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Introduction: The rapid development of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 has raised the need to compare the capacity of different vaccines in terms of developing a protective humoral response. Previous studies have shown inconsistent results in this area, highlighting the importance of further research to evaluate the efficacy of different vaccines. Methods: This study utilized a highly sensitive and reliable flow cytometry method to measure the titers of IgG1 isotype antibodies in the blood of healthy volunteers after receiving one or two doses of various vaccines administered in Spain. The method was also used to simultaneously measure the reactivity of antibodies to the S protein of the original Wuhan strain and variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.617.1 (Kappa). Results: Significant differences were observed in the titer of anti-S antibodies produced after a first dose of the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19/AstraZeneca, mRNA-1273/Moderna, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech, and Ad26.COV.S/Janssen. Furthermore, a relative reduction in the reactivity of the sera with the Alpha, Delta, and Kappa variants, compared to the Wuhan strain, was observed after the second boosting immunization. Discussion: The findings of this study provide a comparison of different vaccines in terms of anti-S antibody generation and cast doubts on the convenience of repeated immunization with the same S protein sequence. The multiplexed capacity of the flow cytometry method utilized in this study allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of various vaccines in generating a protective humoral response. Future research could focus on the implications of these findings for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccination strategies.

Background: COVID‐19 can generate a broad spectrum of severity and symptoms. Many studies analysed the determinants of severity but not among some types of symptoms. More importantly, very few studies analysed patients highly exposed to the virus that nonetheless remain uninfected. Methods: We analysed serum levels of ACE2, Angiotensin II and anti-Spike antibodies in 2 different cohorts at high risk of viral exposure, highly exposed but uninfected subjects, either high risk health care workers or persons cohabiting with infected close relatives and seropositive patients with symptoms. We tested the ability of the sera of these subjects to neutralize lentivirus pseudotyped with the Spike-protein. Results: We found that the serum levels of ACE2 are significantly higher in highly exposed but uninfected subjects. Moreover, sera from this seronegative persons can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection in cellular assays more strongly that sera from non-exposed negative controls eventhough they do not have anti-CoV-2 IgG antibodies suggesting that high levels of ACE2 in serum may somewhat protect against an active infection without generating a conventional antibody response. Finally, we show that among patients with symptoms, ACE2 levels were significantly higher in infected patients who developed cutaneous as compared with respiratory symptoms and ACE2 was also higher in those with milder symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that soluble ACE2 could be used as a potential biomarker to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and to discriminate COVID-19 disease subtypes.

El modelo de organización territorial español tiene su origen en el Estado integral proclamado en el párrafo tercero del artículo primero de la Constitución de 1932, siendo consecuencia directa de las aspiraciones nacionalistas que clamaron siempre por una España grande con todas las regiones que lo desearan gozando de autonomía. En esencia, el Estado autonómico, como innovador modelo de descentralización territorial, nace de la mano de la Constitución española de 1978 con el objetivo de construir una eficaz, sólida y fraternal articulación de los diversos pueblos de España y no como factor de disgregación. Sin embargo, su indeterminación inicial, sus incongruencias y el inmovilismo frente al paso del tiempo, han ido generando dudas, críticas y discusiones, en muchas ocasiones, más políticas que doctrinales, sobre su coeficiente de originalidad, necesidades y adecuación. De forma que todos los factores señalados han desembocado en un modelo territorial totalmente en crisis, donde se suceden tendencias regionalistas, nacionalistas e incluso municipalistas, fruto del desacuerdo y desarraigo. Crisis que se ha acentuado durante los últimos años dada la oposición frontal de los mismos frente al ejercicio del papel atribuido al Tribunal Constitucional en la resolución de conflictos. En síntesis, este trabajo tratará de abordar, desde la perspectiva del derecho comparado y con consideraciones de lege ferenda, tres escenarios espaciales: pasado, presente y futuro de nuestro modelo de organización territorial, con el fin de entender la falla a distintos grados del Estado Autonómico desde su construcción hasta nuestros días y tratar de encontrar posibles soluciones a la crisis del modelo, con el fin de avanzar a través del diálogo social y trabajando en el conjunto de las aspiraciones hacia un proyecto común., Grado en Derecho

El sistema de garantías de tiempo de acceso a las prestaciones sanitarias constituye un complejo dispositivo jurídico-administrativo dirigido a hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud. El sistema de garantías se contempla en la Ley 16/2003, de 28 de mayo, de cohesión y calidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud, si bien las Comunidades Autónomas han desarrollado algunas peculiaridades en el marco de sus competencias. Atendiendo a su naturaleza jurídica, el sistema de garantías representa un sofisticado mecanismo de control de la morosidad de auténticas obligaciones de hacer.

A correct identification of seropositive individuals for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is of paramount relevance to assess the degree of protection of a human population to present and future outbreaks of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We describe here a sensitive and quantitative flow cytometry method using the cytometer‐friendly non‐adherent Jurkat T cell line that stably expresses the full‐length native spike “S” protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and a truncated form of the human EGFR that serves a normalizing role. S protein and huEGFRt coding sequences are separated by a T2A self‐cleaving sequence, allowing to accurately quantify the presence of anti‐S immunoglobulins by calculating a score based on the ratio of fluorescence intensities obtained by double‐ staining with the test sera and anti‐EGFR. The method allows to detect immune individuals regardless of the result of other serological tests or even repeated PCR monitoring. As examples of its use, we show that as much as 28% of the personnel working at the CBMSO in Madrid is already immune. Additionally, we show that anti‐S antibodies with protective neutralizing activity are long‐lasting and can be detected in sera eight months after infection.

The rapid development of vaccines to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 makes necessary to compare the capacity of the different vaccines in terms of development of a protective humoral response. Here, we have used a highly sensitive and reliable flow cytometry method to measure the titers of antibodies of the IgG1 isotype in blood of volunteers after receiving one or two doses of the vaccines being administered in Spain. We took advantage of the multiplexed capacity of the method to measure simultaneously the reactivity of antibodies with the S protein of the original strain Wuhan-1 and the variant B.1.1.7 (Alpha). We found significant differences in the titer of anti-S antibodies produced after a first dose of the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19/AstraZeneca, mRNA-1273/Moderna, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech and Ad26.COV.S/Janssen. Most important, we found a relative reduction in the reactivity of the sera with the B.1.1.7 versus the Wuhan-1 variant after the second boosting immunization. These data allow to make a comparison of different vaccines in terms of anti-S antibody generation and cast doubts about the convenience of repeatedly immunizing with the same S protein sequence.

La educación como derecho fundamental consagrado en la Constitución española debe ser objeto de un análisis jurídico, aunque necesariamente complementado por un análisis sociopolítico e incluso a nivel financiero por el peso que ocupa en los Presupuestos Generales del Estado y las controversias suscitadas a raíz de las diferencias competenciales entre las Comunidades Autónomas de nuestro país y que se tratarán en este trabajo. Es un derecho fundamental que debemos proteger como base garante del futuro de nuestra sociedad que, si se organiza, gestiona y controla de un modo adecuado y coherente, responderá a las necesidades del sector educativo para que resulte fructífero., Grado en Derecho

El Gobierno de España creó el programa Préstamos Renta Universidad para financiar los estudios de posgrado. En la primera convocatoria (2007), los estudiantes sólo tenían que devolver el dinero prestado si ingresaban una cantidad superior a 22.000 euros anuales. Sin embargo, en sucesivas convocatorias se eliminó el umbral de devolución. A raíz de la crisis económica, numerosas personas no pueden hacer frente al pago de los préstamos. El diseño del programa Préstamos Renta Universidad es complejo: intervienen el Ministerio de Educación, el Instituto de Crédito Oficial y entidades de crédito colaboradoras. En la ejecución de este programa han existido numerosos problemas relacionados con la información administrativa. La naturaleza jurídica de los préstamos y el procedimiento de concesión también son cuestiones complejas. Finalmente, se examinan las medidas urgentes que el Gobierno ha adoptado para solucionar el problema., The Government of Spain established the Renta-Universidad Loan Program to finance postgraduate studies. In the first call (2007), students only had to return the borrowed money whether they earned more than 22,000 euros per year. However, in successive calls, the referred return threshold was eliminated. As a result of the economic crisis, many of these students have not been able to return the loans. The design of the Renta-Universidad Loan Program is complex (the Ministry of Education, the Official Credit Institute and several credit entities collaborating with the administration are involved) and there have been numerous problems related to administrative information. The legal nature of these loans and the granting procedure are complex issues as well. Finally, the urgent measures the Government has recently adopted to solve this problem are analysed.

A correct identification of seropositive individuals for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is of paramount relevance to assess the degree of protection of a human population to present and future outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe here a sensitive and quantitative flow cytometry method using the cytometer-friendly non-adherent Jurkat T cell line that stably expresses the full-length native spike S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and a truncated form of the human EGFR that serves a normalizing role. S protein and huEGFRt coding sequences are separated by a T2A self-cleaving sequence, allowing to accurately quantify the presence of anti-S immunoglobulins by calculating a ratio of the mean fluorescence intensities obtained by double- staining with the sera and a monoclonal antibody specific for EGFR. We show that the method allows to detect immune individuals regardless of the result of other serological tests or even repeated PCR monitoring. It can also be employed to detect neutralizing activity in the sera of individuals. Finally, the method can be used in a multiplexed format to simultaneously measure all anti-S human immunoglobulin isotypes in blood and mucosal fluids including total saliva.

A correct identification of seropositive individuals for the severe acuterespiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is of paramount relevance to assess the degree of protection of a human population to present and future outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe here a sensitive and quantitative flow cytometry method using the cytometer-friendly non-adherent Jurkat T-cell line that stably expresses the full-length native spike “S” protein of SARS-CoV-2 and a truncated form of the human EGFR that serves a normalizing role. S protein and huEGFRt coding sequences are separated by a T2A selfcleaving sequence, allowing to accurately quantify the presence of anti-S immunoglobulins by calculating a score based on the ratio of fluorescence intensities obtained by double-staining with the test sera and anti-EGFR. The method allows to detect immune individuals regardless of the result of other serological tests or even repeated PCR monitoring. As examples of its use, we show that as much as 28% of the personnel working at the CBMSO in Madrid is already immune. Additionally, we show that anti-S antibodies with protective neutralizing activity are long-lasting and can be detected in sera 8 months after infection.