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This study analyzes the evolution of a pivotal element of the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court: the doctrine of strict scrutiny and its application to racial classifications. Since the 1990s, the Supreme Court has applied the strict scrutiny test to all racial classifications, even those designed to benefit historically disadvantaged groups. According to a critical academic sector, subjecting affirmative actions to the same constitutional standard of review that is applied to traditional forms of discrimination runs counter to the original rationale of the two-tiered review. A doctrine born to provide heightened protection for certain minorities appears to have become an instrument serving the interests of the dominant majority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tension between public space protection and the right to work entitled to the peddlers and itinerant vendors have been solved in Colombia with the application of the legitimate expectations principle. The present paper describes and analyzes the case of peddlers who work on the Plaza España in Bogotá. The case is shown as an example of solidarity between civil society and the state. The level of trust generated between the parts involved (the peddlers and the district administration) was due to legal tools given by the Colombian social rule of law. This paper is the result of a research based on documents, laws and jurisprudence in addition to a field work (ethnographic observation and interviews, besides historical sources), which started on 2007 with the thesis of Laura Llinás to obtain her undergraduate degree in law in the Law Department at the Universidad de los Andes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preformed HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSA) only detected with Luminex have been associated with increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and graft failure after kidney transplantation (KT). Their evolution after KT may modify this risk. We analyzed postransplant evolution of preformed DSA identified retrospectively and their impact on outcomes of 370 KT performed 2006–2014. Antibodies were monitored prospectively at 1-3-5 years after KT and if any dysfunction. Early acute ABMR was more frequent among patients with preformed DSA class-I or I + II than isolated class-II (29.4% vs 4.5%, p = 0.02). One year post-KT, 20 of 34 patients with functioning KT had persistent DSA. Preformed DSA class-II persisted more frequently than class-I/I + II (66.7% vs 33.3%; p = 0.031). The only risk factor independently associated with persistence was pretransplant MFI. Patients with de novo DSA had the highest risk of ABMR (HR 22.2 [CI 6.1–81.2]). Although recipients with persisting preformed DSA had significantly increased ABMR risk (HR 14.7 [CI 6.5–33.0]), those with cleared preformed DSA also had a higher risk than those without DSA (HR 7.01 [CI 2.2–21.8]). Preformed DSA are a very important risk factor for ABMR and graft loss. Patients who clear preformed DSA still show an increased risk of ABMR and graft loss after KT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]