992) Hesperiidae. In: Heppner, J. N., Inoue, H. (Eds.) Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, pp. 130 - 132.","Tsukiyama, H., Chiba, H. & Fujioka, T. (1997) Hesperiidae. In: Fujioka, T. (Ed.), Japanese Butterflies and Their Relatives in the World, Vol. I. Shuppan Geijyutsu Sha, Tokyo, pp. 29 - 138. [In Japanese]","Yamanaka, M. (1980) Distribution of Formosan butterflies. Tyo to Ga 30, suppl. 1, 1 - 143. [In Japanese]"]}