82 results on '"Lloyd CJ"'
Search Results
2. A scenario analysis of future Hong Kong age and labour force profiles and its implications
- Author
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Lloyd, CJ, Kwok, R, Yip, PSF, Lloyd, CJ, Kwok, R, and Yip, PSF
- Abstract
The consequences of reduced fertility and mortality on the age distribution are an issue for most developed countries, but especially for the ‘Asian tiger’ economies. We use functional data analysis forecasting techniques to project the population of Hong Kong. Our projections include error estimates that allow for forecasting error as well as exogenous variations of fertility and migration numbers. We separate out the effects of pure demographic shifts from projected behavioural changes in labour force participation.This enables us to look at the kinds of changes in labour force participation that would be required to offset the aging effects that we estimate.
- Published
- 2019
3. A new method of identifying target groups for pronatalist policy applied to Australia
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van Wouwe, JP, Chen, M, Lloyd, CJ, Yip, PSF, van Wouwe, JP, Chen, M, Lloyd, CJ, and Yip, PSF
- Abstract
A country's total fertility rate (TFR) depends on many factors. Attributing changes in TFR to changes of policy is difficult, as they could easily be correlated with changes in the unmeasured drivers of TFR. A case in point is Australia where both pronatalist effort and TFR increased in lock step from 2001 to 2008 and then decreased. The global financial crisis or other unobserved confounders might explain both the reducing TFR and pronatalist incentives after 2008. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate causal effects of policy using econometric techniques. The aim of this study is to instead look at the structure of the population to identify which subgroups most influence TFR. Specifically, we build a stochastic model relating TFR to the fertility rates of various subgroups and calculate elasticity of TFR with respect to each rate. For each subgroup, the ratio of its elasticity to its group size is used to evaluate the subgroup's potential cost effectiveness as a pronatalist target. In addition, we measure the historical stability of group fertility rates, which measures propensity to change. Groups with a high effectiveness ratio and also high propensity to change are natural policy targets. We applied this new method to Australian data on fertility rates broken down by parity, age and marital status. The results show that targeting parity 3+ is more cost-effective than lower parities. This study contributes to the literature on pronatalist policies by investigating the targeting of policies, and generates important implications for formulating cost-effective policies.
- Published
- 2018
4. Accurate p-values for adaptive designs with binary endpoints
- Author
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Heritier, S, Lloyd, CJ, Lo, SN, Heritier, S, Lloyd, CJ, and Lo, SN
- Published
- 2017
5. The size accuracy of combination tests
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Lloyd, CJ and Lloyd, CJ
- Published
- 2017
6. The Spouted Bed Drier - an Alternative to Spray Drying
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Chemeca 80 (8th : 1980 : Melbourne, Vic.), Fane, AG, Stevenson, TR, Lloyd, CJ, and Dunn, M
- Published
- 1980
7. Toward a general theory of competitive dominance: Comments and extensions on Powell (2003)
- Author
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Powell, TC, Lloyd, CJ, Powell, TC, and Lloyd, CJ
- Published
- 2005
8. Diagnosis and mitigation of the systemic impact of genome reduction in Escherichia coli DGF-298.
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Champie A, Lachance J-C, Sastry A, Matteau D, Lloyd CJ, Grenier F, Lamoureux CR, Jeanneau S, Feist AM, Jacques P-É, Palsson BO, and Rodrigue S
- Abstract
Microorganisms with simplified genomes represent interesting cell chassis for systems and synthetic biology. However, genome reduction can lead to undesired traits, such as decreased growth rate and metabolic imbalances. To investigate the impact of genome reduction on Escherichia coli strain DGF-298, a strain in which ~ 36% of the genome has been removed, we reconstructed a strain-specific metabolic model ( i AC1061), investigated the regulation of gene expression using iModulon-based transcriptome analysis, and performed adaptive laboratory evolution to let the strain correct potential imbalances that arose during its simplification. The model notably predicted that the removal of all three key pathways for glycolaldehyde disposal in this microorganism would lead to a metabolic bottleneck through folate starvation. Glycolaldehyde is also known to cause self-generation of reactive oxygen species, as evidenced by the increased expression of oxidative stress resistance genes in the SoxS iModulon. The reintroduction of the aldA gene, responsible for one native glycolaldehyde disposal route, alleviated the constitutive oxidative stress response. Our results suggest that systems-level approaches and adaptive laboratory evolution have additive benefits when trying to repair and optimize genome-engineered strains., Importance: Genomic streamlining can be employed in model organisms to reduce complexity and enhance strain predictability. One of the most striking examples is the bacterial strain Escherichia coli DGF-298, notable for having over one-third of its genome deleted. However, such extensive genome modifications raise the question of how similar this simplified cell remains when compared with its parent, and what are the possible unintended consequences of this simplification. In this study, we used metabolic modeling along with iModulon-based transcriptomic analysis in different growth conditions to assess the impact of genome reduction on metabolism and gene regulation. We observed little impact of genomic reduction on the regulatory network of E. coli DGF-298 and identified a potential metabolic bottleneck leading to the constitutive activity of the SoxS iModulon. We then leveraged the model's predictions to successfully restore SoxS activity to the basal level.
- Published
- 2024
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9. Sugar-binding and split domain combinations in repeats-in-toxin adhesins from Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas veronii mediate cell-surface recognition and hemolytic activities.
- Author
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Sherik M, Eves R, Guo S, Lloyd CJ, Klose KE, and Davies PL
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- Animals, Humans, Aeromonas veronii metabolism, Fucose metabolism, Adhesins, Bacterial metabolism, Polysaccharides metabolism, Sugars metabolism, Mammals metabolism, Vibrio cholerae genetics, Vibrio cholerae metabolism, Cholera, Toxins, Biological metabolism
- Abstract
Many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria use repeats-in-toxin adhesins for colonization and biofilm formation. In the cholera agent Vibrio cholerae , flagellar-regulated hemagglutinin A (FrhA) enables these functions. Using bioinformatic analysis, a sugar-binding domain was identified in FrhA adjacent to a domain of unknown function. AlphaFold2 indicated the boundaries of both domains to be slightly shorter than previously predicted and assisted in the recognition of the unknown domain as a split immunoglobulin-like fold that can assist in projecting the sugar-binding domain toward its target. The AlphaFold2-predicted structure is in excellent agreement with the molecular envelope obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of a recombinant construct spanning the sugar-binding and unknown domains. This two-domain construct was probed by glycan micro-array screening and showed binding to mammalian fucosylated glycans, some of which are characteristic erythrocyte markers and intestinal cell epitopes. Isothermal titration calorimetry further showed the construct-bound l-fucose with a K
d of 21 µM. Strikingly, this recombinant protein construct bound and lysed erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, and its hemolytic activity was blocked by the addition of l-fucose. A protein ortholog construct from Aeromonas veronii was also produced and showed a similar glycan-binding pattern, binding affinity, erythrocyte-binding, and hemolytic activities. As demonstrated here with Hep-2 cells, fucose-based inhibitors of this sugar-binding domain can potentially be developed to block colonization by V. cholerae and other pathogenic bacteria that share this adhesin domain.IMPORTANCEThe bacterium, Vibrio cholerae , which causes cholera, uses an adhesion protein to stick to human cells and begin the infection process. One part of this adhesin protein binds to a particular sugar, fucose, on the surface of the target cells. This binding can lead to colonization and killing of the cells by the bacteria. Adding l-fucose to the bacteria before they bind to the human cells can prevent attachment and has promise as a preventative drug to protect against cholera., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2024
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10. A peptide-binding domain shared with an Antarctic bacterium facilitates Vibrio cholerae human cell binding and intestinal colonization.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ, Guo S, Kinrade B, Zahiri H, Eves R, Ali SK, Yildiz F, Voets IK, Davies PL, and Klose KE
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Infant, Mice, Bacteria, Cell Aggregation, Gastrointestinal Tract, Intestines, Diatoms, Vibrio cholerae genetics
- Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera, is responsible for multiple pandemics. V. cholerae binds to and colonizes the gastrointestinal tract within the human host, as well as various surfaces in the marine environment (e.g., zooplankton) during interepidemic periods. A large adhesin, the Flagellar Regulated Hemagglutinin A (FrhA), enhances binding to erythrocytes and epithelial cells and enhances intestinal colonization. We identified a peptide-binding domain (PBD) within FrhA that mediates hemagglutination, binding to epithelial cells, intestinal colonization, and facilitates biofilm formation. Intriguingly, this domain is also found in the ice-binding protein of the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis , where it mediates binding to diatoms. Peptide inhibitors of the M. primoryensis PBD inhibit V. cholerae binding to human cells as well as to diatoms and inhibit biofilm formation. Moreover, the M. primoryensis PBD inserted into FrhA allows V. cholerae to bind human cells and colonize the intestine and also enhances biofilm formation, demonstrating the interchangeability of the PBD from these bacteria. Importantly, peptide inhibitors of PBD reduce V. cholerae intestinal colonization in infant mice. These studies demonstrate how V. cholerae uses a PBD shared with a diatom-binding Antarctic bacterium to facilitate intestinal colonization in humans and biofilm formation in the environment.
- Published
- 2023
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11. Multi-fidelity modelling of shark skin denticle flows: insights into drag generation mechanisms.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ, Mittal K, Dutta S, Dorrell RM, Peakall J, Keevil GM, and Burns AD
- Abstract
We investigate the flow over smooth (non-ribletted) shark skin denticles in an open-channel flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and two Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) closures. Large peaks in pressure and viscous drag are observed at the denticle crown edges, where they are exposed to high-speed fluid which penetrates between individual denticles, increasing shear and turbulence. Strong lift forces lead to a positive spanwise torque acting on individual denticles, potentially encouraging bristling if the denticles were not fixed. However, DNS predicts that denticles ultimately increase drag by 58% compared to a flat plate. Good predictions of drag distributions are obtained by RANS models, although an underestimation of turbulent kinetic energy production leads to an underprediction of drag. Nevertheless, RANS methods correctly predict trends in the drag data and the regions contributing most to viscous and pressure drag. Subsequently, RANS models are used to investigate the dependence of drag on the flow blockage ratio (boundary layer to roughness height ratio), finding that the drag increase due to denticles is halved when the blockage ratio δ / h is increased from 14 to 45. Our results provide an integrated understanding of the drag over non-ribletted denticles, enabling existing diverse drag data to be explained., (© 2023 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2023
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12. The Vibrio Polar Flagellum: Structure and Regulation.
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Lloyd CJ and Klose KE
- Subjects
- Flagella genetics, Flagella metabolism, Virulence genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Vibrio genetics, Vibrio metabolism
- Abstract
Here we discuss the structure and regulation of the Vibrio flagellum and its role in the virulence of pathogenic species. We will cover some of the novel insights into the structure of this nanomachine that have recently been enabled by cryoelectron tomography. We will also highlight the recent genetic studies that have increased our understanding in flagellar synthesis specifically at the bacterial cell pole, temporal regulation of flagellar genes, and how the flagellum enables directional motility through Run-Reverse-Flick cycles., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
- Published
- 2023
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13. Pangenome analysis of Enterobacteria reveals richness of secondary metabolite gene clusters and their associated gene sets.
- Author
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Mohite OS, Lloyd CJ, Monk JM, Weber T, and Palsson BO
- Abstract
In silico genome mining provides easy access to secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding the biosynthesis of many bioactive compounds, which are the basis for many important drugs used in human medicine. However, the association between BGCs and other functions encoded in the genomes of producers have remained elusive. Here, we present a systems biology workflow that integrates genome mining with a detailed pangenome analysis for detecting genes associated with a particular BGC. We analyzed 3,889 enterobacterial genomes and found 13,266 BGCs, represented by 252 distinct BGC families and 347 additional singletons. A pangenome analysis revealed 88 genes putatively associated with a specific BGC coding for the colon cancer-related colibactin that code for diverse metabolic and regulatory functions . The presented workflow opens up the possibility to discover novel secondary metabolites, better understand their physiological roles, and provides a guide to identify and analyze BGC associated gene sets., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2022 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2022
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14. Prognostic indicators and outcomes following surgical management of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
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O'Connell JE, Saeed A, Jones HB, and Lloyd CJ
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- Humans, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Skin Neoplasms
- Abstract
Metastatic cutaneous SCC carries a poor prognosis with five-year survival of 25%-57%. The aim of this study is to examine the outcomes following surgery with adjuvant therapy for management of metastatic cSCC in a UK-based population. This is a retrospective review of patients with metastatic cSCC of the head and neck who underwent primary surgery at a regional center during a six-year period. Overall and disease specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Results were reported as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals. Forty-five patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean time to discovery of metastases was 9.3 months (range, 0-40 months). Only two patients (4%) had discovery of metastases after two years, with none after 3.3 years. The overall five5-year survival was 31% (95% CI 15%to 48%) with two-year survival at 48% (95% CI 31%to 63%). The median OS survival was 722 days (95% CI 607to 1359). Patients aged >80 years had a decreased OS. This is the largest UK based study documenting the overall and disease specific survival associated with metastatic cutaneous SCC of the head and neck. Our overall survival is comparable to similar studies, but remains poor. Total number of involved nodes, and lymph node ratio were not statistically significant., (Crown Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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15. A comprehensive open-source library for exact required sample size in binary clinical trials.
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Lloyd CJ and Ripamonti E
- Subjects
- Bias, Humans, Sample Size
- Abstract
We describe how we are creating a new and comprehensive R library solving the problem of exact sample size determination of RCTs. A crucial prerequisite for the trial protocol is a priori sample sizes that bound the test size below a target (often 5%) and the test power above a target (often 80%). Approximate formulas are available for binary trials but the target test size and power are often violated by standard methods for even quite large sample sizes. Moreover, adjusting standard tests to take account of their size bias can reduce power substantially. This has been well known for several decades. Exact and quasi-exact tests are now available and can be computed in a few seconds for a single data set. However, calculating the exact power and size of such tests requires computing them for all possible outcomes. Searching for minimum samples sizes that achieve a given target requires doing this for a wide range of sample sizes. This becomes computationally infeasible very quickly; to compute required sample sizes for a target size of 5% and power of 80% would, on a standard computer, take several months. Computation time increases as the size and clinically relevant difference decreases. After having presented the main operative challenges to creating this library, mainly due to the need of summarizing a very large amount of information, we put forward our innovative solutions to deal with this complex problem from a statistical viewpoint. The described library will be released in open source., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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16. Genome-scale metabolic modeling reveals key features of a minimal gene set.
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Lachance JC, Matteau D, Brodeur J, Lloyd CJ, Mih N, King ZA, Knight TF, Feist AM, Monk JM, Palsson BO, Jacques PÉ, and Rodrigue S
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- Genomics, Models, Biological, Genome genetics, Metabolic Networks and Pathways genetics
- Abstract
Mesoplasma florum, a fast-growing near-minimal organism, is a compelling model to explore rational genome designs. Using sequence and structural homology, the set of metabolic functions its genome encodes was identified, allowing the reconstruction of a metabolic network representing ˜ 30% of its protein-coding genes. Growth medium simplification enabled substrate uptake and product secretion rate quantification which, along with experimental biomass composition, were integrated as species-specific constraints to produce the functional iJL208 genome-scale model (GEM) of metabolism. Genome-wide expression and essentiality datasets as well as growth data on various carbohydrates were used to validate and refine iJL208. Discrepancies between model predictions and observations were mechanistically explained using protein structures and network analysis. iJL208 was also used to propose an in silico reduced genome. Comparing this prediction to the minimal cell JCVI-syn3.0 and its parent JCVI-syn1.0 revealed key features of a minimal gene set. iJL208 is a stepping-stone toward model-driven whole-genome engineering., (© 2021 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.)
- Published
- 2021
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17. Computation of condition-dependent proteome allocation reveals variability in the macro and micro nutrient requirements for growth.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ, Monk J, Yang L, Ebrahim A, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Escherichia coli K12 metabolism, Models, Biological, Computational Biology methods, Escherichia coli K12 growth & development, Nutrients metabolism, Proteome
- Abstract
Sustaining a robust metabolic network requires a balanced and fully functioning proteome. In addition to amino acids, many enzymes require cofactors (coenzymes and engrafted prosthetic groups) to function properly. Extensively validated resource allocation models, such as genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression (ME-models), have the ability to compute an optimal proteome composition underlying a metabolic phenotype, including the provision of all required cofactors. Here we apply the ME-model for Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 to computationally examine how environmental conditions change the proteome and its accompanying cofactor usage. We found that: (1) The cofactor requirements computed by the ME-model mostly agree with the standard biomass objective function used in models of metabolism alone (M-models); (2) ME-model computations reveal non-intuitive variability in cofactor use under different growth conditions; (3) An analysis of ME-model predicted protein use in aerobic and anaerobic conditions suggests an enrichment in the use of peroxyl scavenging acids in the proteins used to sustain aerobic growth; (4) The ME-model could describe how limitation in key protein components affect the metabolic state of E. coli. Genome-scale models have thus reached a level of sophistication where they reveal intricate properties of functional proteomes and how they support different E. coli lifestyles., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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18. Hydrodynamic efficiency in sharks: the combined role of riblets and denticles.
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Lloyd CJ, Peakall J, Burns AD, Keevil GM, Dorrell RM, Wignall PB, and Fletcher TM
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- Animals, Friction, Hydrodynamics, Skin, Dental Pulp Calcification, Sharks
- Abstract
We investigate the influence of smooth and ribletted shark skin on a turbulent boundary layer flow. Through laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) the role of riblets in combination with the shark skin denticle is established for the first time. Our results show that smooth denticles behave like a typical rough surface when exposed to an attached boundary layer. Drag is increased for the full range of tested dimensionless denticle widths, w
+ ≈ 25-80, where w+ is the denticle width, w , scaled by the friction velocity, uτ , and the kinematic viscosity, ν . However, when riblets are added to the denticle crown we demonstrate there is a significant reduction in drag, relative to the smooth denticles. We obtain a modest maximum drag reduction of 2% for the ribletted denticles when compared to the flat plate, but when compared to the smooth denticles the difference in drag is in excess of 20% for w+ ≈ 80. This study enables a new conclusion that riblets have evolved as a mechanism to reduce or eliminate the skin friction increase due to the presence of scales (denticles). The combination of scales and riblets is hydrodynamically efficient in terms of skin-friction drag, while also acting to maintain flow attachment, and providing the other advantages associated with scales, e.g. anti-fouling, abrasion resistance, and defence against parasites., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)- Published
- 2021
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19. Exact confidence limits after a group sequential single arm binary trial.
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Lloyd CJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Treatment Outcome, Research Design
- Abstract
Group sequential single arm designs are common in phase II trials as well as attribute testing and acceptance sampling. After the trial is completed, especially if the recommendation is to proceed to further testing, there is interest in full inference on treatment efficacy. For a binary response, there is the potential to construct exact upper and lower confidence limits, the first published method for which is Jennison and Turnbull (1983). We place their method within the modern theory of exact confidence limits and provide a new general result that ensures that the exact limits are consistent with the test result, an issue that has been largely ignored in the literature. Amongst methods based on the minimal sufficient statistic, we propose two exact methods that out-perform Jennison and Turnbull's method across 10 selected designs. One of these we prefer and recommend for practical and theoretical reasons. We also investigate a method based on inverting Fisher's combination test, as well as a pure tie-breaking variant of it. For the range of designs considered, neither of these methods result in large enough improvements in efficiency to justify violation of the sufficiency principle. For any nonadaptive sequential design, an R-package is provided to select a method and compute the inference from a given realization., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
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20. Natural Transformation in a Classical-Biotype Vibrio cholerae Strain.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ, Mejia-Santana A, Dalia TN, Dalia AB, and Klose KE
- Subjects
- Bacterial Proteins genetics, Chitin, Transformation, Bacterial, Vibrio cholerae O1 genetics
- Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes the gastrointestinal illness cholera, which spreads throughout the globe in large pandemics. The current pandemic is caused by O1 El Tor biotype strains, whereas previous pandemics were caused by O1 classical biotype strains. El Tor V. cholerae is noted for its ability to acquire exogenous DNA through chitin-induced natural transformation, which has been exploited for genetic manipulation of El Tor strains in the laboratory. In contrast, the prototypical classical strain O395 lacks this ability, which was suspected to be due to a mutation in the regulatory gene hapR HapR and the regulator TfoX control expression of a third competence regulator, QstR. We found that artificial induction of both TfoX and QstR in the presence of HapR in O395 was required for efficient DNA uptake. However, natural transformation in the classical strain is still orders of magnitude below that of an El Tor strain. O395 expressing HapR could also undergo natural transformation after growth on chitin, which could be increased by artificial induction of TfoX and/or QstR. A plasmid that expresses both TfoX and QstR was created that allowed for consistent DNA uptake in O395 carrying a hapR plasmid. This technique was also used to facilitate cotransformation into O395 of unmarked DNA (Δ lacZ , Δ flaA , Δ flgG ) for multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (MuGENT). These results demonstrate that the classical biotype O395 strain is functionally capable of DNA uptake, which allows for the rapid genetic manipulation of its genome. IMPORTANCE Natural transformation (uptake of exogenous DNA) in Vibrio cholerae has contributed to the evolution of these human pathogens. Classical biotype V. cholerae strains were responsible for the first six cholera pandemics but were replaced by El Tor biotype V. cholerae in the current pandemic. This study demonstrates that classical V. cholerae is functionally capable of natural transformation, but inactivation of the transformation regulator HapR and inherent levels of transformation that are lower than those of El Tor V. cholerae suggest that the classical biotype may be less able to utilize natural transformation for horizontal gene transfer., (Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology.)
- Published
- 2021
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21. New cloning vectors to facilitate quick allelic exchange in gram-negative bacteria.
- Author
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Mejia-Santana A, Lloyd CJ, and Klose KE
- Subjects
- Alleles, Escherichia coli genetics, Plasmids genetics, Cloning, Molecular, Genetic Vectors genetics, Gram-Negative Bacteria genetics
- Abstract
New cloning vectors have been developed with features to enhance quick allelic exchange in gram-negative bacteria. The conditionally replicative R6K and transfer origins facilitate conjugation and chromosomal integration into a variety of bacterial species, whereas the sacB gene provides counterselection for allelic exchange. The vectors have incorporated the lacZ alpha fragment with an enhanced multicloning site for easy blue/white screening and priming sites identified for efficient in vivo assembly or other DNA assembly cloning techniques. Different antibiotic resistance markers allow versatility for use with different bacteria, and transformation into an Escherichia coli strain capable of conjugation enables a quick method for allelic exchange. As a proof of principle, the authors used these vectors to inactivate genes in Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhimurium .
- Published
- 2021
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22. Reconstructing organisms in silico: genome-scale models and their emerging applications.
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Fang X, Lloyd CJ, and Palsson BO
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- Actinobacteria classification, Actinobacteria genetics, Actinobacteria growth & development, Actinobacteria metabolism, Computer Simulation, Cyanobacteria classification, Cyanobacteria genetics, Cyanobacteria growth & development, Cyanobacteria metabolism, Escherichia coli growth & development, Escherichia coli metabolism, Firmicutes classification, Firmicutes genetics, Firmicutes growth & development, Firmicutes metabolism, Genomics instrumentation, Phenotype, Proteobacteria classification, Proteobacteria genetics, Proteobacteria growth & development, Proteobacteria metabolism, Stress, Physiological genetics, Thermotoga classification, Thermotoga genetics, Thermotoga growth & development, Thermotoga metabolism, Whole Genome Sequencing, Escherichia coli genetics, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics methods, Metabolic Networks and Pathways genetics, Models, Genetic
- Abstract
Escherichia coli is considered to be the best-known microorganism given the large number of published studies detailing its genes, its genome and the biochemical functions of its molecular components. This vast literature has been systematically assembled into a reconstruction of the biochemical reaction networks that underlie E. coli's functions, a process which is now being applied to an increasing number of microorganisms. Genome-scale reconstructed networks are organized and systematized knowledge bases that have multiple uses, including conversion into computational models that interpret and predict phenotypic states and the consequences of environmental and genetic perturbations. These genome-scale models (GEMs) now enable us to develop pan-genome analyses that provide mechanistic insights, detail the selection pressures on proteome allocation and address stress phenotypes. In this Review, we first discuss the overall development of GEMs and their applications. Next, we review the evolution of the most complete GEM that has been developed to date: the E. coli GEM. Finally, we explore three emerging areas in genome-scale modelling of microbial phenotypes: collections of strain-specific models, metabolic and macromolecular expression models, and simulation of stress responses., (© 2020. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2020
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23. Kinetic profiling of metabolic specialists demonstrates stability and consistency of in vivo enzyme turnover numbers.
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Heckmann D, Campeau A, Lloyd CJ, Phaneuf PV, Hefner Y, Carrillo-Terrazas M, Feist AM, Gonzalez DJ, and Palsson BO
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- Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Gene Knockout Techniques methods, Genome genetics, Kinetics, Machine Learning, Models, Biological, Proteomics methods, Escherichia coli metabolism
- Abstract
Enzyme turnover numbers ( k
cat s) are essential for a quantitative understanding of cells. Because kcat s are traditionally measured in low-throughput assays, they can be inconsistent, labor-intensive to obtain, and can miss in vivo effects. We use a data-driven approach to estimate in vivo kcat s using metabolic specialist Escherichia coli strains that resulted from gene knockouts in central metabolism followed by metabolic optimization via laboratory evolution. By combining absolute proteomics with fluxomics data, we find that in vivo kcat s are robust against genetic perturbations, suggesting that metabolic adaptation to gene loss is mostly achieved through other mechanisms, like gene-regulatory changes. Combining machine learning and genome-scale metabolic models, we show that the obtained in vivo kcat s predict unseen proteomics data with much higher precision than in vitro kcat s. The results demonstrate that in vivo kcat s can solve the problem of inconsistent and low-coverage parameterizations of genome-scale cellular models., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)- Published
- 2020
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24. Genome-scale model of metabolism and gene expression provides a multi-scale description of acid stress responses in Escherichia coli.
- Author
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Du B, Yang L, Lloyd CJ, Fang X, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Acids, Computational Biology, Computer Simulation, Escherichia coli growth & development, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Fatty Acids metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Models, Genetic, Protein Stability, Sequence Analysis, RNA statistics & numerical data, Stress, Physiological, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Models, Biological
- Abstract
Response to acid stress is critical for Escherichia coli to successfully complete its life-cycle by passing through the stomach to colonize the digestive tract. To develop a fundamental understanding of this response, we established a molecular mechanistic description of acid stress mitigation responses in E. coli and integrated them with a genome-scale model of its metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME-model). We considered three known mechanisms of acid stress mitigation: 1) change in membrane lipid fatty acid composition, 2) change in periplasmic protein stability over external pH and periplasmic chaperone protection mechanisms, and 3) change in the activities of membrane proteins. After integrating these mechanisms into an established ME-model, we could simulate their responses in the context of other cellular processes. We validated these simulations using RNA sequencing data obtained from five E. coli strains grown under external pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. We found: i) that for the differentially expressed genes accounted for in the ME-model, 80% of the upregulated genes were correctly predicted by the ME-model, and ii) that these genes are mainly involved in translation processes (45% of genes), membrane proteins and related processes (18% of genes), amino acid metabolism (12% of genes), and cofactor and prosthetic group biosynthesis (8% of genes). We also demonstrated several intervention strategies on acid tolerance that can be simulated by the ME-model. We thus established a quantitative framework that describes, on a genome-scale, the acid stress mitigation response of E. coli that has both scientific and practical uses., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
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25. Assessing Burnout Among Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) Compared with APP Trainees.
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Orozco JM, Furman J, McAndrews KK, Keenan MM, Roman C, Guthrie J, Lloyd CJ, and Wilson AB
- Abstract
Background: This study explored the prevalence of burnout syndrome among advanced practice providers (APPs = physician assistants (PAs) and advanced practice nurses (APNs)) and physician assistant students in training to become APPs. While previous research has focused on understanding burnout in a myriad of health professions, burnout among APPs and APP trainees has been underexplored. As such, this work serves as a primer for establishing benchmark levels of burnout in these specific healthcare provider/trainee populations., Methods: This study distributed a modified Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to a sample of 297 APPs and 1200 PA students. Mean differences in burnout scores were compared against a national reference sample of healthcare professionals using one sample t tests and linear regression explored relationships among demographics and burnout dimension scores., Results: APPs ( n = 124) and APP trainees ( n = 230) who responded to the survey displayed average levels of burnout, though both populations expressed significantly lower personal accomplishment scores than the national reference sample. No significant differences were detected between APNs and practicing PAs ( p = 0.761). Increased age was negatively associated with depersonalization scores suggesting that APP trainees and younger APPs are at higher risk of developing severe burnout and may need additional support in their training and early careers. Furthermore, the prevalence of burnout between APPs and APP trainees was found to be comparable, suggesting that burnout from training may persist into practice., Conclusions: A small proportion of APPs and APP trainees may be at risk of developing severe burnout. Individuals in these "at risk" populations may need additional support during training and perhaps later on in practice., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© International Association of Medical Science Educators 2019.)
- Published
- 2019
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26. Cellular responses to reactive oxygen species are predicted from molecular mechanisms.
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Yang L, Mih N, Anand A, Park JH, Tan J, Yurkovich JT, Monk JM, Lloyd CJ, Sandberg TE, Seo SW, Kim D, Sastry AV, Phaneuf P, Gao Y, Broddrick JT, Chen K, Heckmann D, Szubin R, Hefner Y, Feist AM, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Catalysis, Cell Proliferation genetics, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation genetics, Hydrogen Peroxide metabolism, Operon genetics, Oxidative Stress genetics, Sulfur metabolism, Iron metabolism, Iron-Sulfur Proteins genetics, Metalloproteins genetics, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism
- Abstract
Catalysis using iron-sulfur clusters and transition metals can be traced back to the last universal common ancestor. The damage to metalloproteins caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) can prevent cell growth and survival when unmanaged, thus eliciting an essential stress response that is universal and fundamental in biology. Here we develop a computable multiscale description of the ROS stress response in Escherichia coli , called OxidizeME. We use OxidizeME to explain four key responses to oxidative stress: 1) ROS-induced auxotrophy for branched-chain, aromatic, and sulfurous amino acids; 2) nutrient-dependent sensitivity of growth rate to ROS; 3) ROS-specific differential gene expression separate from global growth-associated differential expression; and 4) coordinated expression of iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) and sulfur assimilation (SUF) systems for iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. These results show that we can now develop fundamental and quantitative genotype-phenotype relationships for stress responses on a genome-wide basis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2019
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27. Tests for noninferiority trials with binomial endpoints: A guide to modern and quasi-exact methods for biomedical researchers.
- Author
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Ripamonti E and Lloyd CJ
- Subjects
- Binomial Distribution, Biomedical Research methods, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung drug therapy, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung epidemiology, Endpoint Determination methods, Humans, Lung Neoplasms drug therapy, Lung Neoplasms epidemiology, Platinum Compounds therapeutic use, Biomedical Research statistics & numerical data, Endpoint Determination statistics & numerical data, Equivalence Trials as Topic, Research Personnel statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Applied statisticians and pharmaceutical researchers are frequently involved in the design and analysis of clinical trials where at least one of the outcomes is binary. Treatments are judged by the probability of a positive binary response. A typical example is the noninferiority trial, where it is tested whether a new experimental treatment is practically not inferior to an active comparator with a prespecified margin δ. Except for the special case of δ = 0, no exact conditional test is available although approximate conditional methods (also called second-order methods) can be applied. However, in some situations, the approximation can be poor and the logical argument for approximate conditioning is not compelling. The alternative is to consider an unconditional approach. Standard methods like the pooled z-test are already unconditional although approximate. In this article, we review and illustrate unconditional methods with a heavy emphasis on modern methods that can deliver exact, or near exact, results. For noninferiority trials based on either rate difference or rate ratio, our recommendation is to use the so-called E-procedure, based on either the score or likelihood ratio statistic. This test is effectively exact, computationally efficient, and respects monotonicity constraints in practice. We support our assertions with a numerical study, and we illustrate the concepts developed in theory with a clinical example in pulmonary oncology; R code to conduct all these analyses is available from the authors., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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28. BOFdat: Generating biomass objective functions for genome-scale metabolic models from experimental data.
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Lachance JC, Lloyd CJ, Monk JM, Yang L, Sastry AV, Seif Y, Palsson BO, Rodrigue S, Feist AM, King ZA, and Jacques PÉ
- Subjects
- Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Genome, Bacterial, Biomass, Genomics methods, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Models, Biological, Software
- Abstract
Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are mathematically structured knowledge bases of metabolism that provide phenotypic predictions from genomic information. GEM-guided predictions of growth phenotypes rely on the accurate definition of a biomass objective function (BOF) that is designed to include key cellular biomass components such as the major macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins), lipids, coenzymes, inorganic ions and species-specific components. Despite its importance, no standardized computational platform is currently available to generate species-specific biomass objective functions in a data-driven, unbiased fashion. To fill this gap in the metabolic modeling software ecosystem, we implemented BOFdat, a Python package for the definition of a Biomass Objective Function from experimental data. BOFdat has a modular implementation that divides the BOF definition process into three independent modules defined here as steps: 1) the coefficients for major macromolecules are calculated, 2) coenzymes and inorganic ions are identified and their stoichiometric coefficients estimated, 3) the remaining species-specific metabolic biomass precursors are algorithmically extracted in an unbiased way from experimental data. We used BOFdat to reconstruct the BOF of the Escherichia coli model iML1515, a gold standard in the field. The BOF generated by BOFdat resulted in the most concordant biomass composition, growth rate, and gene essentiality prediction accuracy when compared to other methods. Installation instructions for BOFdat are available in the documentation and the source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/jclachance/BOFdat)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
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29. The genetic basis for adaptation of model-designed syntrophic co-cultures.
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Lloyd CJ, King ZA, Sandberg TE, Hefner Y, Olson CA, Phaneuf PV, O'Brien EJ, Sanders JG, Salido RA, Sanders K, Brennan C, Humphrey G, Knight R, and Feist AM
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Biological Evolution, Coculture Techniques, Escherichia coli genetics, Genes, Bacterial, Mutation, Adaptation, Physiological, Escherichia coli physiology, Models, Biological
- Abstract
Understanding the fundamental characteristics of microbial communities could have far reaching implications for human health and applied biotechnology. Despite this, much is still unknown regarding the genetic basis and evolutionary strategies underlying the formation of viable synthetic communities. By pairing auxotrophic mutants in co-culture, it has been demonstrated that viable nascent E. coli communities can be established where the mutant strains are metabolically coupled. A novel algorithm, OptAux, was constructed to design 61 unique multi-knockout E. coli auxotrophic strains that require significant metabolite uptake to grow. These predicted knockouts included a diverse set of novel non-specific auxotrophs that result from inhibition of major biosynthetic subsystems. Three OptAux predicted non-specific auxotrophic strains-with diverse metabolic deficiencies-were co-cultured with an L-histidine auxotroph and optimized via adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Time-course sequencing revealed the genetic changes employed by each strain to achieve higher community growth rates and provided insight into mechanisms for adapting to the syntrophic niche. A community model of metabolism and gene expression was utilized to predict the relative community composition and fundamental characteristics of the evolved communities. This work presents new insight into the genetic strategies underlying viable nascent community formation and a cutting-edge computational method to elucidate metabolic changes that empower the creation of cooperative communities., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
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30. DynamicME: dynamic simulation and refinement of integrated models of metabolism and protein expression.
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Yang L, Ebrahim A, Lloyd CJ, Saunders MA, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Calibration, Escherichia coli cytology, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Genomics, Gene Expression Profiling, Metabolomics, Models, Biological, Proteins genetics, Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Genome-scale models of metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME models) enable systems-level computation of proteome allocation coupled to metabolic phenotype., Results: We develop DynamicME, an algorithm enabling time-course simulation of cell metabolism and protein expression. DynamicME correctly predicted the substrate utilization hierarchy on a mixed carbon substrate medium. We also found good agreement between predicted and measured time-course expression profiles. ME models involve considerably more parameters than metabolic models (M models). We thus generate an ensemble of models (each model having its rate constants perturbed), and then analyze the models by identifying archetypal time-course metabolite concentration profiles. Furthermore, we use a metaheuristic optimization method to calibrate ME model parameters using time-course measurements such as from a (fed-) batch culture. Finally, we show that constraints on protein concentration dynamics ("inertia") alter the metabolic response to environmental fluctuations, including increased substrate-level phosphorylation and lowered oxidative phosphorylation., Conclusions: Overall, DynamicME provides a novel method for understanding proteome allocation and metabolism under complex and transient environments, and to utilize time-course cell culture data for model-based interpretation or model refinement.
- Published
- 2019
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31. Machine learning applied to enzyme turnover numbers reveals protein structural correlates and improves metabolic models.
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Heckmann D, Lloyd CJ, Mih N, Ha Y, Zielinski DC, Haiman ZB, Desouki AA, Lercher MJ, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Biocatalysis, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Kinetics, Models, Biological, Proteome genetics, Proteome metabolism, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Machine Learning, Metabolic Networks and Pathways
- Abstract
Knowing the catalytic turnover numbers of enzymes is essential for understanding the growth rate, proteome composition, and physiology of organisms, but experimental data on enzyme turnover numbers is sparse and noisy. Here, we demonstrate that machine learning can successfully predict catalytic turnover numbers in Escherichia coli based on integrated data on enzyme biochemistry, protein structure, and network context. We identify a diverse set of features that are consistently predictive for both in vivo and in vitro enzyme turnover rates, revealing novel protein structural correlates of catalytic turnover. We use our predictions to parameterize two mechanistic genome-scale modelling frameworks for proteome-limited metabolism, leading to significantly higher accuracy in the prediction of quantitative proteome data than previous approaches. The presented machine learning models thus provide a valuable tool for understanding metabolism and the proteome at the genome scale, and elucidate structural, biochemical, and network properties that underlie enzyme kinetics.
- Published
- 2018
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32. COBRAme: A computational framework for genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression.
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Lloyd CJ, Ebrahim A, Yang L, King ZA, Catoiu E, O'Brien EJ, Liu JK, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Genome, Computer Simulation, Gene Expression, Metabolism genetics, Models, Genetic, Software Design
- Abstract
Genome-scale models of metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME-models) explicitly compute the optimal proteome composition of a growing cell. ME-models expand upon the well-established genome-scale models of metabolism (M-models), and they enable a new fundamental understanding of cellular growth. ME-models have increased predictive capabilities and accuracy due to their inclusion of the biosynthetic costs for the machinery of life, but they come with a significant increase in model size and complexity. This challenge results in models which are both difficult to compute and challenging to understand conceptually. As a result, ME-models exist for only two organisms (Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima) and are still used by relatively few researchers. To address these challenges, we have developed a new software framework called COBRAme for building and simulating ME-models. It is coded in Python and built on COBRApy, a popular platform for using M-models. COBRAme streamlines computation and analysis of ME-models. It provides tools to simplify constructing and editing ME-models to enable ME-model reconstructions for new organisms. We used COBRAme to reconstruct a condensed E. coli ME-model called iJL1678b-ME. This reformulated model gives functionally identical solutions to previous E. coli ME-models while using 1/6 the number of free variables and solving in less than 10 minutes, a marked improvement over the 6 hour solve time of previous ME-model formulations. Errors in previous ME-models were also corrected leading to 52 additional genes that must be expressed in iJL1678b-ME to grow aerobically in glucose minimal in silico media. This manuscript outlines the architecture of COBRAme and demonstrates how ME-models can be created, modified, and shared most efficiently using the new software framework., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2018
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33. A new method of identifying target groups for pronatalist policy applied to Australia.
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Chen M, Lloyd CJ, and Yip PSF
- Subjects
- Australia, Female, Humans, Male, Birth Rate, Health Policy
- Abstract
A country's total fertility rate (TFR) depends on many factors. Attributing changes in TFR to changes of policy is difficult, as they could easily be correlated with changes in the unmeasured drivers of TFR. A case in point is Australia where both pronatalist effort and TFR increased in lock step from 2001 to 2008 and then decreased. The global financial crisis or other unobserved confounders might explain both the reducing TFR and pronatalist incentives after 2008. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate causal effects of policy using econometric techniques. The aim of this study is to instead look at the structure of the population to identify which subgroups most influence TFR. Specifically, we build a stochastic model relating TFR to the fertility rates of various subgroups and calculate elasticity of TFR with respect to each rate. For each subgroup, the ratio of its elasticity to its group size is used to evaluate the subgroup's potential cost effectiveness as a pronatalist target. In addition, we measure the historical stability of group fertility rates, which measures propensity to change. Groups with a high effectiveness ratio and also high propensity to change are natural policy targets. We applied this new method to Australian data on fertility rates broken down by parity, age and marital status. The results show that targeting parity 3+ is more cost-effective than lower parities. This study contributes to the literature on pronatalist policies by investigating the targeting of policies, and generates important implications for formulating cost-effective policies.
- Published
- 2018
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34. iML1515, a knowledgebase that computes Escherichia coli traits.
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Monk JM, Lloyd CJ, Brunk E, Mih N, Sastry A, King Z, Takeuchi R, Nomura W, Zhang Z, Mori H, Feist AM, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Database Management Systems, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Escherichia coli physiology, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Escherichia coli Proteins physiology, Knowledge Bases
- Published
- 2017
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35. Global transcriptional regulatory network for Escherichia coli robustly connects gene expression to transcription factor activities.
- Author
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Fang X, Sastry A, Mih N, Kim D, Tan J, Yurkovich JT, Lloyd CJ, Gao Y, Yang L, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Escherichia coli genetics, Transcriptome, Escherichia coli metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gene Regulatory Networks, Transcription Factors metabolism
- Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) have been studied intensely for >25 y. Yet, even for the Escherichia coli TRN-probably the best characterized TRN-several questions remain. Here, we address three questions: ( i ) How complete is our knowledge of the E. coli TRN; ( ii ) how well can we predict gene expression using this TRN; and ( iii ) how robust is our understanding of the TRN? First, we reconstructed a high-confidence TRN (hiTRN) consisting of 147 transcription factors (TFs) regulating 1,538 transcription units (TUs) encoding 1,764 genes. The 3,797 high-confidence regulatory interactions were collected from published, validated chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data and RegulonDB. For 21 different TF knockouts, up to 63% of the differentially expressed genes in the hiTRN were traced to the knocked-out TF through regulatory cascades. Second, we trained supervised machine learning algorithms to predict the expression of 1,364 TUs given TF activities using 441 samples. The algorithms accurately predicted condition-specific expression for 86% (1,174 of 1,364) of the TUs, while 193 TUs (14%) were predicted better than random TRNs. Third, we identified 10 regulatory modules whose definitions were robust against changes to the TRN or expression compendium. Using surrogate variable analysis, we also identified three unmodeled factors that systematically influenced gene expression. Our computational workflow comprehensively characterizes the predictive capabilities and systems-level functions of an organism's TRN from disparate data types., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2017
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36. Accurate p-values for adaptive designs with binary endpoints.
- Author
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Heritier S, Lloyd CJ, and Lô SN
- Subjects
- Bias, Computer Simulation, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Research Design, Clinical Trials as Topic methods, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Reproducibility of Results, Sample Size
- Abstract
Adaptive designs encompass all trials allowing various types of design modifications over the course of the trial. A key requirement for confirmatory adaptive designs to be accepted by regulators is the strong control of the family-wise error rate. This can be achieved by combining the p-values for each arm and stage to account for adaptations (including but not limited to treatment selection), sample size adaptation and multiple stages. While the theory for this is novel and well-established, in practice, these methods can perform poorly, especially for unbalanced designs and for small to moderate sample sizes. The problem is that standard stagewise tests have inflated type I error rate, especially but not only when the baseline success rate is close to the boundary and this is carried over to the adaptive tests, seriously inflating the family-wise error rate. We propose to fix this problem by feeding the adaptive test with second-order accurate p-values, in particular bootstrap p-values. Secondly, an adjusted version of the Simes procedure for testing intersection hypotheses that reduces the built-in conservatism is suggested. Numerical work and simulations show that unlike their standard counterparts the new approach preserves the overall error rate, at or below the nominal level across the board, irrespective of the baseline rate, stagewise sample sizes or allocation ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2017
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37. Laboratory Evolution to Alternating Substrate Environments Yields Distinct Phenotypic and Genetic Adaptive Strategies.
- Author
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Sandberg TE, Lloyd CJ, Palsson BO, and Feist AM
- Subjects
- Culture Media metabolism, Environment, Escherichia coli metabolism, Genetic Fitness, Genome, Bacterial, Glucose metabolism, Glycerol metabolism, Phenotype, Xylose metabolism, Escherichia coli genetics
- Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments are often designed to maintain a static culturing environment to minimize confounding variables that could influence the adaptive process, but dynamic nutrient conditions occur frequently in natural and bioprocessing settings. To study the nature of carbon substrate fitness tradeoffs, we evolved batch cultures of Escherichia coli via serial propagation into tubes alternating between glucose and either xylose, glycerol, or acetate. Genome sequencing of evolved cultures revealed several genetic changes preferentially selected for under dynamic conditions and different adaptation strategies depending on the substrates being switched between; in some environments, a persistent "generalist" strain developed, while in another, two "specialist" subpopulations arose that alternated dominance. Diauxic lag phenotype varied across the generalists and specialists, in one case being completely abolished, while gene expression data distinguished the transcriptional strategies implemented by strains in pursuit of growth optimality. Genome-scale metabolic modeling techniques were then used to help explain the inherent substrate differences giving rise to the observed distinct adaptive strategies. This study gives insight into the population dynamics of adaptation in an alternating environment and into the underlying metabolic and genetic mechanisms. Furthermore, ALE-generated optimized strains have phenotypes with potential industrial bioprocessing applications. IMPORTANCE Evolution and natural selection inexorably lead to an organism's improved fitness in a given environment, whether in a laboratory or natural setting. However, despite the frequent natural occurrence of complex and dynamic growth environments, laboratory evolution experiments typically maintain simple, static culturing environments so as to reduce selection pressure complexity. In this study, we investigated the adaptive strategies underlying evolution to fluctuating environments by evolving Escherichia coli to conditions of frequently switching growth substrate. Characterization of evolved strains via a number of different data types revealed the various genetic and phenotypic changes implemented in pursuit of growth optimality and how these differed across the different growth substrates and switching protocols. This work not only helps to establish general principles of adaptation to complex environments but also suggests strategies for experimental design to achieve desired evolutionary outcomes., (Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.)
- Published
- 2017
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38. Principles of proteome allocation are revealed using proteomic data and genome-scale models.
- Author
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Yang L, Yurkovich JT, Lloyd CJ, Ebrahim A, Saunders MA, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Computer Simulation, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Genome, Bacterial, Models, Genetic, Proteome metabolism, Proteomics, Proteome genetics
- Abstract
Integrating omics data to refine or make context-specific models is an active field of constraint-based modeling. Proteomics now cover over 95% of the Escherichia coli proteome by mass. Genome-scale models of Metabolism and macromolecular Expression (ME) compute proteome allocation linked to metabolism and fitness. Using proteomics data, we formulated allocation constraints for key proteome sectors in the ME model. The resulting calibrated model effectively computed the "generalist" (wild-type) E. coli proteome and phenotype across diverse growth environments. Across 15 growth conditions, prediction errors for growth rate and metabolic fluxes were 69% and 14% lower, respectively. The sector-constrained ME model thus represents a generalist ME model reflecting both growth rate maximization and "hedging" against uncertain environments and stresses, as indicated by significant enrichment of these sectors for the general stress response sigma factor σ
S . Finally, the sector constraints represent a general formalism for integrating omics data from any experimental condition into constraint-based ME models. The constraints can be fine-grained (individual proteins) or coarse-grained (functionally-related protein groups) as demonstrated here. This flexible formalism provides an accessible approach for narrowing the gap between the complexity captured by omics data and governing principles of proteome allocation described by systems-level models.- Published
- 2016
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39. solveME: fast and reliable solution of nonlinear ME models.
- Author
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Yang L, Ma D, Ebrahim A, Lloyd CJ, Saunders MA, and Palsson BO
- Abstract
Background: Genome-scale models of metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME) significantly expand the scope and predictive capabilities of constraint-based modeling. ME models present considerable computational challenges: they are much (>30 times) larger than corresponding metabolic reconstructions (M models), are multiscale, and growth maximization is a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem, mainly due to macromolecule dilution constraints., Results: Here, we address these computational challenges. We develop a fast and numerically reliable solution method for growth maximization in ME models using a quad-precision NLP solver (Quad MINOS). Our method was up to 45 % faster than binary search for six significant digits in growth rate. We also develop a fast, quad-precision flux variability analysis that is accelerated (up to 60× speedup) via solver warm-starts. Finally, we employ the tools developed to investigate growth-coupled succinate overproduction, accounting for proteome constraints., Conclusions: Just as genome-scale metabolic reconstructions have become an invaluable tool for computational and systems biologists, we anticipate that these fast and numerically reliable ME solution methods will accelerate the wide-spread adoption of ME models for researchers in these fields.
- Published
- 2016
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40. Next-generation genome-scale models for metabolic engineering.
- Author
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King ZA, Lloyd CJ, Feist AM, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Biomass, Gene Deletion, Humans, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Models, Biological, Genome, Metabolic Engineering
- Abstract
Constraint-based reconstruction and analysis (COBRA) methods have become widely used tools for metabolic engineering in both academic and industrial laboratories. By employing a genome-scale in silico representation of the metabolic network of a host organism, COBRA methods can be used to predict optimal genetic modifications that improve the rate and yield of chemical production. A new generation of COBRA models and methods is now being developed--encompassing many biological processes and simulation strategies-and next-generation models enable new types of predictions. Here, three key examples of applying COBRA methods to strain optimization are presented and discussed. Then, an outlook is provided on the next generation of COBRA models and the new types of predictions they will enable for systems metabolic engineering., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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41. Systems biology definition of the core proteome of metabolism and expression is consistent with high-throughput data.
- Author
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Yang L, Tan J, O'Brien EJ, Monk JM, Kim D, Li HJ, Charusanti P, Ebrahim A, Lloyd CJ, Yurkovich JT, Du B, Dräger A, Thomas A, Sun Y, Saunders MA, and Palsson BO
- Subjects
- Buchnera genetics, Buchnera metabolism, Computer Simulation, Datasets as Topic, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Escherichia coli Proteins genetics, Models, Biological, Multigene Family, Mycoplasma genitalium genetics, Mycoplasma genitalium metabolism, Transcriptome, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Genes, Bacterial, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Metabolome, Proteome, Systems Biology
- Abstract
Finding the minimal set of gene functions needed to sustain life is of both fundamental and practical importance. Minimal gene lists have been proposed by using comparative genomics-based core proteome definitions. A definition of a core proteome that is supported by empirical data, is understood at the systems-level, and provides a basis for computing essential cell functions is lacking. Here, we use a systems biology-based genome-scale model of metabolism and expression to define a functional core proteome consisting of 356 gene products, accounting for 44% of the Escherichia coli proteome by mass based on proteomics data. This systems biology core proteome includes 212 genes not found in previous comparative genomics-based core proteome definitions, accounts for 65% of known essential genes in E. coli, and has 78% gene function overlap with minimal genomes (Buchnera aphidicola and Mycoplasma genitalium). Based on transcriptomics data across environmental and genetic backgrounds, the systems biology core proteome is significantly enriched in nondifferentially expressed genes and depleted in differentially expressed genes. Compared with the noncore, core gene expression levels are also similar across genetic backgrounds (two times higher Spearman rank correlation) and exhibit significantly more complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory features (40% more transcription start sites per gene, 22% longer 5'UTR). Thus, genome-scale systems biology approaches rigorously identify a functional core proteome needed to support growth. This framework, validated by using high-throughput datasets, facilitates a mechanistic understanding of systems-level core proteome function through in silico models; it de facto defines a paleome.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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42. Accurate confidence limits for stratified clinical trials.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ
- Subjects
- Acid Phosphatase blood, Age Factors, Aged, Computer Simulation, Humans, Lymph Nodes pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology, Clinical Trials as Topic methods, Confidence Intervals, Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Abstract
For stratified 2 × 2 tables, standard approximate confidence limits can perform poorly from a strict frequentist perspective, even for moderate-sized samples, yet they are routinely used. In this paper, I show how to use importance sampling to compute highly accurate limits in reasonable time. The methodology is very general and simple to implement, and orders of magnitude are faster than existing alternatives., (Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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43. Outcome following surgical treatment for regional metastases from cutaneous cancers of the head and neck in patients aged 80 and over.
- Author
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Khandavilli SD, Lloyd CJ, and Jones HB
- Subjects
- Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell secondary, Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Melanoma secondary, Treatment Outcome, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell surgery, Head and Neck Neoplasms surgery, Melanoma surgery, Neck Dissection, Skin Neoplasms surgery
- Abstract
Introduction: Population demographics and disease epidemiology is resulting in more elderly patients presenting with regional metastases from cutaneous malignancy of the head and neck region. Surgery remains the most appropriate primary treatment option., Patients and Methods: We analysed consecutive patients aged 80 and over who developed regional metastases from cutaneous cancers of head and neck and underwent a neck dissection over a two-and-a-half-year period. Data were obtained from the cancer database and patients' notes. A Kaplan-Meier survival graph was constructed., Results: Our study demonstrated a low postoperative morbidity but one patient died from medical complications with in the first 30 days post surgery. The median survival time following surgery is nearly two years., Conclusions: We continue to advocate primary surgery for cutaneous metastatic malignancy from the head and neck area but patients need multidisciplinary team discussions, thorough assessment and counselling.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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44. Bootstrap and second-order tests of risk difference.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Methods, Probability, Risk, Sample Size, Clinical Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data, Models, Statistical, Research Design statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Clinical trials data often come in the form of low-dimensional tables of small counts. Standard approximate tests such as score and likelihood ratio tests are imperfect in several respects. First, they can give quite different answers from the same data. Second, the actual type-1 error can differ significantly from nominal, even for quite large sample sizes. Third, exact inferences based on these can be strongly nonmonotonic functions of the null parameter and lead to confidence sets that are discontiguous. There are two modern approaches to small sample inference. One is to use so-called higher order asymptotics (Reid, 2003, Annal of Statistics 31, 1695-1731) to provide an explicit adjustment to the likelihood ratio statistic. The theory for this is complex but the statistic is quick to compute. The second approach is to perform an exact calculation of significance assuming the nuisance parameters equal their null estimate (Lee and Young, 2005, Statistic and Probability Letters 71, 143-153), which is a kind of parametric bootstrap. The purpose of this article is to explain and evaluate these two methods, for testing whether a difference in probabilities p(2) - p(1) exceeds a prechosen noninferiority margin δ(0) . On the basis of an extensive numerical study, we recommend bootstrap P-values as superior to all other alternatives. First, they produce practically identical answers regardless of the basic test statistic chosen. Second, they have excellent size accuracy and higher power. Third, they vary much less erratically with the null parameter value δ(0) ., (© 2009, The International Biometric Society.)
- Published
- 2010
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45. Serum C-reactive protein as a prognostic indicator in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
- Author
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Khandavilli SD, Ceallaigh PO, Lloyd CJ, and Whitaker R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell surgery, Female, Free Tissue Flaps, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth Neoplasms surgery, Preoperative Period, Prognosis, Young Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor blood, C-Reactive Protein analysis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell blood, Mouth Neoplasms blood, Serum chemistry
- Abstract
Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) has been demonstrated as a prognostic indicator in oesophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer. This study was designed to establish if elevated preoperative levels of serum CRP could predict the prognosis of patients treated with primary surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Sixty patients with oral SCC who were treated by primary surgery and microvascular free flap reconstruction, were included in the study. The relation between preoperative levels of serum CRP, clinicopathological features and patient prognosis was determined. This study showed using bivariate analysis (p=0.003) and multivariate analysis (p<0.001) that a raised preoperative CRP was associated with worse overall survival. Tumour size and stage when combined with CRP levels increases the predictive power of this indicator.
- Published
- 2009
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46. A new exact and more powerful unconditional test of no treatment effect from binary matched pairs.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ
- Subjects
- Case-Control Studies, Clinical Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data, Confidence Intervals, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Models, Statistical, Probability, Risk Factors, Thyroid Diseases genetics, Twin Studies as Topic statistics & numerical data, X Chromosome Inactivation, Biometry methods
- Abstract
We consider the problem of testing for a difference in the probability of success from matched binary pairs. Starting with three standard inexact tests, the nuisance parameter is first estimated and then the residual dependence is eliminated by maximization, producing what I call an E+M P-value. The E+M P-value based on McNemar's statistic is shown numerically to dominate previous suggestions, including partially maximized P-values as described in Berger and Sidik (2003, Statistical Methods in Medical Research 12, 91-108). The latter method, however, may have computational advantages for large samples.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A more powerful exact test of noninferiority from binary matched-pairs data.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ and Moldovan MV
- Subjects
- Humans, Models, Statistical, Placebos, Research Design, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Matched-Pair Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data, Treatment Outcome
- Abstract
Assessing the therapeutic noninferiority of one medical treatment compared with another is often based on the difference in response rates from a matched binary pairs design. This paper develops a new exact unconditional test for noninferiority that is more powerful than available alternatives. There are two new elements presented in this paper. First, we introduce the likelihood ratio statistic as an alternative to the previously proposed score statistic of Nam (Biometrics 1997; 53:1422-1430). Second, we eliminate the nuisance parameter by estimation followed by maximization as an alternative to the partial maximization of Berger and Boos (Am. Stat. Assoc. 1994; 89:1012-1016) or traditional full maximization. Based on an extensive numerical study, we recommend tests based on the score statistic, the nuisance parameter being controlled by estimation followed by maximization., (2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Unconditional efficient one-sided confidence limits for the odds ratio based on conditional likelihood.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ and Moldovan MV
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced, Odds Ratio, Sample Size, Smoke adverse effects, Nicotiana adverse effects, Confidence Intervals, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Likelihood Functions, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
We compare various one-sided confidence limits for the odds ratio in a 2 x 2 table. The first group of limits relies on first-order asymptotic approximations and includes limits based on the (signed) likelihood ratio, score and Wald statistics. The second group of limits is based on the conditional tilted hypergeometric distribution, with and without mid-P correction. All these limits have poor unconditional coverage properties and so we apply the general transformation of Buehler (J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 1957; 52:482-493) to obtain limits which are unconditionally exact. The performance of these competing exact limits is assessed across a range of sample sizes and parameter values by looking at their mean size. The results indicate that Buehler limits generated from the conditional likelihood have the best performance, with a slight preference for the mid-P version. This confidence limit has not been proposed before and is recommended for general use, especially when the underlying probabilities are not extreme., (Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Exact one-sided confidence bounds for the risk ratio in 2 x 2 tables with structural zero.
- Author
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Lloyd CJ and Moldovan MV
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases immunology, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Drug Hypersensitivity diagnosis, Humans, Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Pneumonia of Calves, Enzootic immunology, Pneumonia of Calves, Enzootic microbiology, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Algorithms, Confidence Intervals, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Odds Ratio
- Abstract
This paper examines exact one-sided confidence limits for the risk ratio in a 2 x 2 table with structural zero. Starting with four approximate lower and upper limits, we adjust each using the algorithm of Buehler (1957) to arrive at lower (upper) limits that have exact coverage properties and are as large (small) as possible subject to coverage, as well as an ordering, constraint. Different Buehler limits are compared by their mean size, since all are exact in their coverage. Buehler limits based on the signed root likelihood ratio statistic are found to have the best performance and recommended for practical use., ((c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Repair of the deep circumflex iliac artery free flap donor site with Protack (titanium spiral tacks) and Prolene (polypropylene) mesh.
- Author
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Iqbal M, Lloyd CJ, Paley MD, and Penfold CN
- Subjects
- Bone Transplantation adverse effects, Hernia, Inguinal etiology, Humans, Polypropylenes, Titanium, Hernia, Inguinal prevention & control, Iliac Artery transplantation, Surgical Flaps blood supply, Surgical Mesh, Tissue and Organ Harvesting adverse effects
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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