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This article proposes a theoretical model of work-family enrichment and tests the mediating role of work engagement. The inclusion of work engagement extends prior research on work-family interface, and allows for examination of the effects of role resources (job resources, family support) on work-family enrichment. A two-wave survey was conducted among a matched sample of 786 employees in China. The model was tested with structural equation modeling techniques. The results showed that work engagement was the most proximal predictor of work-family enrichment. Work engagement fully mediated the relationship between family-friendly organizational policies and work-family enrichment, and also between job autonomy and family-work enrichment. Further, work engagement partially mediated the relationships between two job resources (supervisor support, job autonomy) and work-family enrichment, and also between family support and family-work enrichment. No difference was found in gender and marital status in the proposed model. Implications for future research and practices are discussed. (Contains 2 figures and 4 tables.)

The impact of work–family conflict on well-being outcomes is well established, as is the role of social support in buffering perceptions of conflict. What is less well understood is how these relationships vary for different groups of respondents. Using a two-wave longitudinal design with a 12-month time lag and samples of employees (total N = 2183) from Australia, New Zealand, China and Hong Kong, the present research investigated whether the mediating relationships between social support, work–family conflict and well-being outcomes were moderated by gender, geographical region and the presence of dependants in the household. Supervisor support and family support were associated with lower work–family conflict, and hence reduced psychological strain and increased job and family satisfaction, for women and for employees in China and Hong Kong, but not for employees in Australia and New Zealand. However, the presence of dependants was not a significant moderator. Our findings illustrate the importance of exploring gender and national differences in work–family conflict research, particularly the investigation of cross-domain effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data Sources: The Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase, WHOLIS/PAHO/MEDCARIB/LILACS/BBO and Current Controlled Trials databases. Selected authors were contacted and the reference lists of articles searched., Study Selection: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials with a minimum of two years' follow up comparing fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges) with no fluoride supplement or with other preventive measures such as topical fluorides in children less than 16 years of age at the start were included., Data Extraction and Synthesis: Eligibility, risk of bias assessment and data abstraction were conducted by two authors independently and in duplicate. Disagreements were resolved by consensus and by consulting a third author. The prevented fraction (PF), defined as the mean caries increment in controls minus mean caries increment in the treated group divided by mean caries increment in controls was used to evaluate efficacy. Random-effects meta-analysis was used where the data could be pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed and adverse effects recorded when reported., Results: Eleven studies (involving 7196 children) were included. In permanent teeth, comparing fluoride supplements with no fluoride supplement, (three studies), supplement use was associated with a 24% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 33%) reduction in decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS). The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on primary teeth. In one study, no caries-inhibiting effect was observed on deciduous teeth while in another study, the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a substantial reduction in caries increment.When fluoride supplements were compared with topical fluorides or with other preventive measures, there was no differential effect on permanent or deciduous teeth. The review found limited information on the adverse effects associated with the use of fluoride supplements., Conclusions: This review suggests that the use of fluoride supplements is associated with a reduction in caries increment when compared with no fluoride supplement in permanent teeth. The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous teeth. When compared with the administration of topical fluorides, no differential effect was observed. We rated 10 trials as being at unclear risk of bias and one at high risk of bias, and therefore the trials provide weak evidence about the efficacy of fluoride supplements.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a disposable rubber chewing wheel (Rolly Brush device) to remove plaque after meals., Methodology: This was a randomized, four-armed, investigator-blinded study where subjects were assigned into tooth brushing, mouthrinse, chewing gum, and Rolly Brush groups. Plaque index was measured before and after one of the four plaque removal techniques. Questionnaires were administered to ascertain the subject's opinion of the Rolly Brush device compared with the other plaque removal methods., Results: Rolly Brush removed plaque better than mouth rinsing (p < 0.03). Subjects reported that Rolly Brush removed plaque better than mouthrinse (p < 0.001) or chewing gum (p < 0.001), but not better than tooth brushing (p = 0.365). Subjective reports indicated that the Rolly Brush device was less likely to disrupt taste compared to mouthrinse (12% versus 30% of the subjects, respectively). Subjects randomized to the Rolly Brush group also rated the device highest in terms of ease of use, although there were no statistical differences among the methods., Conclusion: These results suggest that a disposable rubber chewing wheel, the Rolly Brush device, is an acceptable means of removing plaque after meals, and should be well tolerated by the public.

A 42-year-old female developed fulminant hepatic failure after having ingested an undetermined quantity of a herbal product over a period of approximately four months prior to the onset of her illness. Clinically, the cause of liver failure was assessed to be drug-induced and she eventually underwent total hepatectomy, with porto-caval shunting, in anticipation of a living-unrelated liver transplant. Unfortunately, her condition deteriorated and she died less than 48 hours post-operatively, approximately three weeks post-admission. An autopsy showed that the subject was deeply jaundiced and severely obese (BMI: 47.1 kg m(-2)), with evidence of diffuse haemorrhage, including the presence of 1.35 l of blood in the peritoneal cavity. The liver had been removed and was later recovered as a formalin-fixed specimen which was markedly contracted, comprising multiple micronodules interspersed with extensive areas of dense fibrotic tissue. Histologically, there was massive necrosis of the hepatic parenchyma, such that the residual hepatocytes were disposed as nodules displaying variable cellular regeneration and ballooning degeneration, attended by florid ductal proliferation and mixed inflammatory infiltrates. Infective, autoimmune, metabolic, vascular, neoplastic and most other natural causes of massive hepatocellular necrosis were effectively excluded. Analysis of the post-mortem blood samples yielded fluconazole, metronidazole, frusemide, lignocaine and tramadol, (therapeutic agents administered to the patient during her last illness). Subsequent analysis of the residual capsules revealed that they were adulterated by fenfluramine, N-nitrosofenfluramine (1.3-1.6 mg per capsule), nicotinamide (13.3-15.6 mg per capsule) and thyroid extract. None of the herbal ingredients is currently known to be hepatotoxic and much the same applies to fenfluramine, nicotinamide (except when taken in mega-doses) and thyroid extract. However, as nitrosamines are known to be variably hepatotoxic, it would be reasonable to surmise that, in the absence of a more plausible cause of liver damage, N-nitrosofenfluramine was the likely cause of massive hepatocellular necrosis in this instance.