125 results on '"Lloret, Antonio"'
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2. Monitoring the role of soil hydrologic conditions and rainfall for the triggering of torrential flows in the Rebaixader catchment (Central Pyrenees, Spain): Role of soil hydrologic conditions and rainfall for torrential flows in the Rebaixader catchment
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Oorthuis, Raül, Hürlimann, Marcel, Vaunat, Jean, Moya, José, and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2023
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3. Influence of temperature on residual strength of clayey soils
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Garcia, Luis M., Pinyol, Núria M., Lloret, Antonio, and Soncco, Edwin A.
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- 2023
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4. Shear strength and yield surface of a partially saturated sandy silt under generalized stress states
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Weber, Rodrigo C., Romero, Enrique, and Lloret, Antonio
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Shear strength of soils -- Analysis ,Silt -- Mechanical properties -- Testing ,Materials -- Dynamic testing ,Earth sciences - Abstract
This paper studies the hydromechanical behavior of a slightly compacted mixture of sand and clayey silt (30%/70%) under a generalized stress state. The experimental study focused on analyzing the yielding response and shear strength behavior at different stress states (characterized by the intermediate principal stress parameter b, or Lode angle) and at different initial total suctions (as-compacted state). For the investigation, a hollow cylinder apparatus was used. The shear strength results allowed defining the variation of the critical state line with the Lode angle and the suction. Different models were proposed for isotropic and anisotropic yield surfaces, and their shape and rotation were calibrated with experimental results. The modeled yield surfaces fitted reasonably well the experimental results, considering their inclination and dependence on the suction, mean and deviatoric stresses, and Lode angle. In addition, some relationships between the stresses and the model parameters were proposed to normalize the yield surface equation. Key words: unsaturated soils, generalized stress state, shear strength, yield surface, Lode angle. Le but de cette etude est de determiner le comportement hydromecanique d'un melange legerement compacte de sable et de limon argileux (30 %/70 %) sous un etat de contrainte generalise. La recherche experimentale s'est concentree sur l'analyse de la reponse d'elasticite et du comportement de resistance au cisaillement a differents etats de contrainte (caracterises par le parametre de contrainte principale intermediaire b, ou angle de Lode) et a differentes suctions totales initiales (etat tel que compacte). Un appareil a cylindre creux a ete utilise pour la recherche. La force de cisaillement a ete determinee en fonction de la variation de la ligne d'etat critique avec l'angle de Lode et la succion. On a propose differents modeles pour les surfaces d'ecoulement isotropes et anisotropes, dont la forme et la rotation ont ete calibrees en function des resultats experimentaux. Les surfaces de rendement modelisees s'adaptent raisonnablement bien aux resultats experimentaux, compte tenu de leur inclinaison et de leur dependance a l'egard de la succion, des contraintes moyennes et deviatoriques et de l'angle de Lode. En outre, certaines relations entre les contraintes et les parametres du modele ont ete proposees dans le but de neutraliser l'equation de la surface d'ecoulement. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: sols non satures, etat de contrainte generalise, resistance au cisaillement, surface de rendement, angle de Lode., 1. Introduction The stress state in many engineering applications is different from that usually considered in elastoplastic models under axisymmetric stress state conditions. Therefore, constitutive models to be used in [...]
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- 2022
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5. Analysis of the process of compaction movements of deposits of crushed salt tailings
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Yubero, Maria Teresa, Olivella, Sebastia, Gens, Antonio, Bonet, Enrique, Lloret, Antonio, and Alfonso, Pura
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- 2021
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6. Physical evolution of a bentonite buffer during 18 years of heating and hydration
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Villar, María Victoria, Iglesias, Rubén Javier, García-Siñeriz, José Luis, Lloret, Antonio, and Huertas, Fernando
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- 2020
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7. Digital image-based analysis of a small-scale dam failure during wetting
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Morales Gerardo, Pinyol Núria M., and Lloret Antonio
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The use of digital images and the correlation of them in time is commonly used in geotechnical laboratory experiments to measure surface variables in a non-invasive and massive way. Digital image correlation-based methods provide a measure of the motion of soil. More recently, measurements of the degree of saturation on soil surface using digital images have also been developed, although its application and validation are still limited. This methodology is based on the fact that almost all soils become darker (less light reflective) due to wetting. This article uses image-based analysis techniques to evaluate the behaviour during wetting of a small-scale dam made of compacted fine sand. With the aim of validating the measurements from images, soil moisture sensors were installed in the dam. The tested soil was previously calibrated to determine the correlation of light reflectance and the degree of saturation covering from dry to fully saturated range. Measurements of velocity, displacements, deformations and the degree of saturation in time are evaluated during the experiment based on images recorded in the visual and shortwave infrared (SWIR) light range. The methodology is described step-by-step including camera and lighting system, sample preparation, image acquisition and image analysis. The techniques used allow the changes in the degree of saturation in soil in motion and the failure mechanisms associated with the wetting process to be observed. The results obtained through image analyses show good agreement with the parameters obtained in point measurements with conventional sensors. The results also show some limitations of the method, mainly associated with the accumulation of errors in the tracking of soil particles during large displacements.
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- 2023
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8. New challenges in experimental unsaturated soil mechanics. Experimental upscaling of an engineered gas-permeable seal
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Romero Enrique, Alvarado Clara, and Lloret Antonio
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
An example of upscaling phenomena with experimental techniques is presented and discussed within an engineered seal concept for a future deep geological repository for low and intermediate radioactive waste mainly produced by the energy/medicine/industry sectors. The seal will undergo a long-term saturation stage and subsequent gas transport through such a barrier. Consequently, gas entrapment and generation processes (dominated by the degradation of organic substances and metals) are expected to occur in the emplacement caverns along the pollutant waste storage. The case concerns a compacted 80/20 (dry mass) sand/bentonite S/B mixture with a complex microstructure that significantly evolves on hydration affecting the gas transport properties. This type of seal limits the gas pressure by increasing its gas transport capacity (gas-permeable seal). The large-scale and demonstration experiment GAST (Nagra’s GTS, Switzerland) focuses on the S/B response to saturation and the gas transport capacity in the later gas invasion phase. A series of laboratory experiments running parallel to the in situ test and bridging different scales (from bentonite inter-sand filling microstructural tests and point tests to dm-scale mock-ups) are discussed within the saturation, gas breakthrough pressure and gas dissipation process of the gas-permeable seal context.
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- 2023
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9. Mechanical behavior of an unsaturated clayey silt: an experimental and constitutive modelling study
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Romero, Enrique, Sanchez, Marcelo, Gai, Xuerui, Barrera, Mauricio, and Lloret, Antonio
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Silt -- Models -- Analysis ,Soils -- Models -- Analysis ,Earth sciences - Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study and subsequent constitutive modelling focused on the stress-strain and volumetric responses during deviatoric stress application of a partially saturated clayey silt. The material was statically and isotropically compacted at constant water content towards a pre-defined pre-consolidation stress. A series of strain-controlled triaxial compression tests on a state of the art device and isotropic experiments are presented and discussed. The triaxial tests started at the same stress state (i.e., identical matric suction and mean net stress) and were conducted at the same constant suction. Several stress paths under isotropic conditions (i.e., drying-wetting, loading-unloading, and wetting-drying) were followed to induce different overconsolidated states before shearing the specimens. The test results are initially interpreted using the elastoplastic Barcelona Basic Model (BBM). Independent tests were selected to determine the model parameters associated with the volumetric behavior of the soil. The BBM was not able to capture the dilatant behavior observed during shearing. An enhancement of the BBM is proposed in this work, which includes both, a more general hardening law and sub-loading concepts. The main capabilities and limitations of the original BBM and the enhanced model are discussed and compared. The modified BBM was able to handle the dilatancy observed in the experiments and provided a more realistic description of the experimental stress-strain response. Key words: controlled-suction triaxial tests, unsaturated soils, elastoplastic modelling, dilatancy, hardening law, sub-loading. Cet article presente une etude experimentale et une modelisation constitutive subsequente centrees sur la reponse contrainte-deformation et volumetriques lors de l'application d'un stress deviatorique a un limon argileux partiellement sature. Le materiau a ete compacte de maniere statique et isotrope a teneur en eau constante vers une contrainte predefinie. Une serie d'essais triaxiaux a succion controlee de contrainte sur un dispositif de pointe et des experiences isotropes est presentee et discutee. Toutes les experiences ont commence au meme etat de contrainte (c'est-a-dire une aspiration matricielle identique et une contrainte nette moyenne) et ont ete menees a la meme aspiration constante. Plusieurs chemins de contrainte dans des conditions isotropes (a savoir sechage/mouillage, chargement/dechargement et mouillage/sechage) ont ete suivis pour induire differents etats surconsolides avant le cisaillement des echantillons. Les resultats de l'essai sont initialement interpretes a l'aide du modele de base de Barcelone (BBM), elastoplastique. Des essais independants ont ete selectionnes pour determiner les parametres du modele associes au comportement volumetrique du sol. Le BBM n'a pas ete capable de capturer le comportement dilatant observe lors du cisaillement dans tous les echantillons. Une amelioration du BBM est proposee dans ce travail, qui consiste a inclure une loi de durcissement plus generale et des concepts de sous-chargement. Les principales capacites et limitations de BBM d'origine et du modele ameliore sont discutees et comparees. Le BBM modifie etait capable de gerer les caracteristiques de dilatance observees dans les experiences et fournissait une description plus realiste du comportement experimental contrainte-deformation. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : essais triaxiaux a succion controlee, sols non satures, modelisation elastoplastique, dilatance, loi de durcissement, sous-chargement., 1. Introduction A critical step forward to advance the current understanding on the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils is to conduct high-quality experimental campaigns and to analyze the associated results [...]
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- 2019
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10. Sustainability and competitiveness in Mexico
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Aigner, Dennis J and Lloret, Antonio
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Competitiveness ,Sustainability ,Environmental ,Performance ,Mexico ,Survey ,Business and Management ,Marketing - Abstract
Purpose: This paper summarizes the findings of a research project aimed at benchmarking the environmental sustainability practices of the top 500 Mexican companies. Design/methodology/approach: The paper surveyed the firms with regard to various aspects of their adoption of environmental sustainability practices, including who or what prompted adoption, future adoption plans, decision-making responsibility, and internal/external challenges. The survey also explored how the adoption of environmental sustainability practices relates to the competitiveness of these firms. Findings: The results suggest that Mexican companies are very active in the various areas of business where environmental sustainability is relevant. Not surprisingly, however, the Mexican companies are seen to be at an early stage of development along the sustainability "learning curve". Research limitations/implications: The sample consisted of 103 self-selected firms representing the six primary business sectors in the Mexican economy. Because the manufacturing sector is significantly overrepresented in the sample and because of its importance in addressing issues of environmental sustainability, when appropriate, specific results for this sector are reported and contrasted to the overall sample. Practical implications: The vast majority of these firms see adopting environmental sustainability practices as being profitable and think this will be even more important in the future. Originality/value: Improving the environmental performance of business firms through the adoption of sustainability practices is compatible with competitiveness and improved financial performance. In Mexico, one might expect that the same would be true, but only anecdotal evidence was heretofore available. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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- 2013
11. Modeling corporate sustainability strategy
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Lloret, Antonio
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- 2016
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12. Challenges for scholarly business research in Latin America
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Gonzalez-Brambila, Claudia, Jenkins, Mauricio, and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2016
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13. Water Retention Properties of a Compacted Clayey Silt Including Void Ratio Dependency and Microstructural Features
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Gómez, Rodrigo, Romero, Enrique, Della Vecchia, Gabriele, Jommi, Cristina, Suriol, Josep, Lloret, Antonio, Mancuso, Claudio, editor, Jommi, Cristina, editor, and D’Onza, Francesca, editor
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- 2012
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14. Effect of Intermediate Stress on Collapse Behaviour of a Compacted Clayey Silt
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Cárdenas, Octavio E., Romero, Enrique, Lloret, Antonio, Suriol, Josep, Mancuso, Claudio, editor, Jommi, Cristina, editor, and D’Onza, Francesca, editor
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- 2012
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15. Monitoring the role of soil hydrologic conditions and rainfall for the triggering of torrential flows in the Rebaixader catchment (Central Pyrenees, Spain)
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Oorthuis, Raül, primary, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Vaunat, Jean, additional, Moya, José, additional, and Lloret, Antonio, additional
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- 2022
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16. Deep enclosures versus pumping to reduce settlements during shaft excavations
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Pujades, Estanislao, Vázquez-Suñé, Enric, Carrera, Jesus, Vilarrasa, Victor, De Simone, Silvia, Jurado, Anna, Ledesma, Alberto, Ramos, Gonzalo, and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2014
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17. Analysis of the Expansive Clay Hydration under Low Hydraulic Gradient
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S’anchez, Marcelo, Villar, Mar’ia Victoria, Lloret, Antonio, Gens, Antonio, and Schanz, T., editor
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- 2007
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18. Sustainability and competitiveness in Mexico
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J. Aigner, Dennis, Lloret, Antonio, and Maria-Laura Franco-Garcia, Professor Juan-Luis Sherwell and Professor Aard Groen, Dr
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- 2013
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19. Dynamics of water vapor flux and water separation processes during evaporation from a salty dry soil
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Gran, Meritxell, Carrera, Jesús, Massana, Jordi, Saaltink, Maarten W., Olivella, Sebastia, Ayora, Carlos, and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2011
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20. Temperature effect on the residual shear strength.
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García, Luis M., primary, Soncco, Edwin A., additional, Pinyol, Núria M., additional, and Lloret, Antonio, additional
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- 2022
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21. Modeling Soil-Facing Interface Interaction With Continuum Element Methodology
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Damians, Ivan P., primary, Olivella, Sebastià, additional, Bathurst, Richard J., additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, and Josa, Alejandro, additional
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- 2022
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22. Gas flow to a vertical gas extraction well in deformable MSW landfills
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Yu, Li, Batlle, Francisco, Carrera, Jesús, and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2009
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23. Influence of dry density and water content on the swelling of a compacted bentonite
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Villar, M. Victoria and Lloret, Antonio
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- 2008
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24. FEBEX. Bentonita: origen, propiedades y fabricaci??n de bloques
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Villar, Mar??a Victoria, Mart??n, Pedro Luis, Pelayo, Marta, Ruiz, Benigno, Rivas, P., Alonso, Eduardo, Lloret, Antonio, Pintado, Xavier, Gens, Antonio, Linares, Jos??, Huertas, F., Caballero, Emilia, Jim??nez de Cisneros, Concepci??n, Obis, Joaqu??n, P??rez, A., and Velasco, V.
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FEBEX ,ensayos de caracterizaci??n ,bentonita ,Espa??a ,ensayos en maqueta ,barreras de ingenier??a - Abstract
The aim of the FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) Project is to study the behaviour of the near field components of a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository in crystalline rock, in accordance with a concept in which the canisters are surrounded by a clay barrier constructed of highly-compacted bentonite blocks. The FEBEX consists of a full scale "in situ" test (Grimsel, Switzerland) performed under natural conditions; a /I mock-up" test (CIEMAT, Madrid), at almost full scale; and a series of laboratory tests designed to complement the information from the two 'argescale tests. During the pre-operational stage of the Project, the planning, design and installation of the two large-scale tests was accomplished, as well as the predictive modelling of their behaviour and the basic characterisation of the bentonite. This report is one of those concerning the pre-operational stage of the Project, and refers to the selection and cha r of the FEBEX bentonite, and to the fab--acterisation rication of the blocks used in the "in situ" and ilmock-up" tests. The clay utilised comes from the Cortijo de Archidona deposit (Almer??a), from where the S-2 clay used in previous ENRESA R&D Pro??ects was also extracted. The results obtained in these Pro??ects are summarised in Chapter 2, as some of the parameters considered in the predictive modelling were taken from the S-2 bentonite database, due to their not having yet been determined for the FEBEX clay. For the FEBEX Project, about 300 tons of bentonite have been selected, homogenised and treated. At the factory, the clay was disaggregated and gently dried to a water content of around 14 %, all the material of particle size greater than 5 mm being rejected. The processed material was used for fabrication of the blocks for the two large-scale tests and for the laboratory tests. Samples of each processing lot were taken, and were mixed to obtain a single sample, whose reference is 70-IMA- 3-4-0, which is the one used by all the participant laboratories. Mineralogical and chemical characterisation was performed at CIEMAT and CSICZaid??n, and the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal characterisation was carried out by CIEMAT and UPC-DIT; the results obtained at each laboratory were consistent with the rest of the laboratories. The FEBEX bentonite has a montmorillonite content greater than 90 %, with quartz, plagioclase, potassic feldspar, calcite and trydimite as accessory minerals. There may be illite/smectite interstratifications up to 15 %. The cation exchange capacity is higher than 100 meq/100g, and in the exchange complex 42 % Ca, 33 % Mg, 23 % Na and 2 % K are present. The identification properties are not exactly those expected for a material with this mineralogy. Both the liquid limit (100 %) and the external specific surface (32 m 2/g) are rather low, and the less than 2 pm fraction obtained after intense dispersion amounts to only 65 %. This might mean that the particles are agglutinated in a certain way (possibly by a siliceous cement), although the consequences of this on the behaviour of the clay have not been evaluated. Swelling pressure and saturated hydraulic conductivity were obtained for specimens compacted to dry densities of 1.60 y 1.70 g/cm3 , along with the thermal conductivity for these densities and different ciegrees of saturation. The suction/water content relationship and a preliminary state surface for decreasing suctions and small stress changes were determined. The results obtained show slight variations with respect to the values obtained for the S-2 clay, with a tendency of the FEBEX clay to be more impervious and to develop a higher swelling pressure. However, for the performance assessment of a repository (PA), these differences are considered to be in the expected range of variation of the bentonite properties. Two sets of blocks have been manufactured: one for the "mock-up" test, under the management and supervision of CIEMAT, and another for the "in situ" tests, under the management and supervision of AITEMIN. In both cases a crown design has been adopted, in order to minimise the void volume of the barrier. The blocks have been uniaxially compacted to pressures of 40 to 50 MPa, the resulting dry density being 1.77 g/cm 3 for the blocks for the "mock-up" test and 1.70 g/cm 3 for the blocks for the "in situ" test. Consequently, the average dry density of the installed barrier is 1.65 and 1.60 g/cm 3 , respectively. El Proyecto FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) tiene como prop??sito el estudio del comportamiento de componentes del campo pr??ximo de un almacenamiento de residuos radioactivos de alta actividad en roca cristalina, seg??n un concepto en el que la barrera de ingenier??a entre el contenedor de residuos y la roca almac??n est?? constituida por bloques de bentonita compactada. El FEBEX consta de un ensayo "in situ", en condiciones naturales y escala real (Grimsel, Suiza); un ensayo en "maqueta" (CIEMAT, Madrid), a escala casi real; y una serie de ensayos de laboratorio para complementar la informaci??n de los dos ensayos a gran escala. Durante la etapa preoperacional del Proyecto se ha realizado la planificaci??n, dise??o e instalaci??n de los ensayos a gran escala, la modelaci??n predictiva de su comportamiento y la caracterizaci??n b??sica de la bentonita. Este informe es uno de los correspondientes a la fase preoperacional del Proyecto FEBEX, y se refiere a la selecci??n y caracterizaci??n de la bentonita FEBEX, as?? como a la fabricaci??n de los bloques que se han utilizado en los ensayos "in situ" y en ,, maqueta ??? . La arcilla utilizada proviene del yacimiento Cortijo de Archidona (Almer??a), de donde tambi??n se extrajo la arcilla S-2, utilizada en otros proyectos de I+D de ENRESA anteriores al FEBEX. Los resultados obtenidos en estos proyectos se resumen en el cap??tulo 2, ya que algunos par??metros utilizados en la modelizaci??n predictiva se han tomado de los de la arcilla S-2, por no haberse determinado todav??a para la arcilla FEBEX. Para el Proyecto FEBEX se han seleccionado, homogeneizado y procesado unas 300 toneladas de bentonita, cuyo tratamiento en f??brica ha consistido en disgregaci??n mec??nica y secado suave hasta humedades alrededor del 14 %, rechaz??ndose todo el material de tama??o superior a 5 mm. Este material se ha utilizado para la fabricaci??n de los bloques de los dos ensayos a gran escala y en los ensayos de laboratorio. Se han tomado varias muestras de cada lote de procesado, por mezcla de las cuales se ha obtenido una muestra ??nica, de referencia 70-IMA-3-4-0, con la que se ha trabajado en los laboratorios participantes. La caracterizaci??n mineral??gica y qu??mica se ha llevado a cabo en CIEMAT y CSIC-Zaid??n, y la caracterizaci??n mec??nica, hidr??ulica y t??rmica se ha realizado en CIEMAT y UPC-DIT, habi??ndose obtenido resultados concordantes entre todos los laboratorios. La bentonita FEBEX tiene un contenido en montmorillonita superior al 90 %, con cuarzo, plagioclasa, feldespato pot??sico, calcita y tridimita como minerales accesorios. Es posible que existan interestratificados illita/esmectita en proporciones de hasta el 15 %. La capacidad de cambio cati??nico es superior a 100 meq/100g, y en el complejo de cambio aparece 42 % de Ca, 33 % de Mg, 23 % de Na y 2 % de K. Las propiedades de identificaci??n no corresponden a las esperadas para un material de esta mineralog??a, ya que tanto el l??mite l??quido (100 %) como la superficie espec??fica externa (32 m2/g) son algo bajos y la proporci??n de fracci??n menor de 2 pm obtenida despu??s de una dispersi??n intensa es s??lo del 65 %, lo que hace suponer que se produce alg??n tipo de aglutinaci??n de las part??culas (quiz?? por cemento sil??ceo), cuyas consecuencias sobre el comportamiento de la arcilla no han sido evaluadas. Se ha determinado la presi??n de hinchamiento y la conductividad hidr??ulica saturada de pastillas compactadas a densidad seca de 1,60 y 1,70 g/cm3, as?? como la conductividad t??rmica para estas densidades y diferentes grados de saturaci??n. Se ha determinado tambi??n la relaci??n succi??n/ humedad y una superficie de estado preliminar para succiones decrecientes y con cambios peque??os de tensiones. Los resultados obtenidos muestran ligeras variaciones respecto a los valores obtenidos para la arcilla S-2, con una tendencia de la arcilla FEBEX a ser m??s impermeable y desarrollar mayor presi??n de hinchamiento. Sin embargo, de cara a la evaluaci??n del comportamiento de un almacenamiento (PA), se considera que estas diferencias entran dentro del intervalo de variaci??n esperado para las propiedades de la bentonita. Se han fabricado dos conjuntos de bloques: uno para el ensayo en "maqueta", bajo la direcci??n y control de CIEMAT, y otro para el ensayo "in situ", bajo la direcci??n y control de AITEMIN. En ambos casos se ha recurrido a un dise??o en coronas conc??ntricas que redujera al m??nimo el volumen de huecos de la barrera. Los bloques se han fabricado mediante compactaci??n uniaxial a presiones de 40 a 50 MPa, obteni??ndose una densidad seca media de los bloques para el ensayo en "maqueta" en torno a 1,77 g/cm 3 y de los bloques para el ensayo "in situ" en torno a 1,70 g/cm 3 . Esto da lugar a una densidad seca media de la barrera instalada de 1,65 y 1,60 g/cm 3, respectivamente.
- Published
- 2021
25. FEBEX II Project. Final report on thermo-hydro-mechanical laboratory tests
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Lloret, Antonio, Romero, Enrique, and Villar, Mar??a Victoria
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water conductivity ,density ,suction ,THM ,engineered barriers ,smectites ,water retention - Abstract
The results of the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) study of the FEBEX bentonite performed during FEBEX II are presented. The laboratory test program continued in part with the works carried out during FEBEX I, particularly in activities related to tests aimed to the calibration of the models, the acquisition of parameters by back-analysis and the improvement of the knowledge on the behaviour of expansive clays. But the program has also included tests on new areas: investigations about the influence of the microstructure changes in bentonite, of temperature and of the solute concentration on the behaviour of clay. Besides, several tests were proposed in order to understand the unexpected behaviour observed in the ???mock-up??? test, towards the end of year 2. Temperature effects on water retention curves in confined and unconfined conditions were determined, and swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity and swelling and consolidation strains as a function of temperature were successfully measured. Different experimental techniques and equipments were developed to study thermal induced changes under partially saturated states, covering a wide range of suctions. FEBEX bentonite remains suitable as a sealing material in HLW repositories (from the hydro-mechanical point of view) for temperatures of up to 80 ??C, as it keeps its high water retention capacity, low permeability and self-healing ability. The extrapolation of results points out to the preservation of properties for at least up to 100 ??C. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and environmental scanning electron microscopy provided promising results in order to characterise the bentonite microstructure and to give information about the mechanisms influencing pore size distribution changes on high active clays. The use of digital imaging techniques allowed verifying that at micro-scale level, where chemical phenomena prevail, strains are almost reversible as it is considered in the two-level elasto-plastic models. The swelling strains of clay upon saturation with different kinds of water (deionised, granitic and saline with different salts and concentrations) were measured as a function of initial dry density and overload. The effects of salinity on bentonite stiffness and permeability were also investigated. The swelling capacity of clay, saturated with highly saline water, reduces drastically, osmotic consolidation being even observed. The swelling strains measured when the samples were soaked with different saline concentrations are similar to the strains measured in suction controlled oedometer tests, in which it is applied a final suction equal to the osmotic suction of the saline solutions. The hydraulic conductivity of bentonite increases with saline concentration of the permeant, especially in the case of low densities. The infiltration tests have shown that the gas permeability of dry bentonite is very high. The water intake is higher for the sample tested under room temperature, since the hot zones of the sample tested under thermal gradient remain desiccated for a long time. It has been proven that the combination of infiltration tests and coupled THMC numerical analysis can help to a better understanding of the FEBEX bentonite behaviour under repository conditions. In summary, the behaviour of the clay may be mostly explained taking into account its double structure. The interactions between the two structural levels are responsible of the main features of the mechanical aspects of this behaviour. A deeper insight of the behaviour of compacted bentonite, and of the basic mechanisms controlling it, has been achieved using an elasto-plastic framework that incorporates the interplay between microstructural and macrostructural fabric levels in a simplified manner. On the other hand, temperature induced transfers between intraaggregate adsorbed water ???of density higher than that of free water??? and inter-aggregate free water could explain most of the features related with the temperature observed. However, more research effort must be dedicated to study certain aspects such as the water flow under low hydraulic gradients, the effect of osmotic and temperature gradients on this flow and the effects of deviatoric stresses on the mechanical behaviour, and, more generally, to relate the actual knowledge about the physico-chemical aspects of clay microstructure to the macroscopic behaviour of compacted bentonite. Se presentan los resultados del estudio termo-hidromec??nico de la bentonita FEBEX realizado durante FEBEX II. El programa de laboratorio ha incluido la continuaci??n de algunos ensayos comenzados durante FEBEX I, en concreto ensayos destinados a la calibraci??n de modelos, la adquisici??n de par??metros mediante retroan??lisis y la mejora del conocimiento del comportamiento de arcillas expansivas. El programa de ensayos ha explorado tambi??n nuevas ??reas, como la influencia sobre el comportamiento de la arcilla de los cambios de microestructura de la bentonita, de la temperatura y de la concentraci??n de solutos. Adem??s, hacia el final del segundo a??o de proyecto, se propusieron varios ensayos con el objeto de comprender la inesperada tendencia en la hidrataci??n del ensayo en maqueta. Se ha determinado el efecto de la temperatura en las curvas de retenci??n obtenidas en condiciones de confinamiento y de volumen libre; as?? mismo se han medido la presi??n de hinchamiento, la conductividad hidr??ulica y las deformaciones de hinchamiento y consolidaci??n en funci??n de la temperatura. Se han desarrollado varias t??cnicas experimentales y equipos para el estudio de los cambios originados epor la temperatura en la bentonita no saturada, cubri??ndose un amplio rango de succiones. En el rango de temperaturas estudiado, la bentonita FEBEX mantiene su alta capacidad de retenci??n de agua y de sellado y su baja permeabilidad, lo que prueba su idoneidad hasta 80 ??C como material de sellado en almacenamientos de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad desde el punto de vista hidro-mec??nico. La extrapolaci??n de los resultados a temperaturas mayores parece indicar que estas propiedades se mantienen dentro de l??mites aceptables al menos hasta 100 ??C. La porosimetr??a por intrusi??n de mercurio y la microscop??a electr??nica de barrido ambiental han aportado resultados prometedores para la caracterizaci??n de la microestructura de la bentonita y para el estudio de los mecanismos que condicionan los cambios en la distribuci??n de tama??o de poros en arcillas expansivas. El uso de t??cnicas de imagen digital ha permitido verificar que, en el nivel microestructural en el que prevalecen los procesos qu??micos, las deformaciones son casi reversibles, como consideran los modelos elasto-pl??sticos de doble estructura. Se han medido las deformaciones por hinchamiento tras saturaci??n con diferentes tipos de agua (desionizada, gran??tica y salina) en funci??n de la densidad seca y la sobrecarga. Se ha investigado tambi??n el efecto de la salinidad en la rigidez y permeabilidad de la bentonita. La capacidad de hinchamiento de la arcilla se reduce dr??sticamente cuando se satura con agua de elevada concentraci??n salina, lleg??ndose a producir consolidaci??n osm??tica. Las deformaciones por hinchamiento medidas al saturar la arcilla con soluciones de diferente concentraci??n son similares a las medidas en ensayos con succi??n controlada en los que la succi??n aplicada es igual a la succi??n osm??tica de las soluciones salinas. La conductividad hidr??ulica de la bentonita aumenta con la concentraci??n salina del peramente, sobre todo para densidad bajas. Los ensayos de infiltraci??n han mostrado que la permeabilidad al gas de la bentonita seca es muy alta. En estos ensayos, la toma de agua es mayor cuando la infiltraci??n se realiza a temperatura de laboratorio, puesto que las zonas calientes de las muestras ensayadas bajo gradiente t??rmico permanecen desecadas durante largos periodos de tiempo. La combinaci??n de la informaci??n aportada por ensayos de infiltraci??n y por su an??lisis num??rico THMQ acoplado ha demostrado gran utilidad para la comprensi??n del comportamiento de la bentonita FEBEX en las condiciones del almacenamiento. Resumiendo, el comportamiento de la arcilla puede explicarse en su mayor??a si se tiene en cuenta su doble estructura, puesto que las interacciones entre los dos niveles estructurales son responsables de los principales rasgos de su comportamiento mec??nico. La utilizaci??n de un marco elasto-pl??stico que incorpora de forma simplificada la interacci??n entre los niveles micro y macroestructurales ha permitido una comprensi??n m??s profunda del comportamiento de la bentonita compactada y de los mecanismos b??sicos que lo controlan. Por otra parte, las transferencias entre el agua adsorbida en el interior de los agregados ???de densidad mayor que el agua libre??? y el agua libre inter-agregado, podr??a explicar la mayor??a de los efectos observados como consecuencia de la temperatura. Es necesario seguir estudiando aspectos como el flujo de agua bajo peque??os gradientes hidr??ulicos, el efecto de los gradientes t??rmicos y osm??ticos en dicho flujo, y la influencia de las tensiones de corte en el comportamiento mec??nico. Por ??ltimo, es fundamental relacionar el conocimiento sobre aspectos f??sico-qu??micos de la microestructura de la arcilla con el comportamiento macrosc??pico de la bentonita compactada.
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26. Ensayos THM: Informe de s??ntesis
- Author
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Lloret, Antonio, Villar, Mar??a Victoria, and Pintado, Xavier
- Subjects
density ,expansive clay ,ensayo en maqueta ,THM ,bentonite ,FEBEX ,in situ ,arcillas expansivas ,bentonita ,mock-up test ,densidad ,arcilla expansiva - Abstract
En el concepto de referencia espa??ol para almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad (RAA) en roca cristalina, las c??psulas de residuo se emplazan en galer??as horizontales rodeadas por una barrera de arcilla formada por bloques fabricados con bentonita densamente compactada (ENRESA 1994). Las barreras de ingenier??a (residuo, c??psula y relleno de arcilla) son elementos clave en el concepto de almacenamiento final para los RAA. La c??psula a??sla el residuo durante un cierto periodo de tiempo. La barrera de arcilla tiene el prop??sito m??ltiple de proporcionar estabilidad mec??nica a la c??psula, absorbiendo tensiones y deformaciones generadas por la roca alojante; retardar la llegada del agua a la c??psula; y retener/retardar la migraci??n de radionucleidos, liberados por el deterioro de la c??psula. En planes de I&D de a??os anteriores, ENRESA ha estudiado fuentes de aprovisionamiento y el comportamiento t??rmico, hidr??ulico, mec??nico y geoqu??mico de los materiales a utilizar en la barrera arcillosa. Ha estudiado tambi??n el comportamiento hidro-geoqu??mico de macizos gran??ticos. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de estos estudios, y el hecho de que se hab??a realizado ning??n experimento a gran escala para el emplazamiento del residuo en galer??a horizontal en granito, ENRESA lleg?? a la conclusi??n de que el siguiente paso, para progresar en la comprensi??n y evaluaci??n del comportamiento del campo pr??ximo (especialmente de la barrera arcillosa), era la ejecuci??n de un experimento a gran escala como el FEBEX. Esto requer??a la ejecuci??n de un experimento con el m??ltiple objetivo de demostrar la factibilidad de fabricar y construir las barreras de ingenier??a y de buscar metodolog??as y modelos para evaluar el comportamiento termo-hidro-mec??nico (THM) y termo-hidro-geoqu??mico (THG) del campo pr??ximo. Para conseguir estos objetivos, ENRESA decidi?? realizar un ensayo in situ, en un laboratorio subterr??neo en condiciones (escala, profundidad, y tipo de roca) similares a las del concepto de referencia; pero tambi??n consider?? necesario realizar un ensayo en maqueta, a escala casi real, y un conjunto de ensayos experimentales de laboratorio, por las razones que se describen a continuaci??n. El objetivo de demostraci??n se ha realizado principalmente en el ensayo in situ, con una contribuci??n parcial del ensayo en maqueta. Para el objetivo de comprobaci??n de la capacidad predictiva de los modelos num??ricos THM y THG, sin embargo, el ensayo in situ tiene varias limitaciones: la roca alojante es heterog??nea; las condiciones iniciales y de contorno pueden no ser determinadas con precisi??n suficiente; y no se conseguir??, probablemente, la saturaci??n completa, debido a la baja permeabilidad del macizo rocoso. Por estas razones, el ensayo in situ es complementado por el ensayo en maqueta, en que tanto la geometr??a como las condiciones iniciales y de contorno est??n bien definidas y controladas; y se estima, adem??s, que se conseguir?? la saturaci??n completa. Se consider??, no obstante, que adem??s de los dos ensayos a gran escala era necesario ejecutar un programa espec??fico de ensayos experimentales de laboratorio ???para desarrollar (o mejorar) las ecuaciones constitutivas THM, estudiar los procesos f??sicoqu??micos y geoqu??micos, y mejorar los modelos THG disponibles??? puesto que en el laboratorio los materiales pueden ser ensayados en muchas condiciones (simples, definidas y controladas) para an??lisis m??s espec??ficos de variables y procesos. En este informe se resumen los principales resultados obtenidos por CIEMAT y UPC en ensayos de laboratorio de los denominados THM durante la fase preoperacional y 70-UPC-M-0-04 6 operacional del Proyecto FEBEX. En concreto, los objetivos perseguidos con la realizaci??n de estos ensayos han sido los siguientes: - Determinar experimentalmente los par??metros b??sicos que utilizan los modelos num??ricos. Esta determinaci??n se realiza a partir de ensayos directamente dise??ados para ello. - Medir los cambios experimentados por el material frente a acciones de tipo termohidro- mec??nico an??logas a las que se desarrollan en los experimentos in situ y en maqueta. Estas acciones se imponen sobre el material en condiciones muy controladas y permiten calibrar la idoneidad de los modelos te??ricos a emplear. Adicionalmente, estos ensayos permiten obtener por ajuste entre las medidas y las predicciones de los modelos existentes, conjuntos de par??metros del modelo te??rico que pueden reproducir el comportamiento del material observado en los ensayos. - Realizar ensayos encaminados a avanzar en el conocimiento del comportamiento termo-hidro-mec??nico de las arcillas expansivas. Se trata de ensayos dirigidos a profundizar en las bases te??ricas del comportamiento de la bentonita y que permiten completar y, en su caso, mejorar los modelos te??ricos que se utilizan actualmente. En conclusi??n, puede establecerse que el objeto primordial de los ensayos THM ha sido proporcionar los par??metros y las pautas de comportamiento necesarias para el empleo de los modelos num??ricos, pero no puede desde??arse una cierta componente de investigaci??n b??sica encaminada a avanzar en el conocimiento del comportamiento de la bentonita. El material utilizado ha sido una de las arcillas espa??olas de referencia, una bentonita de la regi??n de Cabo de Gata (Almer??a), constituida mayoritariamente por montmorillonita y utilizada tanto en el ensayo in situ como en el de maqueta del Proyecto FEBEX. Sus caracter??sticas b??sicas pueden encontrarse en ENRESA (1998 y 2000). En ocasiones, en este informe se hace distinci??n entre muestra ???no mezclada??? y ???muestra homog??nea??? o mezclada. Esto se refiere a que tras el procesado en f??brica de la bentonita, se tomaron muestras de cada una de las sacas en las que se envas?? el producto. Estas muestras son las que se denominan ???no mezcladas???. Posteriormente, en los laboratorios de CIEMAT, se mezcl?? la mitad de todas estas muestras, obteni??ndose una ??nica muestra de referencia 70-IMA-3-4-0, que es la ???homog??nea??? o ???mezclada???, con la que se han realizado la mayor parte de los ensayos, y que es la ??nica de la que han dispuesto el resto de laboratorios implicados en FEBEX. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos, unas u otras muestras se consideran igualmente representativas de las caracter??sticas de la bentonita FEBEX, por lo que en algunos casos, se han considerado todas las determinaciones realizadas en ambos tipos de muestras para obtener valores medios (ENRESA 1998). En las determinaciones que requieren utilizaci??n de agua (permeabilidad, hinchamiento, ed??metros) se han utilizado tres tipos diferentes: destilada, gran??tica y salina. El agua destilada se ha utilizado por convenci??n y como patr??n. El agua gran??tica representa el agua que satura la barrera de bentonita en un almacenamiento tipo, y se ha empleado un agua gran??tica comercial. El agua salina tiene una composici??n representativa del agua intersticial de la bentonita saturada, es decir, de la que ???circula??? en el interior de la barrera.
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27. Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment. Updated Final Report 1994-2004
- Author
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Huertas, F., Fari??a, Pascual, Farias, Joaqu??n, Garc??a-Si??eriz, Jos?? Luis, Villar, Mar??a Victoria, Fern??ndez, Ana Mar??a, Mart??n, Pedro Luis, Elorza, Francisco Javier, Gens, Antonio, S??nchez, Marcelo, Lloret, Antonio, Samper, Javier, and Mart??nez, Miguel ??ngel
- Subjects
High-level radioactive waste ,engineered barriers ,heating system ,Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment ,FEBEX bentonite ,mock-up test ,physical properties ,chemical properties - Abstract
FEBEX has the multiple objective of demonstrating the feasibility of manufacturing, handling and assembling the engineered barriers and of developing numerical models and codes for assessment of the thermohydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-geochemical behaviour of the near field of a deep geological disposal facility for high level radioactive waste. These objectives require integrated theoretical and experimental development efforts. The experimental work comprises three parts: an ???in situ??? test, a ???mock-up??? test and a series of laboratory tests. The experiment is based on the Spanish reference concept for crystalline rock, in which the waste canisters are emplaced horizontally in drifts, surrounded by a barrier of high density compacted bentonite blocks. In the two large-scale tests, the thermal effect of the waste is simulated by means of heaters (two heaters in each test); hydration is natural in the ???in situ??? test and controlled in the case of the ???mock-up???. The large-scale tests, with their monitoring systems, have been in operation since the beginning of 1997 and will continue into the future for a period that has yet to be defined, although since 2002 (when partial dismantling took place) the ???in situ??? test has had a single heater. Demonstration has been achieved in the ???in situ??? test during construction and partial dismantling. The numerical models developed describe quite well the behaviour of the near field, as has been verified by comparison with the data from monitoring and the partial dismantling of the ???in situ??? test. Nevertheless some discrepancies between the data monitored and computed still need to be investigated. FEBEX tiene el m??ltiple objeto de demostrar la factibilidad de fabricar, manejar y montar las barreras de ingenier??a y de desarrollar modelos num??ricos y c??digos para la evaluaci??n del comportamiento termo-hidro-mec??nico y termo-hidro-geoqu??mico del campo pr??ximo de un repositorio geol??gico profundo de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad. Estos objetivos requieren un trabajo integrado de desarrollo te??rico y experimental. El trabajo experimental consiste en tres partes: un ensayo ???in situ???, un ensayo en ???maqueta???, y una serie de ensayos de laboratorio. El experimento est?? basado en el concepto de referencia espa??ol para roca cristalina en el que las c??psulas de residuo se emplazan horizontalmente en galer??as, rodeadas por una barrera de bloques de bentonita compactada a gran densidad. En los dos ensayos a gran escala, el efecto t??rmico del residuo se simula mediante calentadores (dos calentadores en cada ensayo); la hidrataci??n es natural en el ensayo ???in situ??? y controlada en la ???maqueta???. Los ensayos a gran escala, con sus sistemas de monitorizaci??n, est??n en funcionamiento desde principios de 1997 y continuar??n durante un tiempo todav??a no definido, aunque desde el a??o 2002 (en que se desmont?? parcialmente) el ensayo ???in situ??? tiene un solo calentador. La demostraci??n se ha conseguido en el ensayo ???in situ???, durante su construcci??n y desmantelamiento parcial. Los modelos num??ricos desarrollados describen bastante bien el comportamiento del campo pr??ximo, como se ha comprobado por comparaci??n con los datos de monitorizaci??n y del desmantelamiento parcial del ensayo ???in situ???. No obstante, todav??a existen algunas discrepancias entre los modelos y los datos de monitorizaci??n que ser?? necesario investigar en el futuro.
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- 2021
28. FEBEX. Bentonite: origin, properties and fabrication of blocks
- Author
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Villar, Mar??a Victoria, Mart??n, Pedro Luis, Pelayo, Marta, Ruiz, Benigno, Rivas, P., Alonso, Eduardo, Lloret, Antonio, Pintado, Xavier, Gens, Antonio, Linares, Jos??, Huertas, F., Caballero, Emilia, Jim??nez de Cisneros, Concepci??n, Obis, Joaqu??n, P??rez, A., and Velasco, V.
- Subjects
engineered barriers ,Spain ,bentonite ,FEBEX ,mock-up test ,characterisation test - Abstract
The aim of the FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) Project is to study the behavior of the near field components of a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository in crystalline rock, in accordance with a concept in which the canisters are surrounded by a clay barrier constructed of highly-compacted bentonite blocks. The FEBEX consists of a full scale "in situ" test (Grimsel, Switzerland) performed under natural conditions; a I/ mock-up" test (CIEMAT, Madrid), at almost full scale; and a series of laboratory tests designed to complement the information from the two largescale tests. During the pre-operational stage of the Pro??ect, the planning, design and Installation of the two large-scale tests was accomplished, as well as the predictive modelling of their behavior and the basic characterisation of the bentonite. This report is one of those concerning the pre-operational stage of the Project, and refers to the selection and characterisation of the FEBEX bentonite, and to the fabrication of the blocks used in the "in situ" and ,, mock-up" tests. The clay utilized comes from the Cortijo de Archidona deposit (Almer??a), from where the S-2 clay used in previous ENRESA R&D Projects was also extracted. The results obtained in these Pro??ects are summarised in Chapter 2, as some of the parameters considered in the predictive modelling were taken from the 5-2 bentonite database, due to their not having yet been determined for the FEBEX clay. For the FEBEX Project, about 300 tons of bentonite have been selected, homogenized and treated. At the factory, the clay was disaggregated and gently dried to a water content of around 14 %, all the material of particle size greater than 5 mm being re??ected. The processed material was used for fabrication of the blocks for the two large-scale tests and for the laboratory tests. Samples of each processing lot were taken, and were mixed to obtain a single sample, whose reference is 70-IMA- 3-4-0, which is the one used by all the participant laboratories. Mineralogical and chemical characterisation was performed at CIEMAT and CSICZaid??n, and the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal characterisation was carried out by CIEMAT and UPC-DIT; the results obtained at each laboratory were consistent with the rest of the laboratories. The FEBEX bentonite has a montmorillonite content greater than 90 %, with quartz, plagioclase, potassic feldspar, calcite and trydimite as accessory minerals. There may be illite/smectite interstratifications up to 15 %. The cation exchange capacity is higher than 100 meq/100g, and in the exchange complex 42 % Ca, 33 % Mg, 23 % Na and 2 % K are present. The identification properties are not exactly those expected for a material with this mineralogy. Both the liquid limit (100 %) and the external specific surface (32 m 2/g) are rather low, and the less than 2 .t.rn fraction obtained after intense dispersion amounts to only 65 %. This might mean that the particles are agglutinated in a certain way (possibly by a siliceous cement), although the consequences of this on the behavior of the clay have not been evaluated. Swelling pressure and saturated hydraulic conductivity were obtained for specimens compacted to dry densities of 1.60 y 1.70 g/cm 3 , along with the thermal conductivity for these densities and different degrees of saturation. The suction/water content relationship and a preliminary state surface for decreasing suctions and small stress changes were determined. The results obtained show slight variations with respect to the values obtained for the 3-2 clay, with a tendency of the FEBEX clay to be more impervious and to develop a higher swelling pressure. However, for the performance assessment of a repository (PA), these differences are considered to be in the expected range of variation of the bentonite properties. Two sets of blocks have been manufactured: one for the "mock-up" test, under the management and supervision of CIEMAT, and another for the "in situ" tests, under the management and supervision of AITEMIN. In both cases a crown design has been adopted, in order to minimize the void volume of the barrier. The blocks have been uniaxially compacted to pressures of 40 to 50 MPa, the resulting dry density being 1.77 g/cm 3 for the blocks for the "mock-up" test and 1.70 g/cm 3 for the blocks for the "in situ" test. Consequently, the average dry density of the installed barrier is 1.65 and 1.60 g/cm 3 , respectively. El Proyecto FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) tiene como prop??sito el estudio del comportamiento de componentes del campo pr??ximo de un almacenamiento de residuos radioactivos de alta actividad en roca cristalina, seg??n un concepto en el que la barrera de ingenier??a entre el contenedor de residuos y la roca almac??n est?? constituida por bloques de bentonita compactada. El FEBEX consta de un ensayo "in situ", en condiciones naturales y escala real (Grimsel, Suiza); un ensayo en "maqueta" (CIEMAT, Madrid), a escala casi real; y una serie de ensayos de laboratorio para complementar la informaci??n de los dos ensayos a gran escala. Durante la etapa preoperacional del Proyecto se ha realizado la planificaci??n, dise??o e instalaci??n de los ensayos a gran escala, la modelaci??n predictiva de su comportamiento y la caracterizaci??n b??sica de la bentonita. Este informe es uno de los correspondientes a la fase preoperacional del Proyecto FEBEX, y se refiere a la selecci??n y caracterizaci??n de la bentonita FEBEX, as?? como a la fabricaci??n de los bloques que se han utilizado en los ensayos "in situ" y en maqueta . La arcilla utilizada proviene del yacimiento Cortijo de Archidona (Almer??a), de donde tambi??n se extrajo la arcilla S-2, utilizada en otros proyectos de I+D de ENRESA anteriores al FEBEX. Los resultados obtenidos en estos proyectos se resumen en el cap??tulo 2, ya que algunos par??metros utilizados en la modelizaci??n predictiva se han tomado de los de la arcilla 5 -2, por no haberse determinado todav??a para la arcilla FEBEX. Para el Proyecto FEBEX se han seleccionado, homogeneizado y procesado unas 300 toneladas de bentonita, cuyo tratamiento en f??brica ha consistido en disgregaci??n mec??nica y secado suave hasta humedades alrededor del 14 %, rechaz??ndose todo el material de tama??o superior a 5 mm. Este material se ha utilizado para la fabricaci??n de los bloques de los dos ensayos a gran escala y en los ensayos de laboratorio. Se han tomado varias muestras de cada lote de procesado, por mezcla de las cuales se ha obtenido una muestra ??nica, de referencia 70-IMA-3-4-0, con la que se ha trabajado en los laboratorios participantes. La caracterizaci??n mineral??gica y qu??mica se ha llevado a cabo en CIEMAT y CSIC-Zaid??n, y la caracterizaci??n mec??nica, hidr??ulica y t??rmica se ha realizado en CIEMAT y UPC-DIT, habi??ndose obtenido resultados concordantes entre todos los laboratorios. La bentonita FEBEX tiene un contenido en montmorillonita superior al 90 %, con cuarzo, plagioclasa, feldespato pot??sico, calcita y tridimita como minerales accesorios. Es posible que existan interestratificados illita/esmectita en proporciones de hasta el 15 %. La capacidad de cambio cati??nico es superior a 100 meq/100g, y en el complejo de cambio aparece 42 % de Ca, 33 % de Mg, 23 % de Na y 2 % de K. Las propiedades de identificaci??n no corresponden a las esperadas para un material de esta mineralog??a, ya que tanto el l??mite l??quido (100 %) como la superficie espec??fica externa (32 m2/g) son algo bajos y la proporci??n de fracci??n menor de 2 lam obtenida despu??s de una dispersi??n intensa es s??lo del 65 %, lo que hace suponer que se produce alg??n tipo de aglutinaci??n de las part??culas (quiz?? por cemento sil??ceo), cuyas consecuencias sobre el comportamiento de la arcilla no han sido evaluadas. Se ha determinado la presi??n de hinchamiento y la conductividad hidr??ulica saturada de pastillas compactadas a densidad seca de 1,60 y 1,70 g/cm3, as?? como la conductividad t??rmica para estas densidades y diferentes grados de saturaci??n. Se ha determinado tambi??n la relaci??n succi??n/ humedad y una superficie de estado preliminar para succiones decrecientes y con cambios peque??os de tensiones. Los resultados obtenidos muestran ligeras variaciones respecto a los valores obtenidos para la arcilla S-2, con una tendencia de la arcilla FEBEX a ser m??s impermeable y desarrollar mayor presi??n de hinchamiento. Sin embargo, de cara a la evaluaci??n del comportamiento de un almacenamiento (PA), se considera que estas diferencias entran dentro del intervalo de variaci??n esperado para las propiedades de la bentonita. Se han fabricado dos conjuntos de bloques: uno para el ensayo en "maqueta", bajo la direcci??n y control de CIEMAT, y otro para el ensayo "in situ", bajo la direcci??n y control de AITEMIN. En ambos casos se ha recurrido a un dise??o en coronas conc??ntricas que redujera al m??nimo el volumen de huecos de la barrera. Los bloques se han fabricado mediante compactaci??n uniaxial a presiones de 40 a 50 MPa, obteni??ndose una densidad seca media de los bloques para el ensayo en "maqueta" en torno a 1,77 g/cm 3 y de los bloques para el ensayo "in situ" en torno a 1,70 g/cm 3 . Esto da lugar a una densidad seca media de la barrera instalada de 1,65 y 1,60 g/cm3, respectivamente. 3
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29. Final report on THM laboratory tests
- Author
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Lloret, Antonio, Villar, Mar??a Victoria, and Romero, Enrique
- Subjects
thermo-hydro-mecanic ,large-scale test ,dry density ,AGP ,bentonite ,FEBEX ,bentonita ,THM ,sealing materials ,ensayos a gran escala ,termo-hidro-mec??nica ,thermo-hydro-mechanic ,deep geological repository ,DGD ,grantio ,granite - Abstract
The aim of FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment) is to study the behaviour of components in the near-field for a high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository in crystalline rock. The experimental work consists of three main parts: ??? an ???in situ??? test, under natural conditions and at full scale, ??? a ???mock-up??? test, at almost full scale, and ??? a series of laboratory tests to complement the information from the two large-scale tests. The project is based on the Spanish reference concept for disposal of radioactive waste in crystalline rock (AGP Granito): the waste canisters are placed horizontally in drifts and surrounded by a clay barrier constructed from highly-compacted bentonite blocks (ENRESA 1995). The engineered barriers (waste, canister and clay barrier) are key elements in the final disposal concept for HLW. The clay barrier has the multiple purpose of providing mechanical stability for the canister, by absorbing stress and deformations, of sealing discontinuities in the adjacent rock and retarding the arrival of groundwater at the canister and of retaining/retarding the migration of the radionuclides released, once failure of the canister and lixiviation of the spent fuel have occurred. The behaviour of a HLW repository is determined, to a large extent, by the characteristics of the design and construction of the engineered barriers, and especially by the changes that may occur in the mechanical, hydraulic, and geochemical properties, as a result of the combined effects of heat generated by the radioactive decay and of the water and solutes contributed by the surrounding rock. Therefore, in FEBEX I, it was considered of as a main issue that the processes taking place in the near-field be understood and quantified, for the evaluation of long-term behaviour. As a consequence, the program of laboratory tests was designed to study and comprehend the processes that take place in the clay barrier under simple and controlled conditions and to develop the governing equations. These laboratory tests enabled to isolate the different processes, making their interpretation easier, and they provided fundamental data concerning the parameters to be used in the THM and THG models. The laboratory tests served also to support the checking of the predictive capacities of the THM and THG numerical models. FEBEX I showed that the THM and THG models are very sensible to small variations in some of the parameters that represent the properties of the materials. It became also clear that such parameters are not constant, but they may vary as a result of the changing conditions in the clay buffer. For these reasons, the FEBEX II project includes also a wide laboratory tests programme, which should focus on those aspects not sufficiently covered during FEBEX I, and in the new processes and scenarios that are being considered in this second phase of the project. This information will help in the interpretation of the results obtained in the ???Mock-up??? and ???In situ??? tests. Specifically, the objective of the THM tests to be performed during FEBEX II is to cover those aspects considered most significant or less known on the basis of the previous work concerning the two large-scale experiments. Sensitivity analyses have underlined the fact that the critical parameters are those included in the retention curves of the granite and 2 bentonite, and the permeability to water of the bentonite for different states of saturation (relative permeability). Although considerable effort was made to determine these parameters through the tests performed within the framework of the FEBEX I project, the fact is that little information is currently available on the variation of these parameters with temperature and with the changes occurring in the clay microstructure during the swelling process. Furthermore, it was not possible to complete some of the activities proposed in the THM experimental Work Plan within the periods foreseen of the FEBEX I project. These activities relate fundamentally to tests aimed to the calibration of the models, the acquisition of parameters by back-analysis and the improvement of the knowledge on the behaviour of expansive clays. This type of tests requires the improvement of the available testing techniques and the development of prototypes of new equipment, which, due to their complexity, often leads to delays. As a result, the FEBEX II tests programme also includes those tasks not finished within the framework of FEBEX I, but that might lead to significant progress in the understanding of the behaviour of the clay or the knowledge of the most significant parameters. The design of the tests is based on the experience gained during FEBEX I, and also completes some experiments not fully developed during FEBEX I. It is proposed that in the new tests, emphasis be directed towards the study of the THM behaviour of the bentonite from the microstructural point of view, and towards the effect of changes in the chemical composition of the dissolved salts on the mechanical behaviour of the soil. The specific objectives can be summarised as: ??? Reduction of the uncertainties revealed by sensitivity analysis in relation to predictions of the barrier system behaviour, including more accurate investigation of the parameters defining the retention curves of bentonite and the permeability to water of the bentonite under different saturation conditions (relative permeability) and temperatures. ??? Knowledge of the THM behaviour of the bentonite from the microstructural point of view and of the effect of changes in the chemical composition of dissolved salts. ??? Finally, the conclusion of the phase I testing programme for the following aspects: parameter acquisition by back-analysis, calibration of models through the performance of ad hoc tests and improvement of the knowledge on the behaviour of expansive clays. Two laboratories participate in this Task, as the tests proposed are experimentally difficult and time-consuming. Most of the work will be shared and repetition will be avoided, except when the importance of the parameters to determine or the technical difficulty recommends it.
- Published
- 2021
30. Integraci??n de resultados para GTI4: Evoluci??n THM. Caracter??sticas del material de sellado
- Author
-
Villar, Mar??a Victoria and Lloret, Antonio
- Subjects
specific weight ,THM ,bentonite ,peso espec??fico ,bentonita ,retention curve ,termo-hidro-mecanico ,thermo-hydro-mechanic ,filling material ,curva de retenci??n ,termo-hidro-mec??nico ,material de relleno - Abstract
En el concepto de referencia espa??ol para almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad (RAA) en roca cristalina o arcillosa, las c??psulas de residuo se emplazan en galer??as horizontales rodeadas por una barrera de arcilla formada por bloques fabricados con bentonita densamente compactada (ENRESA 1994). La barrera de arcilla tiene el prop??sito m??ltiple de proporcionar estabilidad mec??nica a la c??psula, absorbiendo tensiones y deformaciones generadas por la roca alojante; retardar la llegada del agua a la c??psula; y retener/retardar la migraci??n de radionucleidos, liberados por el deterioro de la c??psula. En este documento se presentan los resultados de los ensayos de laboratorio realizados por CIEMAT y UPC en el contexto de los proyectos FEBEX I y FEBEX II sobre una de las arcillas espa??olas de referencia como material de sellado, la bentonita FEBEX, que proviene de la regi??n de Cabo de Gata (Almer??a) y se ha utilizado tanto en el ensayo in situ como en el de maqueta del Proyecto FEBEX (ENRESA 1998, 2000). Este informe es un resumen de los principales resultados obtenidos en los ensayos y de los aspectos del comportamiento THM de la arcilla FEBEX deducidos a partir de ellos. La descripci??n detallada de los ensayos y sus resultados se encuentra en los siguientes documentos: - VILLAR, M.V.(1999): Ensayos THM para el Proyecto FEBEX. Informe CIEMAT/DIAE/54111/9/99. 70-IMA-L-0-66. 115 pp. - LLORET, A. & PINTADO, X.(1999): Ensayos THM para el Proyecto FEBEX. Informe 70-IMA-M-0-03. - VILLAR, M.V.(2000): Caracterizaci??n termo-hidro-mec??nica de una bentonita de Cabo de Gata. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 396 pp. - LLORET, A.; VILLAR, M.V. & PINTADO, X.(2002): Ensayos THM: Informe de s??ntesis. Informe CIEMAT/DIAE/54520/1/02. Informe FEBEX 70-UPC-M-0-04. 98 pp. - VILLAR, M.V.; MART??N, P.L.; LLORET, A. & ROMERO, E.(2002): 2nd Report on Thermo-hydro-mechanical laboratory tests. Deliverable D-17/2. September 00- March 02. May 2002. 70-IMA-L-0-97. CIEMAT/DIAE/54520/6/02. 53 pp. Estos resultados, que pretenden caracterizar el comportamiento termo-hidro-mec??nico de la arcilla FEBEX, son de gran utilidad para la modelaci??n num??rica de dicho comportamiento y representan un avance importante en el conocimiento del comportamiento de este tipo de materiales altamente expansivos. Hay que resaltar la dificultad que entra??a ensayar este tipo de arcillas tanto por su alta expansividad como por su baja permeabilidad. Adicionalmente, la limitada experiencia en este tipo de ensayos ha hecho necesaria la puesta a punto numerosos procedimientos de ensayo innovadores. En las determinaciones que requieren utilizaci??n de agua (permeabilidad, hinchamiento, ed??metros) se han utilizado tres tipos diferentes: destilada, gran??tica y salina. El aguadestilada se ha utilizado por convenci??n y como patr??n. El agua gran??tica representa el agua que satura la barrera de bentonita en un almacenamiento tipo, y se ha empleado un agua gran??tica comercial. El agua salina tiene una composici??n representativa del agua intersticial de la bentonita saturada, es decir, de la que ???circula??? en el interior de la barrera.
- Published
- 2021
31. Fast physically-based model for rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility assessment at regional scale
- Author
-
Medina, Vicente, primary, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Guo, Zizheng, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, and Vaunat, Jean, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Dismantling of the first section of the FEBEX in situ test: THM laboratory tests on the bentonite blocks retrieved
- Author
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Villar, M. Victoria and Lloret, Antonio
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Prediction of ground displacements and velocities from groundwater level changes at the Vallcebre landslide (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
- Author
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Corominas, Jordi, Moya, José, Ledesma, Alberto, Lloret, Antonio, and Gili, Josep A.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Effect of vegetation and slope orientation on water infiltration in a monitored embankment
- Author
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Oorthuis, Raül, primary, Vaunat, Jean, additional, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, Moya, José, additional, Puig-Polo, Càrol, additional, and Fraccica, Alessandro, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Hydro-mechanical behaviour of sandy silt under generalised stress conditions
- Author
-
Romero Enrique, Cárdenas Octavio E., Lloret Antonio, and Weber Rodrigo C.
- Subjects
Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This paper presents results on the deformation response of an artificially prepared sand-silt mixture in a hollow cylinder apparatus. The wetting stage was performed under constant mean net stress (p″=200 kPa) and deviatoric stress (q=200 kPa) but at different intermediate principal stresses (controlled through the principal stress parameter b=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3) and with values b=0, 0.5 and 0.8). Shear strength tests were first performed at constant mean net stress, different Lode angles and water contents (as-compacted and saturated) to ensure that the aforementioned stress state could be applied at the as-compacted water content. Consistent shear strength results were obtained when compared to triaxial compression and extension results at different water contents, which allowed defining the variation of the critical state line with Lode angle and suction. The soaking results indicated that collapse under constant mean and deviatoric stresses was larger when the intermediate stress coincided with the minor one, i.e. under conventional axi-symetric triaxial compression state (b=0). This is a consequence of the dominant shear strains that occurred during saturation when the stress point reached the critical state line at b=0.5 and 0.8.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Anisotropic behaviour of compacted clayey silt subjected to hydromechanical paths
- Author
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Buenfil Carlos, Romero Enrique, Lloret Antonio, and Gens Antonio
- Subjects
Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Compaction induces anisotropy on soil deformational response due to preferential straining associated with the fabrication process. An experimental insight into the stress-strain response of Barcelona clayey silt is provided here. The material was statically compacted at low dry density to induce high collapsibility upon wetting (dry density 1.48 Mg/m3, water content 12%). Two types of controlled-suction tests were carried out: a) constant suction radial paths on as-compacted samples following different stress ratios (deviator stress / mean net stress: q/p″, including isotropic and K0 stress paths; and b) the same type of radial stress paths but performed after saturation under low confining stress. These paths were intended to define the as-compacted and saturated yield surfaces. The experimental data on as-compacted state is satisfactorily interpreted adopting an anisotropic yield surface with an inclination linked to the compaction under oedometer conditions. Development of shear strain was observed during isotropic loading of the compacted samples. This anisotropy that the soil exhibits at the end of the compaction vanishes after collapse by saturation and as plastic volumetric straining develops.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Slope Orientation and Vegetation Effects on Soil Thermo-Hydraulic Behavior. An Experimental Study
- Author
-
Oorthuis, Raül, primary, Vaunat, Jean, additional, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, Moya, José, additional, Puig-Polo, Càrol, additional, and Fraccica, Alessandro, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Impacts of future land cover and climate changes on landslide susceptibility. Results obtained from regional-scale modelling in the Pyrenees.
- Author
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Hürlimann, Marcel, primary, Medina, Vicente, additional, Guo, Zizheng, additional, Puig-Polo, Carol, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, and Vaunat, Jean, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Rainfall and soil moisture conditions for the triggering of torrential flows at the Rebaixader catchment (Central Pyrenees)
- Author
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Oorthuis, Raül, primary, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Abancó, Clàudia, additional, Moya, José, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, and Vaunat, Jean, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. La innovacion catalitica como estrategia para el cambio social y el exito economico. El caso de Mexico
- Author
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Auvinet, Caroline and Lloret, Antonio
- Published
- 2011
41. Coupled analysis of a backfill hydration test
- Author
-
Alonso, Eduardo, Lloret, Antonio, Delahaye, Carlos, Gens, Antonio, and Volckaert, G.
- Subjects
Engineering, Manufacturing ,Engineering, Mechanical ,Engineering, Civil ,Engineering, Industrial ,Engineering, Multidisciplinary ,Engineering, Ocean ,Computer Science, Software Engineering ,Engineering, Aerospace ,Engineering, Biomedical ,Engineering, Marine - Abstract
BACCHUS2 in situ isothermal wetting experiment has been analysed by means of a coupled flow-deformation approach. Backfill material, a mixture of Boom clay powder and high density pellets, has been extensively tested in the laboratory in order to determine its hydraulic and mechanical properties. Parameters of constitutive equations were derived from this experimental data base. Two mechanical constitutive models have been used in the simulation of the 'in situ' experiment: a state surface approach and an elastoplastic model. Calculations have shown several features of the hydration processwhich help to understand the behaviour of expansive clay barriers. Predictions using both models have been compared with each other and with actual measurement records. This has allowed a discussion of the comparative mertis of both approaches and the identiÞcation of some critical parameters of backfill behaviour. Overall agreement between calculations and field measurements is encouraging and shows the potential of the methods developed to model the behaviour of engineered clay barriers in the context of nuclear waste disposal.
- Published
- 2020
42. Temperature Influence on the Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Bentonite
- Author
-
Villar, María Victoria, primary and Lloret, Antonio, additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Regulatory Limits to Corporate Sustainability: How Climate Change Law and Energy Reforms in Mexico May Impair Sustainability Practices in Mexican Firms
- Author
-
Lloret, Antonio, primary, Domenge, Rogerio, additional, and Castro-Hernández, Mildred, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Regulatory Limits to Corporate Sustainability: How Climate Change Law and Energy Reforms in Mexico May Impair Sustainability Practices in Mexican Firms
- Author
-
Lloret, Antonio, primary, Domenge, Rogerio, additional, and Castro-Hernández, Mildred, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Sustainability assessment of earth-retaining wall structures
- Author
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Damians, Ivan P, primary, Bathurst, Richard J, additional, Adroguer, Eduard G, additional, Josa, Alejandro, additional, and Lloret, Antonio, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Shear Strength Properties and Collapse Response of a Sandy Silt under Generalized Stress States
- Author
-
Romero, Enrique, primary, Cárdenas, Octavio E., additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, and Weber, Rodrigo C., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Monitoring of a Full-Scale Embankment Experiment Regarding Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Interactions
- Author
-
Oorthuis, Raül, primary, Hürlimann, Marcel, additional, Fraccica, Alessandro, additional, Lloret, Antonio, additional, Moya, José, additional, Puig-Polo, Càrol, additional, and Vaunat, Jean, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Etnobotánica de las plantas medicinales en la comarca de la Marina Alta
- Author
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Ramón Lloret, Antonio., Martínez Solís, Isabel., Soriano Guarinos, Pilar., UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, and UCH. Tesis. Departamento de Farmacia
- Subjects
Materia medica, Vegetable - Spain - Valencia (Autonomous Community) - Alicante (County) - Marina Alta (Region) ,Ethnobotany - Spain - Valencia (Autonomous Community) - Alicante (County) - Marina Alta (Region) ,Plantas medicinales - España - Comunidad Valenciana - Alicante (Provincia) - Marina Alta (Comarca) ,Botáncia médica - España - Comunidad Valenciana - Alicante (Provincia) - Marina Alta (Comarca) ,Medicinal plants - Spain - Valencia (Autonomous Community) - Alicante (County) - Marina Alta (Region) ,Botany, Medical - Spain - Valencia (Autonomous Community) - Alicante (County) - Marina Alta (Region) ,Marina Alta (Region, Alicante) - Ethnobotany ,Medicamentos de origen vegetal - España - Comunidad Valenciana - Alicante (Provincia) - Marina Alta (Comarca) ,Etnobotánica - España - Comunidad Valenciana - Alicante (Provincia) - Marina Alta (Comarca) ,Marina Alta (Comarca, Alicante) - Etnobotánica - Abstract
Tesis - Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera (Valencia), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Farmacia, leída el 23-06-2017.
- Published
- 2017
49. Environmental assessment of earth retaining wall structures
- Author
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Damians, Ivan P, primary, Bathurst, Richard J, additional, Adroguer, Eduard G, additional, Josa, Alejandro, additional, and Lloret, Antonio, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Méthode de détermination des sections efficaces partielles dans un liquide lourd (1ère thèse)
- Author
-
Lloret, Antonio
- Subjects
Particle Physics - Experiment - Published
- 2012
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