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Water management activities are currently predicated on the assumption of a stationary climate, despite the reality of climate change. Hydrologic impacts of climate change for three sub-watersheds north of Toronto for 2041-70 were investigated using the precipitation-runoff modeling system to model six global climate model projections from each of representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. Annual groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, and the 7[Q.sub.20] low streamflow statistic were projected to change from 1976- 2005 conditions by -2.2% to +20.5%, +0.9% to +14.4%, and -25.5% to +9.8%, respectively. Seasonal shifts included an earlier date of peak streamflow for the majority of simulations and a +14.0% to +103.9% increase in winter recharge. A steady-state MODFLOW model was employed as a preliminary assessment into the effects of climate change on source water protection outputs. The results of this research further the understanding of climate change impacts on human and ecological systems in southern Ontario. Key words: climate change, hydrologic modelling, recharge, evapotranspiration, streamflow, source water protection, groundwater modelling. Les activites de gestion de l'eau reposent actuellement sur l'hypothese d'un climat stationnaire, malgre la realite du changement climatique. Les impacts hydrologiques du changement climatique dans le cadre de trois sous-bassins hydrographiques au nord de Toronto de 2041 a 2070 ont ete etudies a l'aide du systeme de modelisation des precipitations et du ruissellement (<< precipitation-runoff modeling system >>) afin de modeliser six projections de modeles climatiques mondiaux pour chacun des profils representatifs d'evolution des concentrations, << representative concentration pathway >> RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. La recharge annuelle des eaux souterraines, l'evapotranspiration et la statistique de debit d'etiage 7[Q.sub.20] devraient changer par rapport aux conditions de 1976-2005, soit de - 2,2 a +20,5 %, de +0,9 a +14,4 % et de -25,5 a +9,8 %, respectivement. Les changements saisonniers comprenaient une date anterieure du debit maximal pour la majorite des simulations et une augmentation de +14,0 a +103,9 % de la recharge hivernale. Un modele MODFLOW de regime etabli a ete utilise comme evaluation preliminaire des effets du changement climatique sur les resultats de la protection des sources d'approvisionnement en eau. Les resultats de cette recherche permettent de mieux comprendre les repercussions du changement climatique sur les systemes humains et ecologiques dans le sud de l'Ontario. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : changement climatique, modelisation hydrologique, recharge, evapotranspiration, debit, protection des sources d'approvisionnement en eau, modelisation des eaux souterraines., 1. Introduction Changes in the hydrologic cycle are one of the primary ways in which climate change is expected to disrupt human systems (McBean and Huang 2017; UN Water 2010; [...]

Barry Hendin,1 Robert T Naismith,2 Sibyl E Wray,3 Deren Huang,4 Qunming Dong,5 Terrie Livingston,6 Daniel L Jones,6 Crystal Watson,7 Mehul Jhaveri6 1Phoenix Neurological Associates, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; 3Hope Neurology MS Center, Knoxville, TN, USA; 4Mount Carmel Neuroscience and MDH Research, Westerville, OH, USA; 5Biostatistics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA; 6US Medical, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA; 7Global Value and Access, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA Objectives: Posthoc analysis of treatment satisfaction in patients switching to subcutaneous (SC) peginterferon beta-1a in the ALLOW study.Patients and methods: Patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with intramuscular interferon (IFN) beta-1a or SC IFN beta-1a or beta-1b remained on their current therapy for a 4-week run-in period, followed by a switch to SC peginterferon beta-1a 125 mcg every 2 weeks for 48 weeks. Treatment satisfaction was measured using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), which covers effectiveness, side effects, convenience, and global satisfaction. Patients completed the TSQM at baseline (prior to starting the 4-week run-in period) and 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks after switching, and scores were analyzed for the overall population and compared to baseline. Patients reported the severity of flu-like symptoms (FLS) at baseline and with each peginterferon beta-1a injection; clinicians evaluated the occurrence of injection-site reactions (ISRs) after the first dose of peginterferon beta-1a and every 12 weeks thereafter. TSQM scores were stratified by the presence of FLS or ISRs during the study period and by prior IFN therapy use.Results: For the overall population (n=194), convenience and global satisfaction scores significantly improved from baseline at all time points, and side effect satisfaction scores significantly improved up to week 36. Convenience scores significantly improved regardless of FLS, ISRs, or prior IFN therapy. Patients without FLS during the study period showed significant improvements in global satisfaction, but not side effect satisfaction, versus those with FLS. Patients switching from SC IFN therapies achieved greater improvements in treatment satisfaction than patients who switched from intramuscular IFN beta-1a.Conclusions: Switching relapsing multiple sclerosis patients to SC peginterferon beta-1a from other IFN therapies significantly improved treatment satisfaction and convenience. Keywords: interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, peginterferon beta-1a, relapsing multiple sclerosis, treatment satisfaction, Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, TSQM, quality of life, patient-reported outcomes

With an electroless Ni-P (EN) layer thickness of 38-40 lm and a high P content of around 18 wt.%, the fatigue and corrosion-fatigue properties of a 7075-T6 aluminium alloy have been investigated. The findings demonstrate that the EN layer significantly enhances the substrate's resistance to fatigue and corrosion fatigue, but how much this happens depends on how the testing was set up. As the amount of alternating stress increases, the rise in fatigue characteristics seen during air tests of the coated system goes down. The fatigue life is almost doubled when there are between 0.4% and 0.2% of stresses. At 0.7% to 0.2% stress, however, the system's fatigue performance is not much different from that of the uncoated base. It is said that corrosion-fatigue conditions can improve fatigue life by up to 70%, depending on how hard the stress is. It has been proven that wear cracks cause bumpy spots on the surface of the coating. More alternating pressure makes the bad effects of these abnormalities worse. Meyer's law can be used to figure out the absolute hardness of the deposit, which can be estimated to be around 4 GPa based on the EN coating's yield strength, which can be measured using the tension method. It is also shown that the EN deposit sticks onto the base very well. Still, the system is put through tensile loads higher than the yield strength. In addition to these benefits, the coated system works better under stress because the EN coating has better mechanical properties than a substrate made of aluminium alloy and can keep the structure's consistency despite exhaustion tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injection of liquid fuel in the inlet of a vehicle flying at hypersonic speed is related to the development of liquid fuel-based supersonic-combustion ramjets as a means to increase the residence time and achieve partial fuel premixing prior to arrival at the combustion chamber. The strong liquid interaction with the inlet high-momentum airflow and shock wave system offers a mechanism for rapid jet and droplet breakup and, hence, improved mixing. The penetration and spreading of liquid jets in a two-dimensional external--internal compression inlet at Mach 3.5 using a noncombustible mixture that simulated the viscosity and surface tension of JP-10 was evaluated. Schlieren imaging has been used as the visualization technique for penetration studies, as well as light scattering for jet spreading. By using thin pylons to create a low-pressure region at the liquid injection station, the penetration increased compared with a nonpylon configuration while reducing the pressure losses associated with transverse jet injection. The pylons contributed to lift the liquid from the injection surface with less lateral spreading than the nonpylon-injection case, thus avoiding the presence of a low-speed combustible mixture in the inlet/isolator boundary layers and providing a mechanism to eliminate potential flashback.

Bio-oil, a hopeful substitute as an alternative fuel has gained significant attention due to the predicted shortness of conventional fuels and environmental concern. Bio-oils have attracted a lot of interest, as they are liquid energy carriers and general sources of chemicals. In this study, the pyrolysis characteristics of lemon grass were studied to evaluate their potential use as source of bio-oil. Flash pyrolysis of the lemon grass was carried out on a fluidized bed reactor with nitrogen gas atmosphere. The effects of operating parameters such as temperature, particle size and sweep (nitrogen) gas flow rate were investigated. During this study, the maximum yield of pyrolysis bio-oil 50.6 wt% can be achieved under the operation conditions of 450 °C process temperature, 1.0 mm particle size at sweep gas flow rate of 1.75 m3/h. At the end of the study the bio-oil obtained from the flash pyrolysis was analyzed for physical, elemental and chemical compositions by using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]