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Abstract Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common pathological form of nephrotic syndrome. This study analyzed the value of pathological lesions and clinical prognosis of different segmental glomerulosclerosis ratios in FSGS. Two hundred and six FSGS patients were collected from Dec 2013 to Apr 2016. The patients were divided into two groups according to the proportion of glomerular segmental sclerosis: F1 (SSR ≤ 15%, n = 133) and F2 (SSR > 15%, n = 73). The clinical and pathological data were recorded and analyzed, and statistical differences were observed between the serum uric acid level and the percentage of chronic renal failure. The pathological results showed significant differences in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), degree of mesangial hyperplasia, vascular lesions, synaptopodin intensity, and foot process effacement between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in creatinine (OR: 1.008) and F2 group (OR: 1.19). In all patients, the prognoses of urine protein and serum creatinine levels were statistically different. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that F2 (hazard ratio: 2.306, 95% CI 1.022–5.207) was associated with a risk of ESRD (end stage renal disease). The proportion of segmental glomerulosclerosis provides a guiding value in the pathological diagnosis and clinical prognosis of FSGS.

BackgroundThe trend towards increasingly narrow apertures in multipole magnets poses a challenge to many conventional measurement methods. Consequently, these methods' applicability in small aperture multipole magnets is limited. However, the single stretched wire measurement technique has emerged as a promising alternative due to its minimal space requirements within the measurement domain. Therefore, this technique is well-suited for accurately measuring magnetic fields in small aperture magnets.PurposeThis study aims to introduce a novel approach for analyzing the gradient integral and multipole errors of the quadrupole magnet, to address the limitations associated with the current single stretched wire method (SSWM).MethodsFirstly, a magnetic measurement system based on the single stretched wire method was constructed with two boasted key advantages: minimal space occupation within the measurement domain, and flexible motion modes. Then, leveraging these features, measurements of the four poles of a quadrupole magnet by employing a hyperbolic trajectory was acquired, and a new technique for analyzing both the gradient integral and multipole errors associated with the quadrupole magnet was developed. Finally, the feasibility of this SSWM was verified by comparing the results obtained from our system to those derived from the rotating coil method.ResultsMeasurement results of a quadrupole magnet with the inscribed radius of 11 mm and gradient of 100 T⋅m‒1 by SSWM show that the repeatability of three measurements is better than ±1.5×10‒4 which is less than one-third of the maximum value of multipole error of 5×10‒4, so it can meet the measurement requirements.ConclusionsThe methodology outlined in this study for constructing the measurement system and analyzing the resultant data offers a practical and effective solution for the future magnetic field measurements of small aperture magnets.

【Background】 Sweet sorghum has emerged as a crop with multiple usage ranging from feeding animals to being used for biofuel to sugar production. The large diurnal temperature variation in arid areas in northwest China is suitable for sweet sorghum growth, and its marginal lands including saline-alkali lands and sandy lands have become a main sweet sorghum production base in China. However, there is a lack of understanding about its optimal fertilization and irrigation. 【Objective】 This paper is to fill this gap by experimentally studying how irrigation and fertilization combine to affect growth and yield of sweet sorghum in these regions. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a desert oasis on the edge of Hexi corridor. It compared three irrigation amounts: 6 000 m3/hm2 (W1), 7 200 m3/hm2 (W2) and 8 400 m3/hm2 (W3), and three nitrogen fertilizations (N-P2O5-K2O with mass fractions of N, P and K all being 15%): 450 kg/hm2 (F1), 600 kg/hm2 (F2) and 750 kg/hm2 (F3). Overall, there were nine treatments which were arranged randomly in the field. In each treatment, we measured the growth traits and ultimate yield of the sorghum. 【Result】 ①The irrigation amount did not show significant effects on plant height, stem thickness and biological yield, but the fertilization did, with irrigation and fertilization combining to affect plant height and biological yield at significant level. ②W1F3 was optimal in terms of increasing plant height (to 333.1cm), stem thickness (to 22, 63 cm), biological yield (to 29.35 t/hm2) and water productivity (to 3.80 kg/m3), where were 12.16%, 11.29%, 30.82% and 87.19% up, respectively, compared to those in W3F3; its associated yield income, net income and production-to-investment ratio was 26 418.84 Yuan/hm2, 15 850.73 Yuan/hm2 and 2.50% respectively, increasing by 30.84%, 88.17% and 45.35%, compared with that in W3F3. ③Plant height, stem thickness, the number of internodes and leaves, leaf dry mass, stem dry quality, ear dry quality and stalk juice sugar hammer were all positively correlated with biological yield. In addition to juice yield, other traits including the stem thickness, plant height, leaf number and stem quality, were also found to positively affect biological yield. 【Conclusion】 Irrigation of 6 000 m3/hm2 coupled with 750 kg/hm2 of nitrogen fertilization is optimal for growth and ultimate yield of the sweet sorghum in northwestern China.

In online education, the appropriate choice of means of knowledge visualization can reduce cognitive load and improve cognitive efficiency. However, no universal basis for selection can cause confusion in the pedagogical context. This study used the revised Bloom's taxonomy to combine the types of knowledge with cognitive goals. We used a course on marketing research as an example to summarize the choices for visualizing factual knowledge (FK), conceptual knowledge (CK), procedural knowledge (PK), and metacognitive knowledge (MK) through four experiments. Visualized cognitive stages were used to determine the cognitive efficiencies of visualization for different knowledge types. In this stage, eye tracking is used for collecting eye movement indicators to measure cognitive load. The cognitive goals stage is used to get cognitive goals of the means of knowledge visualization. Combining the two stages, we get the conclusions as follows: Teachers and students can mostly benefit from presenting FK and CK points via mind maps. Using mind maps to teach FK online could be indirectly beneficial for improving students' creativity. Concept maps may be chosen for this point if the linked knowledge points are PK and the achievement of the analytical objective is emphasized in the student's knowledge points. The flowchart can be used to display PK, while timelines could be utilized if the PK point is to be presented in a temporal dimension. Teachers should choose the curve area chart to display MK. A pie chart might be chosen and added more instructions. The findings suggest that mind maps are very effective as a means of knowledge visualization in online education. In the meantime, it suggests that overly simplistic graphs increase cognitive load, while it also raises the possibility that redundant information in the text may increase cognitive load.