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本稿では、中国広東省広州市、X社区「星光老年の家」利用者の麻雀賭博を事例として、「正の賭博」ともいえる「社会的熱」の生成について考察する。星光老年の家とは、中国政府が高齢化社会に対して打ち出した福祉政策である「星光計画」によって建てられた施設である。しかし、建設資金のみが出され、運営資金が考慮に入れられていなかったため、星光老年の家の多くが麻雀遊びのみしか残っていない「福祉的雀荘」へと変化したのである。これに対して、中国の学術的、社会的言説では、星光老年の家を「健康的」に発展させるためには有力な監督システムを作り、麻雀賭博を星光老年の家から排除しなければならない、という主張が繰り返されてきた。星光老年の家の実態を知るため、筆者は2016年9月から約6ヶ月、広州市X社区星光老年の家において、利用者の日常的実践である麻雀賭博に注目し、フィールドワークを行った。その中で、筆者が特に目を向けたのは、利用者の麻雀賭博に対する個人的言説とかれらの麻雀賭博の具体的実践である。既存の研究や新聞記事において、星光老年の家の雀荘化は、老人を賭博に耽溺させるものという負の意味づけがされる。しかし、X社区星光老年の家の利用者たちは、麻雀賭博に明け暮れるどころか、麻雀賭博を利用者たちに適した形態に改良していた。本稿では、そうした独自のルール改変とその分配や贈与関係を記述し、麻雀を通じて生まれた「社会的熱」を考察する。社会的熱とは、賭博によって生成され、賭博が一定の境界内に止まる限り、それが「社会的沸騰(socialeffervescence)」の望ましい形態のことである[Steinmüller 2011:263]。X社区星光老年の家の麻雀賭博を分析することで、利用者の麻雀賭博の実態を把握し、社会的熱を検討することと、「負の賭博」と表象されてしまう行為の中に「正の賭博」としての意義を見出すことを通じて、中国社会のありかたを解明することが本稿の目的である。, In this paper, I consider the production of social heat in "positive gambling", taking the case of mahjong gambling by residents in the Starlight Home in the X community district in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The Starlight Home is a facility built by the Starlight Plan, which is the welfare policy launched by the Chinese government to address the aging society. However, after issuing construction funds, management funds were not taken into consideration, so many Starlight Homes turned into "welfare mahjong parlors", where only the management of mahjong playing remains. Against this situation, the repeated academic and social discourse in China is that in order to develop "healthy" Starlight Homes it is necessary to create a powerful supervision system and eliminate mahjong gambling. In order to know the actual conditions of the Starlight Home, for about six months since September 2016 I conducted fieldwork among residents in the Starlight Home in the X community district of Guangzhou. Among the residents, I especially turned my attention to the personal discourse of mahjong gambling in terms of where the user is placed, and the concrete practice of their mahjong gambling. In prior research and newspaper articles, the formation of mahjong parlors in Starlight Homes has received a negative appraisal, concluding that it has caused elderly people to sink into gambling. However, the users of the Starlight Home in the X community do not consider themselves to have sunk into mahjong gambling, and in fact the practice of remodeling mahjong gambling into a suitable form for residents can be seen in operation. Specifically, I describe the remodeling of original rules, and the subsequent distribution and reciprocity of relationships, and consider the 'social heat' produced through mahjong. Social heat, a desired form of social effervescence, is produced by gambling as long as it remains within certain boundaries. Finally, by analyzing mahjong gambling among the X community's Starlight Home, it is possible to grasp the actual conditions of the resident's mahjong gambling, and re-examine social heat. The purpose of this paper is to present the elders' opinions of "positive gambling" in contrast with the negative representation of gambling in mainstream discourse in Chinese society.

In this paper, I consider the production of social heat in "positive gambling", taking the case of mahjong gambling by residents in the Starlight Home in the X community district in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The Starlight Home is a facility built by the Starlight Plan, which is the welfare policy launched by the Chinese government to address the aging society. However, after issuing construction funds, management funds were not taken into consideration, so many Starlight Homes turned into "welfare mahjong parlors", where only the management of mahjong playing remains. Against this situation, the repeated academic and social discourse in China is that in order to develop "healthy" Starlight Homes it is necessary to create a powerful supervision system and eliminate mahjong gambling. In order to know the actual conditions of the Starlight Home, for about six months since September 2016 I conducted fieldwork among residents in the Starlight Home in the X community district of Guangzhou. Among the residents, I especially turned my attention to the personal discourse of mahjong gambling in terms of where the user is placed, and the concrete practice of their mahjong gambling. In prior research and newspaper articles, the formation of mahjong parlors in Starlight Homes has received a negative appraisal, concluding that it has caused elderly people to sink into gambling. However, the users of the Starlight Home in the X community do not consider themselves to have sunk into mahjong gambling, and in fact the practice of remodeling mahjong gambling into a suitable form for residents can be seen in operation. Specifically, I describe the remodeling of original rules, and the subsequent distribution and reciprocity of relationships, and consider the 'social heat' produced through mahjong. Social heat, a desired form of social effervescence, is produced by gambling as long as it remains within certain boundaries. Finally, by analyzing mahjong gambling among the

Resistances exert on the hull is changing erratically when an air cushion vehicle (ACV) sailing. So it is necessary to study nonlinear control means for amphibious hovercraft course control. A nonlinear controller based on backstepping algorithm and sliding mode control algorithm was proposed in this paper. The system consists of the nonlinear ship response model. By means of Lyapunov function, it was theoretically proven that the proposed controller makes all states of resulting closed-loop system uniformly bounded and stabilized. In the results of simulation, the set heading can adaptively followed by actual heading output of the hovercraft motion nonlinear system, which shows that the designed controller possesses the advantages of good transient performance, static performance and robustness to uncertainties for the tracking of periodic reference trajectories..